Screening of essential oils against oxacillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis / Screening de aceites esenciales frente a Staphylococcus aureus oxacilino - resistentes extraidos de aislados de mastitis bovina

Bovine mastitis is a disease wi th far - reaching consequences for the dairy industry. Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that is especially resistant to antibiotics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils Lippia citriodora (Lam.), Thy mus vulgaris (L), and a mixture of the essential oils Lippia citriodora and Thymus vulgaris (50/50 v/v), against isolates of oxacillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n=15) of positive cases of bovine mastitis. For the statistical analysis, the IBM SPSS s tatistical package was used. The mixture of essential oils ( Lippia citriodora and Thymus vulgaris (50/50 v/v)) obtained the most significant antimicrobial activity in relation to pure essential oils. It is therefore concluded that the mixture of these oils boosts their antimicrobial activity ( p <0.05). The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration of this mixture for the total isolations was 12 µL/L and 25 µL/mL, respectively.

La mastitis bovina es una enfermedad de gran impacto para la industria lechera. El Staphylococcus aureus es uno de los principales patógenos, especialmente aquellos resistentes a los antibióticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de los aceites esenciales de Lippia citriodora (Lam.), Thymus vulgaris (L), y una mezcla de aceites esenciales de Lippia citriodora y Thymus vulgaris (50/50 v/v), frente a aislamientos clínicos de Staph ylococcus aureus oxacilino - resistentes (n=15) de mastitis bovina. Se utilizó p rograma estadístico IBM SPSS y se concluyó la diferencia significativa a un p <0.05. La mezcla de aceites esenciales ( Lippia citriodora y Thymus vulgaris (50/50 v/v)), obtuvo la m ayor actividad antimicrobiana en relación a los aceites esenciales puros, se concluye que la mezcla de estos aceites potencia su actividad antimicrobiana ( p <0.019). La concentración mínima inhibitoria y bactericida de esta mezcla fue del 12 µL/mL y 25 µL/m L, respectivamente, y puede ser una alternativa terapéutica.

Efecto ecotóxico y preventivo del uso de aceites esenciales en la mastitis bovina / Ecotoxic and preventive effect of the use of essential oils in bovine mastitis

The essential oils of Lippia citriodora (Ort.) and Lippia origanoides (Kunth) have shown antimicrobial activity associated with mastitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate its ecotoxic effect with the Artemia salina bioassay and the prevention of mastitis through an in vivo test in cattle (n=20) with a product based on these oils using a conventional product as a control. Contact hypersensitivity, the effect on somatic cells, and residuality in mil k samples were evaluated. The results of the Artemia salina bioassay were 10.05 and 19.36 (µg/mL) respectively. No negative effects or contact hypersensitivity were observed, and no residual metabolites were found in post - test milk. The somatic cell count showed 75% effectiveness in the prevention of mastitis with essential oils compared to 62.5% with the conventional product. The evaluated formulation could be used in the prevention of bovine mastitis safely, further investigation is required.

Los aceites esenciales de Lippia citriodora (Ort.) y Lippia origanoides (Kunth), han mostrado acti vidad antimicrobiana asociada a la mastitis. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar su efecto ecotóxico con el bioensayo Artemia salina y la prevención de mastitis mediante un ensayo in vivo en bovinos (n=20) con un producto a base de estos aceites utiliz ando como control un producto convencional. Se evaluó la hipersensibilidad de contacto, efecto en células somáticas y residualidad en muestra de leche. Los resultados del bioensayo de Artemia salina fueron 10,05 y 19,36 (µg/mL) respectivamente. No se obser varon efectos negativos, ni hipersensibilidad de contacto, y no se encontraron metabolitos residuales en leche posterior al ensayo. El conteo de células somáticas mostró efectividad en la prevención de mastitis del 75% con aceites esenciales frente al 62.5 % del producto convencional. La formulación evaluada podría ser utilizada en la prevención de la mastitis bovina de forma segura, se requiere profundizar en la investigación.

Multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of mantle cell lymphoma Expert consensus • Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología (ACHO) / Diagnóstico y tratamiento multidisciplinario de linfoma de células del manto Consenso de expertos • Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología (ACHO)

Abstract Introduction: Among the sub-types of lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, or what was previously known as intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma, accounts for 3-10% of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Treatment is directed according to the patient's classification, age, functional status and comorbidities, and is directly related to the ability to receive intensive treatment or transplantation. It is important to homogenize treatments to offer the best alternatives in the Colombian context, as there are different diagnostic and therapeutic options today, most of which are financed by the Colombian healthcare system. Objective: To structure a series of considerations for the diagnosis and treatment of MCL within the Colombian context. Methods: A formal, mixed (Delphi/nominal) expert consensus was developed. The options for each question were scored in two masked rounds and an open nominal session. The information was consolidated in Excel and analyzed using STATA 13. Results: 25 considerations were developed for the diagnosis and treatment of MCL. Twenty-two specialists participated: 16 hematologists and hematologist-oncologists, four hematopathologists, one radiation therapist and one nuclear medicine specialist from Bogotá, Medellín and Cali, with an average of 10.5 years' of practical experience and who were members of the Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología [Colombian Association of Hematology and Oncology]. Conclusions: The consensus established 26 considerations for the diagnosis and treatment of MCL, according to the Colombian context, aimed at healthcare professionals with a direct relationship with this disease. It is expected that clinical management will be homogenized by a consideration of this consensus and the referenced literature. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2606).

Resumen Introducción: Dentro de los subtipos de linfoma, el linfoma de células del manto o anteriormente denominado linfoma linfocítico intermedio corresponde a 3-10% de los linfoma no Hodgkin de células B. El tratamiento se enfoca según la clasificación del paciente, edad, estado funcional y comorbilidades, lo cual está directamente relacionado con la capacidad de recibir un tratamiento intensivo o trasplante. Es importante homogeneizar conductas con el fin de ofrecer las mejores alternativas bajo el contexto colombiano, pues actualmente existen diferentes opciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas, financiadas en su mayoría por el sistema de salud colombiano. Objetivo: Estructurar una serie de consideraciones para el diagnóstico y tratamiento para LCM, en el contexto colombiano. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un consenso formal de expertos, tipo mixto (Delphi/ Nominal). Se calificaron las opciones de cada pregunta en dos rondas enmascaradas y una sesión abierta nominal. La información fue consolidada en Excel y analizada en STATA 13. Resultados: Se elaboraron 25 consideraciones para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de LCM. Participaron 22 médicos especialistas: 16 hematólogos y hemato-oncólogos, cuatro hemato-patólogos, un radioterapeuta y un especialista en medicina nuclear de Bogotá, Medellín y Cali, con experticia en la práctica de 10.5 años en promedio y quienes forman parte de la Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología. Conclusiones: El consenso definió 26 consideraciones para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de LCM, según el contexto colombiano, dirigidas a profesionales de la salud con relación directa a esta patología. Se espera homogeneizar las conductas clínicas teniendo en cuenta este consenso y la literatura referida. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2606).

DC-SIGN Mediates the Interaction Between Neutrophils and Leishmania amazonensis-Infected Dendritic Cells to Promote DC Maturation and Parasite Elimination.

Background: Leishmaniasis is a neglected arthropod-borne disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Successful Leishmania infections require the mitigation of immune cell functions leading to parasite survival and proliferation. A large body of evidence highlights the involvement of neutrophils (PMNs) and dendritic cells (DCs) in the establishment of immunological responses against these parasites. However, few studies, contemplate to what extent these cells interact synergistically to constrain Leishmania infection. Objective: We sought to investigate how PMNs and infected DCs interact in an in vitro model of Leishmania amazonensis infection. Material and Methods: Briefly, human PMNs and DCs were purified from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Next, PMNs were activated with fibronectin and subsequently co-cultured with L. amazonensis-infected DCs. Results: We observed that L. amazonensis-infected DC exhibited lower rates of infection when co-cultivated with either resting or activated PMNs. Surprisingly, we found that the release of neutrophil enzymes was not involved in Leishmania killing. Next, we showed that the interaction between PMNs and infected-DCs was intermediated by DC-SIGN, further suggesting that parasite elimination occurs in a contact-dependent manner. Furthermore, we also observed that TNFα and ROS production was dependent on DC-SIGN-mediated contact, as well as parasite elimination is dependent on TNFα production in the co-culture. Finally, we observed that direct contact between PMNs and DCs are required to restore the expression of DC maturation molecules during L. amazonensis infection. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the engagement of direct contact between PMNs and L. amazonensis-infected DC via DC-SIGN is required for the production of inflammatory mediators with subsequent parasite elimination and DC maturation.

