Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the suprasellar region: diagnosis based on thyroid cytology.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) may present as unifocal disease of the suprasellar region, with symptoms and signs of hypopituitarism, arginine vasopressin deficiency (AVP-D), and weight gain. Transcranial biopsy is necessary to define diagnosis and guide treatment decisions, but it is associated with significant morbidity. We describe a patient with Hashimoto thyroiditis and a single hypothalamic mass in whom LCH diagnosis was made by thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) performed despite nonspecific findings in thyroid imaging, on the basis of a slightly elevated [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avidity on PET/CT and volume increase during follow-up.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: From Early Achievements towards New Perspectives.

Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) became one of the major breakthroughs in cancer treatment over the past decade and entered into therapy within standard oncohematology practice. ICI has demonstrated impressive response rates as salvage therapy in relapsed/refractory (R/R) classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and is now being tested as an adjunction to chemotherapy in the frontline settings. CHL exquisite sensitivity to PD-1/PD-L1 axis inhibition relies on a particular biological background. By contrast, non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) have demonstrated heterogeneous response rates using ICI. These observations highlight discrepancies between various types of lymphomas in terms of genetic alterations, immune microenvironment interactions, and disease phenotype. This review aims to focus on cHL immune escape mechanisms, focusing on cHL biological sensitivity to PD-1 blockade. We will summarize the available data issued from clinical trials on ICI in cHL and its safety profile. Going beyond the current use of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting immune checkpoints in clinical practice, we will offer an overview of new combinatory therapeutic perspectives where cHL immunotherapy may be considered.

[Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis]. / Les lymphohistiocytoses hémophagocytaires.

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Abstract. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a group of rare diseases characterized by over-activation of the immune system. They form two groups: primary and secondary HLH. Primary HLH are linked to mutations impairing lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Secondary HLH are triggered by infections, autoimmune diseases or neoplasia, the remaining cases being labeled idiopathic. HLH manifest as febrile states, cytopenias and hepatosplenomegaly. In the absence of treatment, they quickly lead to multiple organ failure. The diagnosis is currently based on the presence of several clinical and biological markers. Treatment consists of suppression of the triggering factor, organ support and immunosuppression. Primary forms, affecting a pediatric population, have been the subject of intense research, and are nowadays treated with established therapeutic protocols. Several recent retrospective studies have improved our knowledge of secondary HLH, which affects mostly adults and whose incidence seems to be increasing. Thus, new diagnostic criteria are currently being studied for secondary HLH, and several treatment protocols have just been published or are being evaluated.

Intramuscular Follicular Lymphoma.

We present an interesting image of a painless growing mass of the right arm in a 76-year-old man. A musculoskeletal MRI of the right arm showed a 7.5 × 3-cm homogeneous, well-defined mass, elongated along the course of muscle fascias and independent of the adjacent bone. A core-needle biopsy was performed, and the diagnosis of low-grade follicular lymphoma was established. Intramuscular lymphoma should be integrated into the differential diagnosis of tumors surrounding neurovascular structures, alongside peripheral nerve tumors and soft tissue sarcoma. MRI and whole-body F-FDG PET/CT features provided useful information to refine differential diagnosis in this case.

Study of Early Elevated Gas6 Plasma Level as a Predictor of Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of Patients with Sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6), a vitamin K-dependent protein interacting with anionic phospholipids and TAM tyrosine kinase receptors, is elevated in plasma of septic patients. Previous studies did not find different levels between survivors and non-survivors at admission because either they included a low number of patients (<50) or a low number of non-survivors (5%). OBJECTIVES: To determine, in a larger cohort of septic patients comprising an expected number of non-survivors, the performance of the plasma level of Gas6 and its soluble receptor Axl (sAxl) within 24 hours of admission to predict in-ICU mortality. PATIENTS: Septic adults with or without shock. METHODS: Gas6 and sAxl were prospectively measured by ELISA at day 0, 3, 7, and then weekly until discharge or death. RESULTS: We evaluated 129 septic patients, including 82 with and 47 without shock, with in-ICU mortality rate of 19.4% and in-hospital mortality rate of 26%. Gas6 level was higher in non-survivors than in survivors (238 vs. 167%, P = 0.003); this difference remained constant during the ICU stay. The area under the ROC curve for Gas6 (0.695 [95% CI: 0.58-0.81]) was higher than for sAxl, procalcitonin, CRP, IL-1beta, IL-6 and-alpha, and slightly higher than for IL-8, IL-10, SOFA and APACHEII scores in predicting in-ICU mortality. Considering 249% as a cut-off value, Gas6 measurement had a negative predictive value for mortality of 87%. CONCLUSION: It seems that Gas6 plasma level within 24 hours of ICU admission may predicts in-ICU mortality in patients with sepsis. If our result are confirmed in external validation, Gas6 plasma level measurement could contribute to the identification of patients who may benefit most from more aggressive management.