Preferred and undesirable products in the dietary habits of women.

BACKGROUND: Proper nutrition, especially for elderly women as well as for women after mastectomy, is one of the basic conditions of maintaining physical health and mental well-being. OBJECTIVES: The comparison of dietary habits of women of various ages and various levels of physical activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The investigated group consisted of 90 women: 20 students of the Faculty of Physiotherapy at the Academy of Physical Education in Wroclaw, 25 students of University of the Third Age at the Academy of Physical Education in Wroclaw, 25 visitors of the sanatorium in Jedlina Zdrój, and 20 women after mastectomy. The authors' questionnaire was applied to assess the adherence of the dietary habits of the women in the researched groups to the rules of proper nutrition on the basis of the consumed products. RESULTS: The highest average dietary preferences expressed in questionnaire points were revealed among the students of the University of the Third Age (4.13) and the women after mastectomy (4.10). Lower numbers of questionnaire points were noted among the visitors of the sanatorium (3.78) and the students of the Academy of Physical Education (3.60). CONCLUSIONS: A significant correlation of BMI and the average number of questionnaire points was revealed in the group of women after mastectomy and the students of the University of the Third Age and a clear correlation in the group of students. A significant correlation between the average of questionnaire points and the age of the women was observed in the first two groups. Applying the authors' questionnaire makes it possible to assess conscious application and adherence to the rules of proper nutrition on the basis of preferred and undesirable products consumed.

Management of familial heterozygous hypercholesterolemia: Position Paper of the Polish Lipid Expert Forum.

Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HFH) affects on average 1 in 500 individuals in European countries, and it is estimated that HeFH in Poland may affect more than 80,000 people. Cardiovascular mortality in individuals with FH between 20 and 39 years of age is 100 times higher than in the general population. HFH is a relatively common lipid disorder, but usually still remaining undiagnosed and untreated. A very high risk of cardiovascular diseases and a shortened lifespan in patients with this condition require early diagnosis and intensive treatment. The aim of the position paper was to present the importance and scale of this problem in Poland, which has not been raised enough so far, as well as the recommendations of diagnosis, treatment and prevention methods.

[Alcohol intake and tobacco smoking among students of medical schools]. / Spozycie alkoholu i palenie tytoniu wsród studentów wyzszych uczelni medycznych.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To determine the level of alcohol intake (including risky drinking) and tobacco smoking among students of higher medical schools, as well as the level of students' knowledge about epidemiology and consequences of alcohol abuse. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in 2010-2012 and involved 1054 students of medical school. The majority of the participants were female (82.3%). Average age of respondents was 25.13 years (SD = 6.64, median = 24). The questionnaire was to determine the students' knowledge of alcohol abuse, short version of AUDIT and questions about tobacco smoking. RESULTS: The average 100% alcohol intake in Poland was correctly identified by 32.0% (318) of students. The alcohol level in blood which indicates the state after alcohol intake was correctly determined by 57.2% (571) of respondents. Tobacco was the choice of 13.8% (138) of students as the main health risk factor and cause of premature deaths in Europe, alcohol was chosen by 17.8% (177). Cirrhosis was recognized correctly by 52% of students (521) as the most frequent disease caused by alcohol in European men. Regarding the question about the biochemical indicators helpful in diagnostics of alcohol abuse only 27.6% (275) indicated correctly: MCV and GGT. In short version of AUDIT 32.2% (238) of women gained 4 points and above, 56.2% (91) of men gained 5 points and above. Among women: 3.5% (28) have 14 and above standardized portions of an alcoholic drinks during week. Among men: 6.5% (11) have 28 and above standardized portions of an alcoholic drinks during week. Non-smokers represent 20.6% (205) of respondents. A majority (39.4%, 82) indicate they smoke not more than 5 cigarettes per day. The students first began smoking in secondary (21.7%, 45) and high school (45.9%, 95). Smokers statistically significantly more often (p<0.001) drink alcohol. More than four times higher percentage of smokers (10.0% vs 2.3% non-smokers) drink in a day when they drink 10 or more standardized portions of an alcoholic drink (p<0.001). Those who drink at least once a month drink 6 standardized portions of an alcoholic drink statistically significantly more often (p<0.001)were smokers (21.8% vs 10.8% non-smokers). Smokers were more than four times more likely (13.4%) than non-smokers (3.2%) to drink 6 standardized portions of an alcoholic drink once a week. During the majority of weekdays, 6 standardized portions of an alcoholic drink were taken by 2.48% (5) of smokers (vs 0% non-smokers). CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of students in medical schools drink riskily. Especially the risky drinking was observed among smoking students. The level of knowledge gained by respondents about alcohol abuse is still insufficient. Programs that promote avoiding tobacco smoking and alcohol abuse are necessary among children during the first years of education (in primary school and earlier).