Función gonadal en niños y adolescentes nacidos con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino / Gonadal function in children and adolescents born with restriction of intrauterine growth

Los niños con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) presentan en la vida posnatal una serie de alteraciones metabólicas y hormonales, y tienen predisposición al desarrollo de obesidad, hipertensión arterial, enfermedad cardiovascular, resistencia a la insulina y diabetes tipo 2. La exposición a un ambiente intrauterino desfavorable en fases críticas del desarrollo puede tener un efecto deletéreo sobre la gónada en formación. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y puesta al día sobre la posible asociación entre RCIU y alteraciones de la función gonadal en niños y adolescentes de ambos sexos. Para facilitar la actualización, se dividió por etapas en: 1, prenatal; 2, posnatal y prepuberal; 3, puberal, y 4, adulta. La mayoría de los niños que nacen muy prematuros o con muy bajo peso al nacer hacen una transición sin obstáculos desde la infancia a la edad adulta con respecto a la salud reproductiva. Sin embargo, en los varones se puede observar criptorquidia, hipospadias, cáncer testicular y menor fertilidad, y en las niñas, pubertad y menarca temprana, hiperandrogenismo y síndrome de ovario poliquístico. Existen datos controvertidos y se necesitan más estudios para aclarar la relación entre el RCIU y la función hipotálamo-hipófiso-gonadal.

Low birth weight due to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with an increased risk of obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes during postnatal life. Exposure to an unfavourable intrauterine environment in critical phases of development may have a deleterious effect on the forming gonad. The objective was to carry out a bibliographic review and update on the possible association between IUGR and alterations of gonadal function in children and adolescents of both sexes. To facilitate the update, this was divided into stages: 1, prenatal; 2, postnatal and pre-pubertal; 3, puberal, and 4, adult. Most children born preterm or with low birth weight make a normal transition from childhood to adulthood with respect to reproductive health. However, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, testicular cancer and lower fertility could be observed in boys, and early puberty and menarche, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian syndrome in girls. However, the data are controversial, and further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between IUGR and pituitary gonadal function.

Validación de la escala abreviada de síntomas en pacientes con neoplasias mieloproliferativas (MPN-SAF-TSS): evaluación en pacientes colombianos / Validation of the Abbreviated Symptom Scale for Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN-SAF-TSS): Evaluation for Colombian Patients / Validação da Escala Abreviada de Sintomas em Pacientes com Neoplasias Mieloproliferativas (MPN-SAF-TSS): Avaliação em Pacientes Colombianos

Resumen Objetivo: Validar en Colombia la escala abreviada de síntomas representativos de neoplasias mieloproliferativas para su posterior uso en investigación y aplicación en el ámbito clínico. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó la adaptación transcultural de la escala MPN-SAF-TSS (por sus siglas en inglés: Mieloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assesment Form-Total Sympton Score) a español y al contexto colombiano, con análisis estadísticos de validez y confiabilidad con un tamaño de muestra determinado para cada propiedad psicométrica. Resultados: Con base en las propiedades psicométricas se logró verificar la confiabilidad y la estructura interna de la escala con alfa de Cronbach de 0,8552, lo que denota una buena consistencia interna; se obtuvo un coeficiente de correlación de concordancia de Lin de 0,765 que muestra una buena confiabilidad. El análisis factorial mostró múltiples valores de coeficiente de correlación por encima de 0,3, lo que indica que las variables de la escala miden factores comunes; la validez de criterio concurrente determina que la escala mide lo que debe medir con un adecuado coeficiente de correlación de Spearman de -0,71 y -0,73 al confrontarla con las escalas FACIT-Fatigue y Fact-Lym respectivamente. Conclusión: La escala MPN-SAF-TSS adaptada a español y al contexto colombiano es un instrumento válido para la evaluación de síntomas en pacientes con neoplasias mieloproliferativas y puede ser utilizado en la práctica clínica o en estudios clínicos por sus adecuadas propiedades psicométricas.

