Simultaneous absorption of UV-vis and circular dichroism to measure enantiomeric concentrations of praziquantel under nonlinear conditions.

Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law is for a limiting case and, therefore, it is not useful to describe the relationship between absorption signal and enantiomer concentration in a stream when there are nonlinear phenomena present. In this work, the Chiral Detector (CD-2095 JASCO) equipment was used to measure simultaneously the UV-Vis and circular dichroism (CD) signals of a stream with different compositions of praziquantel enantiomers. The tested models were calibrated (parameter estimation) and validated using the Leave-One-Out Cross Validation (LOOCV) method. Both UV-vis and CD signals were absorbed differently in mixtures in comparison to pure solutions, indicating a nonlinear relationship between the absorbed signal and the enantiomer concentration in a mixture stream. Empirical mathematical relationships were tested for each signal (UV-vis and CD) and the pair of equations was evaluated using the Mean Square Error (MSE) metric for each enantiomer concentration (MSEL and MSED) and the pair of equations with the smallest MSEt (=MSEL + MSED) metric was chosen. Confidence interval analysis helped to find even simpler equations in comparison to the chosen ones. Higher nonlinearity was observed for a mixture with low L-PZQ concentration. The developed methodology allowed the choice of an empiric model to give good predictions in a wide range of concentration, what is of utmost importance for monitoring and automatic control purposes, for instance.

Leucismo em jacaretinga: relato de caso / Leucism in jacaretinga: case report

Dentre os crocodilianos com ocorrência no Brasil, o Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758) é a espécie de maior frequência, porém sua presença em estudos científicos restringe-se a levantamentos faunísticos, na maioria das vezes. O leucismo, também conhecido como albinismo parcial, é uma anomalia cromática ainda pouco conhecida. Indivíduos portadores dos genes que condicionam a doença apresentam ausência de pigmentação em uma parte ou em todo o corpo, porém os olhos não apresentam alteração. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o primeiro registro de Caiman crocodilus com leucismo no mundo.(AU)

Among crocodilians in Brazil, Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758) is the most frequent species, but its presence in scientific studies is mostly restricted to faunal surveys. Leukism, also known as partial albinism, is a still little known chromatic anomaly. Individuals with genes that condition the disease present no pigmentation in one part or in the whole body, but the eyes did not change. The objective of this work was to perform the first record of Caiman crocodilus with leucismo in the world.(AU)

Serum testosterone, sperm quality, cytological, physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of the prostatic fraction of dogs with prostatomegaly.

Prostatomegaly is a common finding in older non-neutered dogs. This study compared the serum testosterone, sperm quality and characteristics of the prostatic fraction between healthy dogs and dogs with prostatomegaly. Blood samples of ten dogs (five dogs from each group) were taken for serum testosterone measurement. Sperm motility, vigour, concentration, viability, membrane functionality and morphology were analysed in sperm-rich fraction. Osmolality, pH, cell types, and albumin, haemoglobin, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and chloride were analysed in prostatic fraction. Dogs with prostatomegaly have the lowest sperm motility, vigour, concentration and functional membrane. Dogs with prostatomegaly have the highest glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. Glucose was the only constituent positively correlated with serum testosterone and prostate volume. It can be concluded that dogs with prostatomegaly have poorer sperm quality, and glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol in prostatic fraction can be used as prostatomegaly biomarkers.

Nonlinear model predictive control applied to the separation of praziquantel in simulated moving bed chromatography.

An adaptive nonlinear model predictive control of a simulated moving bed unit for the enantioseparation of praziquantel is presented. A first principle model was applied at the proposed purity control scheme. The main concern about this kind of model in a control framework is in regard to the computational effort to solve it; however, a fast enough solution was achieved. In order to evaluate the controller's performance, several cases were simulated, including external pumps and switching valve malfunctions. The problem of plant-model mismatch was also investigated, and for that reason a parameter estimation step was introduced in the control strategy. In every studied scenario, the controller was able to maintain the purity levels at their set points, which were set to 99% and 98.6% for extract and raffinate, respectively. Additionally, fast responses and smooth actuation were achieved.

Exaggerated blood pressure response during the exercise treadmill test as a risk factor for hypertension

Exaggerated blood pressure response (EBPR) during the exercise treadmill test (ETT) has been considered to be a risk factor for hypertension. The relationship of polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system gene with hypertension has not been established. Our objective was to evaluate whether EBPR during exercise is a clinical marker for hypertension. The study concerned a historical cohort of normotensive individuals. The exposed individuals were those who presented EBPR. At the end of the observation period (41.7 months = 3.5 years), the development of hypertension was analyzed within the two groups. Genetic polymorphisms and blood pressure behavior were assessed as independent variables, together with the classical risk factors for hypertension. The I/D gene polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and M235T of angiotensinogen were ruled out as risk factors for hypertension. EBPR during ETT is not an independent influence on the chances of developing hypertension. No differences were observed between the hypertensive and normotensive individuals regarding gender (P = 0.655), skin color (P = 0.636), family history of hypertension (P = 0.225), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.285), or hypertriglyceridemia (P = 0.734). The risk of developing hypertension increased with increasing body mass index (BMI) and advancing age. The risk factors, which independently influenced the development of hypertension, were age and BMI. EBPR did not constitute an independent risk factor for hypertension and is probably a preclinical phase in the spectrum of normotension and hypertension.