[Spreading of smoking habit among students of the Public Medical Higher Professional School in Opole in 2006-2009]. / Rozpowszechnienie palenia tytoniu wsród studentów Panstwowej Medycznej Wyzszej Szkoly Zawodowej w Opolu w latach 2006-2009.

Smoking is the most widespread addiction and for years is a basic addiction hazard among youngsters. The beginning of nicotine addiction is occult, during time runs as habit and biological nicotine addiction. The health consequences are seen after time. Children have their first contact with cigarettes in their own families and the problem of smoking is the consequence of following adults' example. The risk of smoking addiction rises because of negative influence of background and because of the need of being approved among men of the same age. The objective of the study was the analysis of spreading of smoking among students of PMWSZ in Opole during years 2006-2009.688 students of nursery and obstetrics faculty were investigated. Among them 175 (25.4%) were smokers and 513 (74.6%) were non-smokers. More than half of smokers (61.2%) started smoking in secondary grammar school. 110 (62.9%) of them tried to overcome their addiction. These failed attempts confirm the necessity of multi-aspect anti-nicotine help given by health professionals: doctors, psychologists, addiction therapeutics and pedagogues.

[Level of tobacco smoking amongst 6th year students of Wroclaw Medical University]. / Poziom palenia tytoniu wsród studentów VI roku Akademii Medycznej we Wroclawiu.

Prevention of tobacco smoking amongst youths and young adult could limit deaths because of illness tobacco related to 2050. The assessment of the level of smoking was the aim of examinations amongst medical students. An anonymous questionnaire containing questions on the subject of tobacco smoking was carried amongst 6th year students of the Medical Department of Wroclaw Medical University in the academic year 2008/2009. Two hundreds then students took part in the study. 62% of examined came from the provincial capital, the 11.4% from the town with the population above 100 hundred of inhabitants, 22.4% of towns with the population below 100 hundred of inhabitants and 3.8% of students--from country centers. 14.8 % respondents admitted to smoking cigarettes, 75.2% were non-smoking persons, 10% were smokers but ceased smoking cigarettes in the sequence of a few last years. Amongst smokers--the most (59% of students and 71% of students) is smoking to 5 cigarettes per day. The most students (56% of women and 60% of men) began smoking in the secondary school. In studied group 67.6% (142) examined is claiming that the anti-tobacco advice should give family doctors, and 43% thinks that a patient which isn't able to cease the smoking in spite of strong motivation should be seen by a family doctor. The percentage of smokers amongst medical students didn't take turns in the sequence of two last years, however amongst smokers--biggest percentage is smoking to 5 cigarettes per day. The students most often begin smoking in the secondary school. The straight majority of the medical students is paying attention, that family doctors should take up giving the anti-tobacco advice and helping patients which isn't able to cease the smoking in spite of strong motivation. The ones smoking the small number of cigarettes and which began smoking in the secondary school are predominating amongst smokers. Overbalancing percentage of examined is located anti-tobacco therapy into competence of a family doctor.