Abstract Objective: To validate in Colombia the abbreviated scale of representative symptoms of myeloproliferative neoplasms, for further use in research and for application in the clinical setting. Materials and methods: A cross-cultural adaptation of the MPN-SAF TSS-scale (mieloproliferative neoplasm symptom assessment form total symptom score) to Colombian Spanish using statistical validity and reliability analysis with a specific sample size for each psychometric property. Results. Based on the psychometric properties, the verification of reliability and internal structure with a Cronbach's alpha scale of 0.8552 was achieved, denoting good internal consistency. A Lin's concordance correlation coefficient of 0.765 was obtained, showing good reliability; factor analysis showed multiple correlation coefficient values above 0.3, indicating that the scale variables measure common factors. Concurrent validity determines that the scale measures what it should measure with an adequate Spearman correlation coefficient of -0.71 and -0.73 when confronted with the FACIT-Fatigue and Fact-Lym scales, respectively. Conclusion: The MPN-SAF-TSS scale adapted to Colombian Spanish is a valid assessment instrument for symptoms in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms and can be used in clinical practice or trials due to its adequate psychometric properties.

Resumo Objetivo: Validar na Colômbia, a escala abreviada de sintomas representativos de neoplasias mielo-proliferativas, para u seu posterior uso em investigação e a sua aplicação no âmbito clínico. Materiais e métodos: Realizou-se a adaptação transcultural da escala MPN-SAF-TSS (pelas suas siglas em inglês mieloproliferative neoplasm symptom assesment form total sympton score) ao espanhol colombiano, com análises estadísticas de validez e confiabilidade com um tamanho de amostra determinado para cada propriedade psicométrica. Resultados: Com base nas propriedades psicomé-tricas conseguiu-se verificar a confiabilidade e a estrutura interna da escala com alfa de Cronbach de 0,8552, o que denota uma boa consistência interna; se obteve um coeficiente de correlação de concordância de Lin de 0,765 mostrando uma boa confiabilidade; a análise fatorial mostrou múltiplos valores de coeficiente de correlação por acima de 0.3 indicando que as variáveis da escala medem fatores comuns, a validez de critério concorrente determina que a escala mede o que deve medir, com um adequado coeficiente de correlação de Spearman de -0,71 e -0,73 ao confrontá-la com as escalas FACIT-Fatigue e Fact-Lym respectivamente. Conclusão: A escala MPN-SAF TSS adaptada ao espanhol colombiano, é um instrumento válido para a avaliação de sintomas em pacientes com neoplasias mieloproliferativas e pode ser utilizado na prática clínica ou em estudos clínicos pelas suas adequadas propriedades psicométricas.

Male-female differences in 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion in hypopituitary patients