Revising the M235T polymorphism position for the AGT gene and reporting a modifying variant in the Brazilian population with potential cardiac and neural impact.

There is a growing need to curate the overwhelming amount of sequencing data which is available in many public databases. For instance, new information shows that the M235T polymorphism at the angiotensinogen gene (AGT) is actually positioned at the position corresponding to the amino acid 268 and not 235. This polymorphism is filled as rs699 in the NCBI SNP database and results in the synthesis of a threonine (T) instead of a methionine (M). It has been widely studied and associated as an important risk factor for several vascular and neuropsychiatric conditions. We faced this new situation during the targeted sequencing of 360 chromosomes from Brazilian subjects studied for the M235T polymorphism, leading to the identification of a novel variation (rs141900991). This report explores the potential impact of such a dinucleotide variation, which promotes the change of alanine (A) to serine (S) at the AGT protein structure (A237S). Considering the previous M268T variation at the four possible haplotypes combined (MA, MS, TA and TS), we performed a comparative hydrophobicity simulation, using the Kyte-Doolittle algorithm, available at the CLB Bio workbench, in the four possible haplotypes. Additional simulations were performed using the programs PolyPhen, I-Mutant and SIFT, in order to evaluate the pathogenicity of both mutations. The predicted hydrophobicity decreases of a similar magnitude, with both MS and TA haplotypes, but the presence of both variations induces a major decrease in hydrophobicity, suggesting a cumulative effect, with possible modifying effect since that this variation per se would limit the hydrophobicity range and the latter chances in finding significant phenotype differences. A better characterization of this kind of variant is particularly important because the current genome wide scan analyses in complex disorders with cardiac or neural etiology are not generating reliable findings, especially if we consider the huge investment with such approach. Additional and unknown variations like this one, with potential modifying effect, might be more common than previously expected.

Resultados preliminares da utilizaçäo de cultivos de anéis de traquéia para o estudo de estirpes brasileiras do vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas / A preliminary use of tracheal organ cultures for evaluating Brazilian infectious bronchitis virus strains

Tracheal organ cultures (TOC) were prepared and used for evaluating four Brazilian isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). IBV field isolates and vaccine strains were titrated in TOC and results compared to those from chicken embrionated eggs. Serum neutralization (SN) employing IBV strain-specific serum was performed for evaluating relationships between isolates. Titration results of tests performed in TOC or eggs were in mutual agreement and were considered for validating the adapted TOC methodology as alternative for virological studies in our laboratory. Sera specific to M41 (Massachusetts) or A5968 (Connecticut) did neutralize their respective IBV strains only. Field strains 208 and 29-78 specific sera did neutralize Massachusetts serotype strains M41 and H120, but PM2 serum did only M41. Strain PM4 specific serum did not neutralize any of the reference IBV analyzed, including M41, A5968 and H120 and may indicate that the isolate is serologically different from the Massachusetts serotype, currently adopted for vaccine strains in Brazil

Produçäo e caracterizaçäo de anticorpos monoclonais contra o vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas / Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific to infectious bronchitis virus

Um painel de anticorpos monoclonais (AcM) específicos contra o vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (VBIG) amostra Massachusetts M41 foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de possibilitar ferramentas para futuros estudos de amostras locais de VBIG. Os clones produtores de AcM foram detectados e caracterizados por ELISA, e para a determinaçäo quanto à especificidade ao componente de VBIG foi utilizado western blotting (WB). Os híbridos produtivos foram clonados por diluiçäo limitante, expandidos in vitro e mantidos em nitrogênio líquido. As bandas protéicas reconhecidas em WB pelos AcM apresentaram pesos moleculares que variaram de 180 a 30 kDa. Oito AcM reconheceram apenas um polipeptídeo e quatro ligaram-se ao polipeptídeo S (3, 18, 52 e 57) inteiro, com a banda de peso molecular aproximado de 180 kDa. Cinco AcM (5, 12, 41, 70 e 72), ligaram-se em mais de uma banda de VBIG. Outros sete AcM näo se ligaram a nenhum polipeptídeo de VBIG. Entre os AcM que apresentam perspectivas de utilizaçäo em pesquisa e diagnóstico de VBIG incluem-se os produzidos pelo clone 42, dirigido contra S1, os produzidos pelos clones 34, 43 e 71, dirigidos contra S2, pelos clones 7 e 22, dirigidos contra M e pelos clones 15 e 50, cujos AcM reagiram contra a nucleoproteína N