[The students of Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole spreading anti-tobacco advice]. / Studenci Panstwowej Medycznej Wyzszej Szkoly Zawodowej w Opolu wobec poradnictwa antytoniowego.

Smoking tobacco in our society is the primary risk factor in the emergence of many diseases, including cardiovascular and cancer, elevating the risk of mortality before 65 years of age. Very important is the fact that this is a removable, which can be completely eliminated. The smoker health could be in better conditions and also other people from his environment. A man who is messed up is the sick man who, while having the motivation to stop smoking, need a comprehensive and specialized medical treatment. Respondents nursing and midwifery students in Opole PMWSZ most important in providing advice to patients students choose family doctors (34.1%) and internists (17.9%). According to the respondents, patients who, despite a strong motivation to stop smoking can not, should find help in specialized anti-tobacco clinic (27.8%), substance abuse treatment clinic (16.5%), and psychological counseling (11.4%). Half of the surveyed students (51.35%) declared the ability to advice patients, while only 18.7% of respondents correctly answered the question what is the minimum intervention of tobacco control, 56% of respondents claimed that it is information to the patient of the consequences of smoking. Important in reducing the health effects of smoking is to prepare health workers to diagnose the problem of addiction and comprehensive professional treatment.

[Acting in the framework of the nicotine addiction prevention--the level of knowledge amongst 6th year students of Wroclaw Medical University]. / Postepowanie w ramach profilaktyki uzaleznienia od nikotyny--poziom wiedzy wsród studentów VI roku Akademii Medycznej we Wroclawiu.

It was stated explicitly that smoking was increasing the risk of the death about 25-40% because of cardiovascular diseases, about 30-40% because of malignant tumors and is causing about 70% of deaths from illness of the respiratory system (no cancerous). It was also proved that basic means increasing the effectiveness of taken attempts to limit the smoking were useful and easy to apply by every doctor independently of the medical specialty. An anonymous questionnaire containing questions on the subject of the realization of problems connected with the tobacco addiction in the route of medical studies was carried amongst 6th year students of the Medical Department of Wroclaw Medical University in the academic year 2008/2009. 210 students took part in the study. 62% of examined came from the provincial capital, the 11.4% from the town with the population above 100 hundred of inhabitants, 22.4% of towns with the population below 100 hundred of inhabitants and 3.8% of students--from country centers. Only 78% of students is claiming that problems concerning nicotinism were being brought up on the university. 56.7% of examined is judging that he is able to give an anti-smoking advice to a patient. The correct answer in the question about the Fagerströma test and describing physical addiction gave 47% of students, only 39.5% examined--in the question about the assessment of motivation test (the Schneider scale), and 37.2% of students responded to the question what is consists in minimum anti-tobacco intervention. An insufficient frequency of bringing up the problem of smoking on medical studies is visible harmfulness, a consequence is a lowering knowledge amongst students. Little over 3 of students is confirming students that problems concerning the nicotinism were being brought up during studies (mainly during classes in the field of internal medicine), however every sixth of examined students is declaring the knowledge in the case of the patient addicted to the nicotine and every fourth has the knowledge. The preparing graduates of the Medical Faculty for the participation in realization of basic schedules of the promotion of the health and the diseases prevention is developing unusually pessimistically towards above data, the fight against the nicotine addiction is filling one of the essential positions, independently on the medical specialty.

[The attitude of the nursing students of Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole towards the smoking problems in Poland]. / Postawy studentów pielegniarstwa Panstwowej Medycznej Wyzszej Szkoly Zawodowej w Opolu wobec problematyki palenia tytoniu w Polsce.