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate melatonin secretion in adult hypopituitary patients with Growth Hormone deficiency (AGHD) on and off replacement therapy. Subjects and methods We studied 48 subjects: 12 (6 males) untreated AGHD (AGHDnt), 20 (10 males) treated AGHD (AGHDt) and 16 healthy subjects (8 males) as control group (CG). We measured urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-SM) in total (24 h samples), nocturnal (6-SMn): 1800-0800 and diurnal samples (6-SMd): 0800-1800. Results Significant differences were observed among the 3 groups of male subjects, in total 6-SM (p < 0.05), nocturnal 6-SM (p < 0.02) and nighttime-daytime delta values (p < 0.003). CG had significantly higher values than the AGHDnt in total 6-SM (p < 0.01), nocturnal 6-SM (p < 0.05) and nighttime-daytime delta values (p < 0.01). AGHDt patients showed significantly higher levels in nighttime-daytime delta values than AGHDnt patients (p < 0.05). In females, no significant differences were found among the 3 groups studied in total, nocturnal, diurnal or nighttime-daytime delta values. In males, significant correlations were found among total 6-SM (r = 0.58; p = 0.029), nocturnal 6-SM (r = 0.70; p = 0.006) and nighttime-daytime delta values (r = 0.71; p = 0.004) vs. serum IGF-1 levels in subjects evaluated. In females, significant correlations were found among total 6-SM (r = 0.57; p = 0.02) vs. serum IGF-1 levels in subjects evaluated. A tendency towards a significant correlation was found in diurnal 6-SM (r = 0.48; p = 0.07). Conclusions Our findings show a sexual dimorphism in 6-SM excretion in AGHD patients and provide an interesting approach to a further understanding of some chronobiological disorders involved in GH deficiency.

Orientaciones socialmente responsables para la permanencia estudiantil en programas de educación a distancia de la Universidad Industrial de Santander - UIS

Ante las dinámicas sociales del mundo actual, la educación a distancia se ha convertido en la principal estrategia orientada al aumento de capacidades y oportunidades para alcanzar niveles óptimos de bienestar social. No obstante, a pesar de programas flexibles que facilitan la vinculación universitaria como Tecnología y Gestión Empresarial, ofertados por el Instituto de Proyección Regional y Educación a Distan-cia-IPRED de la Universidad Industrial de Santander - UIS, el número de graduados en comparación con los ingresantes no es el esperado: durante el periodo 2007-2009 se identificó un índice de abandono del 55 % y 28% respectivamente. Este estudio cuantitativo de diseño descriptivo a partir de la muestra aleatoria estratificada permite la identificación de características, patrones de conducta y actitudes, para señalar los comportamientos concretos de los desertores. Como resultado, se estableció que las motivaciones socioeconómicas de abandono escolar están interconectadas con otras variables, afirmando un fenómeno multicausal que orienta a la construcción de estrategias socialmente responsables de seguimiento y permanencia, en procura de su disminución, en el marco de la Responsabilidad Social de la UIS.

In light of the social dynamics in today's world, Distance Education has become the main strategy aimed to increase capacities and opportunities, in order to achieve optimal levels of social welfare. However despite of the flexible programs that facilitate university linkage such as Technology and Business Management, offered by Instituto de Proyección Regional y Educación a Distancia - IPRED of Universidad Industrial de Santander-UIS, the number of graduates compared to the number of newcomers is not the expected: during the period of 2007-2009 it was identified a dropout index of 55% and 28% respectively. This quantitative study of descriptive design it's based in a stratified random sample, and allows the identification of characteristics, behavior patterns and attitudes, in order to indicate the specific behavior of the deserters. As a result, it was established that socioeconomic motivations of dropout are interconnected with other variables, affirming a multi-causal phenomenon that guides the construction of socially responsible strategies of monitoring and permanence, in the pursuit of its decrease, in the framework of Social Responsibility of UIS.

Dada a dinâmica social do mundo de hoje, a educação a distância se tornou a principal estratégia destinada a aumentar as capacidades e oportunidades para atingir níveis ideais de bem-estar social. No entanto, apesar dos programas flexíveis que facilitam a ligação universidade como Tecnologia e Gestão de Negócios, oferecido pelo Instituto de alcance regional e Educação a Distância-IPRED da Universidade Industrial de Santander - UIS, o número de graduados em comparação com ingresantes não se espera: durante o período de 2007-2009 uma queda do índice de 55% e 28%, respectivamente, foi identificado. Este projeto estudo descritivo quantitativo a partir de amostra aleatória estratificada permite a identificação de características, padrões de comportamento e atitudes, para indicar o comportamento específico dos desertores. Como resultado, foi estabelecido que as motivações socioeconómicas das desistências estão interligadas com outras variáveis, alegando um fenômeno multicausal que visa a construção de estratégias de monitoramento e permanência socialmente responsável, em busca de seu declínio, no âmbito da Responsabilidade Social a UIS.