Afinidades antigênicas de amostras de campo do vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas com a amostra Massachusetts M41 / Antigenic affinities of infectious bronchitis virus field isolates to Massachusetts M41 strain

Com o objetivo de avaliar as afinidades antigênicas entre 14 amostras de vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (VBIG) isoladas de casos clínicos ocorridos entre 1972 e 1989 no Estado de Minas Gerais, sua reatividade frente a dois anticorpos monoclonais (AcMs) específicos contra a glicoproteína S1(subscrito) do sorotipo Massachusetts de VBIG foi examinada em ELISA. As 14 amostras de campo estudadas foram agrupadas,de acordo com o relacionamento antigênico aos AcMs, em relacionadas (três amostras) e näo relacionadas (onze amostras) à amostra M41 do sorotipo Massachusetts. As amostras de campo näo reconhecidas, considerando a alta especificidade dos AcMs à amostra M41, compöem uma diversidade que pode variar de integrantes do sorotipo Massachusetts de origem vacinal a sorotipos heterólogos. Amostras com afinidade antigênica à M41 (208-1972, PM1-1987 e PM2-1987) foram detectadas, o que configura a preservaçäo da amostra no campo, apesar da alta variabilidade da glicoproteína S1(subscrito), já que foram isoladas de surtos de doença natural nas regiöes de avicultura de Minas Gerais. A detecçäo de antígenos de alta variabilidade que caracterizam a amostra M41, apesar das pressöes da imunidade dos plantéis e da mutabilidade, pode indicar que os antígenos de alta afinidade aos receptores celulares (best fit) que atingiram alto estágio evolutivo podem estar sendo preservados

Respiratory changes due to long-term exposure to urban levels of air pollution: a histopathologic study in humans.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the potential associations between long-term exposure to air pollution and histopathologic evidence of damage to the lungs in humans. DESIGN: Lung tissue samples were collected during necropsies of individuals who died due to violent causes, selected on the basis of their exposure background. PATIENTS: The exposed group was composed of individuals who lived in Guarulhos, an area with high mean levels of inhalable particles. The control group was composed of individuals who lived in two cities with economies based on agricultural activities: Ribeirão Preto and Ourinhos. INTERVENTIONS: Information about cigarette smoking and occupational exposure was obtained from family members. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Morphometric evaluation of the main bronchus was conducted to determine the volume ratio of submucosal glands. Histopathologic alterations of the bronchioli were evaluated by scoring the presence of inflammatory reaction, wall thickening, and secretory hyperplasia. The number of spots of carbon deposition was counted along the regions of lymphatic drainage (visceral pleura and axial connective tissue around bronchi and blood vessels). Statistical analysis was done by means of regression models controlled for age, smoking, and occupational exposure. Lungs collected from the high pollution area presented evidence of more histopathologic damage in comparison to those from the clean environments. These effects were observed even after controlling for individual differences in age, sex, and cigarette smoking levels. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that long-term exposure to air pollution may contribute to the pathogenesis of airway disease, and that urban levels of air pollution have adverse effects on the respiratory tract.

Circadian variation of methyleugenol anesthesia in albino rats

In Wistar rats synchronized to a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle (lights on from 08:00 to 20:h), the ip injection of methyleugenol (200 mg/Kg) at 08:00, 12:00 and 16:00 h significantly increased the sleeping time (time between loss and recovery of righting reflex) when compared to animals anesthetized at 20:00, 24:00 and 04:00h. These data provide another example of the importance of circadian rhythms in biological systems and their practical relevance to pharmacology

[Intraspinal tumors in children. Review of 24 cases]. / Tumores intraespinales en los niños. Revisión de 24 casos

The clinical cases of 24 patients with intraspinal neoplasms seen at the Neurology and Neurosurgery ward of the Hospital del Nino IMAN, in a period of four and a half years are reviewed. The majority of our cases were diagnosed as suffering from tumors of embryological origin like teratomas, dermoid cysts and neuroblastomas. The signs and symptoms were reviewed, noting the importance of weakness of the lower extremities, the alteration in reflexes and sensitivity as well as back pain. We emphasize the great help of the X ray examination of the spinal colum, both plain and with contrast media. The treatment that our patients underwent was reviewed and the results were evaluated, pointing out the fact that life prognosis is related to malignancy of the lesions and the neurological sequelae are intimatly related with the early diagnosis and treatment of this type of lesions.