Cigarette smoking has been main reason of the Polish society health hazard and one of the most widespread unhealthy element of the human life style. Aim of the study is to evaluate the attitude of the nursing students of Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole towards the smoking problems in Poland. Most of respondents considered the nicotinism problem in Poland as very important--3 of them evaluate importance of problem on the scale of 0 - 10, estimated it from 8, 9 and 10 points. 74.3% of respondents support the opinion to put the total injunction from smoking at public areas into practice. According to respondents, the most effective forms to express a non-smoking lifestyle is to promote the idea of the total injunction from smoking at public areas and the promotion of the nonsmoking people at the mass media.

[The nursing students of Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole spreading non-smoking lifestyle]. / Studenci pielegniarstwa Panstwowej Medycznej Wyzszej Szkoly Zawodowej w Opolu wobec promowania niepalenia.

The promotion of health is a science and art of helping people to change their environment and lifestyle to a health friendly one, in order to strengthen and build up their wellbeing. Smoking cigarettes is a most disadvantageous element of a lifestyle. Important elements of promotion of non-smoking lifestyle, by our students, as future Health Service members, are: promoting of smoke-free environment, encouraging of non-smoking fashion, education of health consequences of smoking cigarettes, motivation to quit smoking, advisement in the field of smoking addiction treatment. Public health and health promotion, these are classes where smoking cigarettes' problem has been discussed mostly. Over 90% of students' respondents claim that were able to give a nonsmoking advice to any patient. Because of the awareness of health threats caused by smoking cigarettes and because of the role of education in prevention and addiction fighting, over 82.4% of students were convinced that every doctor should ask every patient, about his/her attitude towards smoking cigarettes.

[Cigarette smoking in medical personnel and evaluation of this problem by smoking and non-smoking patients]. / Palenie papierosów przez personel medyczny i ocena tego problemu przez palacych i niepalacych pacjentów.

Cigarette smoking is a problem in all environments, including health service workers. It increases the number of ill people and accelerates death. The aim of this study was to diagnose the problem of smoking in medical staff and evaluation of this problem by patients. Research was made in hospitals and out-patient clinics in Opole by using an anonimous questionnaire. Along years there has been a decrease of smoking initiation age: 60-years-old-women had their first cigarette in 70% after them finished 18 years old, while most 30-year-old-women had it before. Every year the level of education in medical staff grows up, but the number of smokers in them does not fall down. It is still common to smoke in non-smokers and pregnant woman presence in spite of knowledge about passive smoking. Also pregnancy is not always strong argument to complete quit smoking, among medical staff as well. Smoking medical personnel has definitely negative evaluation by non-smoking patients (70%), a bit less negative it is seen by smoking patients. As the research showed, promotion of nonsmoking workers by employers could be a motivation to quit smoking.

[Opinion of students of the Medical Department of Wroclaw Medical University on the subject of the fight against tobacco addiction]. / Opinia studentów Wydzialu Lekarskiego Akademii Medycznej we Wroclawiu na temat walki z nalogiem palenia tytoniu.

Problem of prophylaxis of nicotine-related diseases and leading of programs of the fight against tobacco addiction are being given out to be shared nominative case of main plans led in the framework of health care in majority of European countries. An anonymous questionnaire containing questions concerning students' opinion on the subject of the fight against tobacco addiction was carried amongst students of the 6th year of the Medical Department of Wroclaw Medical University in the academic year 2007/2008. 177 students took part in the study (64% of women, 34% of men). 72.4% of students came from cities with the population above 100 hundred of inhabitants. 64.4% of students is regarding problem of nicotinism in Poland as important. 62.2% of students think that promoting not-smoking in media is most effective method. 76.7% of students is justifying total smoking ban in public places and is behind accepting such regulations in Poland. 1.14% of students is against smoking ban in public places regarding it as limiting their freedom. Majority of students thinks that nicotinism is an essential problem in Poland. Dominating percentage examined thinks that promoting not-smoking in media is most effective method. Majority of students is justifying a total smoking ban in public places and is behind accepting such regulations in Poland. Only scarce percentage examined is against a smoking ban in public places regarding it as limiting their freedom. Undoubtedly students notice problem of tobacco smoking in Poland as important, at the same time rarely taking into consideration keeping anti-tobacco programs on the level of health care--are handing responsibility for realization of these programs to media or government organizations. Students are supporting regulations introducing a ban on smoking in public places.