Male-female differences in 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion in hypopituitary patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate melatonin secretion in adult hypopituitary patients with Growth Hormone deficiency (AGHD) on and off replacement therapy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We studied 48 subjects: 12 (6 males) untreated AGHD (AGHDnt), 20 (10 males) treated AGHD (AGHDt) and 16 healthy subjects (8 males) as control group (CG). We measured urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-SM) in total (24 h samples), nocturnal (6-SMn): 1800-0800 and diurnal samples (6-SMd): 0800-1800. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed among the 3 groups of male subjects, in total 6-SM (p < 0.05), nocturnal 6-SM (p < 0.02) and nighttime-daytime delta values (p < 0.003). CG had significantly higher values than the AGHDnt in total 6-SM (p < 0.01), nocturnal 6-SM (p < 0.05) and nighttime-daytime delta values (p < 0.01). AGHDt patients showed significantly higher levels in nighttime-daytime delta values than AGHDnt patients (p < 0.05). In females, no significant differences were found among the 3 groups studied in total, nocturnal, diurnal or nighttime-daytime delta values. In males, significant correlations were found among total 6-SM (r = 0.58; p = 0.029), nocturnal 6-SM (r = 0.70; p = 0.006) and nighttime-daytime delta values (r = 0.71; p = 0.004) vs. serum IGF-1 levels in subjects evaluated. In females, significant correlations were found among total 6-SM (r = 0.57; p = 0.02) vs. serum IGF-1 levels in subjects evaluated. A tendency towards a significant correlation was found in diurnal 6-SM (r = 0.48; p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show a sexual dimorphism in 6-SM excretion in AGHD patients and provide an interesting approach to a further understanding of some chronobiological disorders involved in GH deficiency.

Degranulating Neutrophils Promote Leukotriene B4 Production by Infected Macrophages To Kill Leishmania amazonensis Parasites.

Neutrophils mediate early responses against pathogens, and they become activated during endothelial transmigration toward the inflammatory site. In the current study, human neutrophils were activated in vitro with immobilized extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin (FN), collagen, and laminin. Neutrophil activation by FN, but not other extracellular matrix proteins, induces the release of the granules' contents, measured as matrix metalloproteinase 9 and neutrophil elastase activity in culture supernatant, as well as reactive oxygen species production. Upon contact with Leishmania amazonensis-infected macrophages, these FN-activated neutrophils reduce the parasite burden through a mechanism independent of cell contact. The release of granule proteases, such as myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase, and matrix metalloproteinase 9, activates macrophages through TLRs, leading to the production of inflammatory mediators, TNF-α and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), which are involved in parasite killing by infected macrophages. The pharmacological inhibition of degranulation reverted this effect, abolishing LTB4 and TNF production. Together, these results suggest that FN-driven degranulation of neutrophils induces the production of LTB4 and TNF by infected macrophages, leading to the control of Leishmania infection.

Vascular endothelial function is improved by oral glycine treatment in aged rats.

Glycine has been used to reduce oxidative stress and proinflammatory mediators in some metabolic disorders; however, its effect on the vasculature has been poorly studied. The aim of this work was to explore the effect of glycine on endothelial dysfunction in aged rats. Aortic rings with intact or denuded endothelium were obtained from untreated or glycine-treated male Sprague-Dawley rats at 5 and 15 months of age. Concentration-response curves to phenylephrine (PHE) were obtained from aortic rings incubated with N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), superoxide dismutase (SOD), indomethacin, SC-560, and NS-398. Aortic mRNA expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX-4), cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin-1 ß was measured by real time RT-PCR. The endothelial modulation of the contraction by PHE was decreased in aortic rings from aged rats. Glycine treatment improved this modulator effect and increased relaxation to acetylcholine. Glycine augmented the sensitivity for PHE in the presence of l-NAME and SOD. It also reduced the contraction by incubation with indomethacin, SC-560, and NS-398. Glycine increased the mRNA expression of eNOS and decreased the expression of COX-2 and TNF-α. Glycine improved the endothelium function in aged rats possibly by enhancing eNOS expression and reducing the role of superoxide anion and contractile prostanoids that increase the nitric oxide bioavailability.