[Realization of problems related with tobacco addiction under medical studies]. / Realizacja zagadnien zwiazanych z nalogiem palenia tytoniu w trakcie studiów medycznych.

Quitting by current smokers is therefore the only way in which tobacco-related mortality can be reduced in the medium term. An anonymous questionnaire containing questioners on the subject of the realization of problems connected with the tobacco addiction in the route of medical studies was carried amongst students of the 6th year of the Medical Department of Wroclaw Medical University in the academic year 2007/2008. 177 students took part in the study (64% of women, 34% of men). 72.4% of students came from cities with the population above 100 hundred of inhabitants. 8.5% of students isn't regarding the nicotine addiction as illness. 94.4% of students is claiming that problems concerning nicotinism were being brought up on the university. 81.7% of students is judging that he is able to give an anti-smoking advice to a patient. 89.8% of students think that every doctor should ask each patients opinion about smoking cigarettes independently of whether he is an ill or healthy person. It is surprising that persons not regarding nicotine addiction as illness are still amongst students of 6th year of the Medical Department. Not all examined also confirmed that they had met with discussing the problem of nicotinism during medical studies. Majority examined thinks that he is able to give an anti-smoking advice to a patient. Dominating percentage examined thinks that every doctor should ask each of patients' opinion about smoking cigarettes independently of whether he is an ill or healthy person. Knowledge is being passed down to students on the subject of nicotine addiction during main subjects realized during medical studies. However this knowledge seems insufficient in spite of high self-assessment of students.

[Asthma bronchial among children and youth exposed to tobacco smoke]. / Astma oskrzelowa u dzieci i mlodziezy a narazenie na dym tytoniowy.

Purpose of this work was to judge progress of diagnosed bronchial asthma among children and youth that are exposed on tobacco smoke in aspect of number of exacerbation of disease, therapy (doses of corticosteroids) and number of hospitalizations. There were two groups of patients with bronchial asthma under examination, first one were children and youth that are exposed on tobacco smoke, and the other group of children and youth that are not exposed on tobacco smoke. We discovered statistically significant difference in number of exacerbation of disease among those two groups, also bigger therapeutic and prophylactic doses of inhaled steroids during treatment, and much more often hospitalizations among children and youth that are exposed on tobacco smoke.

[The knowledge level of smoking harm in the students of Wroclaw Medical University, Bialystok Medical University and the Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole]. / Poziom wiedzy na temat szkodliwosci palenia tytoniu wsród studentów Akademii Medycznej we Wroclawiu, Akademii Medycznej w Bialymstoku i Panstwowej Medycznej Zawodowej Szkole w Opolu.

The main aim of health promotion and diseases prophylactic is a struggle with smoking, which is a well known factor in many disorders, i.e. malignant carcinomas, noncarcinomatous diseases of respiratory system and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was the analysis of the knowledge level of smoking harm and its consequences in 1051 students of Wroclaw Medical University, Bialystok Medical University and the Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole. The respondents answered to the anonymous, voluntary questionnaire. The little percentage of students in all centres gave correct answer to the subject of amount of carcinogens contained in the tobacco and the tobacco smoke still correct answers concerning concrete carcinogens were rare. Students aren't also convinced that the smoking can cause so strong psychophysical addiction, like taking drugs: heroine and cocaine. Majority polled is confirming that the smoking is a cause of the cancer of larynx, vascular diseases or chronic bronchitis, as well as an influence on a birth weight in newborn babies. Depending on the examined centre--convincing that smoking is the risk factor of bladder cancer isn't already so universal, the similar situation is taking place at examining the knowledge on the subject of association between smoking and osteoporosis. Admittedly the knowledge on the subject of nicotine substitute therapy isn't alien to students, they have the difficulty with correct giving available preparations on the Polish market. The knowledge of students is also scarce on the subject of changes in the total number of smokers in Poland.

[Comparison of the knowledge level of stationary and non stationary students of the Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole on the subject of the health results of smoking]. / Porównanie poziomu wiedzy studentów studiów stacjonarnych i niestacjonarnych Panstwowej Medycznej Wyzszej Szkoly Zawodowej w Opolu na temat zdrowotnych nastepstw palenia tytoniu.

The smoking is a multifaceted social problem. Early beginning smoking by children and young people are increasing the risk of the quicker appearance of tobacco related diseases and mortality of people in a productive age. It is a cause of the higher death rate than AIDS, the alcoholism, car accidents, drugs, fires, homicides and suicides assessed together in the world. Even though smoking is making greatest risk, its prevention is possible and should be an element of the health education understood widely. The aim of the study was the ccomparison of the knowledge level of stationary and non-stationary students of the Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole on the subject of the health results of smoking. Students of non-stationary studies demonstrated the higher level of the knowledge on the subject of health results of smoking. The stationary students, young people, don't realize a nicotine addiction as the strong risk fully--11.2% of examined is negating a fact that the smoking can cause so strong addiction, like taking drugs.

[The analysis of smoking amongst students in the Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole]. / Analiza problemu palenia tytoniu wsród studentów Panstwowej Medycznej Wyzszej Szkoly Zawodowej w Opolu.

Making conditional on the smoking is making the essential problem of the contemporary society. Conducted examinations are pointing in Poland and in the world that the number of young people which are reaching for the first cigarette is soaring together with age. The aim of the study was an analysis of smoking amongst students of the Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole. Group of 290 stationary and non-stationary students of the Nursing Institute and the Obstetrics Institute of the Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole was put through an examination. Out of polled --72 students (24.8%) is smoking cigarettes but 218 students (75.2%) are non-smoking persons. 13.8% of the examined group of non-stationary students is smoking cigarettes, however smoking cigarettes is declaring 29% of the examined on stationary studies. Polled the most, well as far as 70.8%, began smoking cigarettes during the secondary school. 62.5% smoking persons tried to give up smoking having the harmfulness of smoking in mind. Unfortunately these attempts ended in failure. The students would expect the biggest support from close persons (the husband, the wife) during giving up smoking, 93.1% of examined is confirming such an opinion.

[Smoking of the tobacco by the parents of hospitalized children at the Pediatric Department of the Provincional Hospital in Opole]. / Palenie tytoniu przez rodziców dzieci hospitalizowanych w Oddziale Pediatrycznym Szpitala Wojewódzkiego w Opolu.

Nonsmoking children who live with smoking parents are exposed to many harmful chemicals of cigarette smoke. This situation is called "passive smoking". Unfortunately this situation is very often because 25% women and 40% men smoke. Cigarette smoke has bad effect on respiratory mucous membrane because it destroys its histological structure. Result of epidemiological studies provides that 45% parents and 54% children in pulmonological departments of pediatric hospitals are passive smokers. This indicates the necessity of pro-health education as well as the necessity of banning smoking from hospital area.

[European experiences concerning schedules of the fight against the tobacco addiction]. / Europejskie doswiadczenia dotyczace programów walki z nalogiem palenia tytoniu.

It was estimated that current cigarette smoking will cause about 450 million deaths worldwide in the next fifty years. Reducing current smoking by 50% would avoid 20 to 30 million premature deaths in the first quarter of the century and about 150 million in the second. Preventing young people from starting smoking would cut tobacco-related death but not until after 2050. Quitting by current smokers is therefore the only way in which tobacco-related mortality can be reduced in the medium-term. There is evidence that some form of treatment aids an increasing number of successful quit attempts. European experiences concerning schedules of the fight against the tobacco addiction with the use of the treatment aids were described in the paper.