Resultados del tratamiento del linfoma de células del manto con varios regímenes de inmunoquimioterapia: estudio retrospectivo / Results of mantle cell lymphoma treated with various immunochemotherapy regimens: A retrospective stud

Objetivos: Describir las características clínicas y los resultados del tratamiento inicial de los pacientes con linfoma de células del manto atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC) entre los años 2007 y 2011. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, tipo serie de casos basado en fuentes secundarias institucionales. Resultados: Se incluyeron 41 pacientes con una edad promedio de 60,5 años (DE ±10,5) y que tenían en su mayoría un estado funcional adecuado. La mayor parte tenía enfermedad avanzada al momento de la presentación (85%). El compromiso de la médula ósea y la afectación extranodal fueron frecuentes, encontrándose en 73% y 39% respectivamente. El diagnóstico histopatológico de la malignidad se realizó en tejido ganglionar en la mayoría de los casos (56%). Los esquemas de quimioterapia de primera línea empleados con más frecuencia fueron R-CHOP y R-HyperCVAD, en 37% y 29% de los casos respectivamente. Tras la quimioterapia de primera línea se logró alcanzar una respuesta completa en 64% de los pacientes, la mediana de duración de la primera remisión fue 9 meses (RIQ0,9 - 15). La neutropenia febril fue una complicación común presentándose en 42% de los casos. Dieciocho individuos recibieron quimioterapia de segunda línea, los esquemas más frecuentemente empleados fueron R-DHAP y R-HyperCVAD. Conclusiones: Las características clínicas de los pacientes son similares a las descritas en series de referencia. Las tasas de respuesta completa y la duración de la primera remisión son inferiores a las publicadas por otros grupos con esquemas similares de tratamiento. © 2014 Instituto Nacional de Cancerología.

Objective: To describe the clinical features and the treatment results achieved with the initial therapy among patients with mantle cell lymphoma treated at the National Cancer Institute (INC) between 2007 and 2011. Methods: Descriptive study, based on secondary institutional sources. Results: A total of 41 patients were included, with a mean age of 60.5 years (Standard deviation SD ± 10.5) and a good functional status. Most of them had advanced disease at initial presentation (85%). Bone marrow involvement and extra-nodal disease were frequent, as they were seen in 73% and 39% of the patients, respectively. Histopathological diagnosis of the malignancy was mainly made on lymph node tissue (56%). First line chemotherapy regimens used with an increased frequency were R CHOP and R- HyperCVAD, in 37% and 29% of the cases, respectively. After first line therapy, a complete response was achieved in 64% of the patients, median duration of the first remission was 9 months (Interquartile range IQR 0.9 - 15). Febrile neutropenia was a frequent complication, seen in 42% of the cases. Eighteen individuals received a second line of chemotherapy, with R DHAP and R HyperCVAD being the regimens most commonly administered. Conclusions: The clinical features of the patients are similar to those described in larger series of patients with the disease described elsewhere. The rate of complete responses, as well as the duration of the first remission after chemotherapy, is inferior when compared with the results of other groups that used similar treatment regimens.

Estudo da interação entre neutrófilos, células dendríticas humanas e L. braziliensis / Study of the interaction between neutrophils, human dendritic cells and L. braziliensis

Os neutrófilos são essenciais para a resposta imune inata contra uma variedade de patógenos. Eles são capazes de modular a resposta imune através da produção de citocinas e quimiocinas, degranulação e a sua interação direta com outras células no local da infecção, tais como as células dendríticas. A interação entre as células do sistema imune inato é essencial para direcionar a resposta imune adaptativa, a qual é responsável pela eliminação de microrganismos e manutenção de memória imunológica. Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a interação de neutrófilos humanos com Leishmania braziliensis, através da análise da expressão de moléculas de superfície, liberação de enzimas presentes nos grânulos e produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS). Também foi avaliada a interação entre neutrófilos humanos infectados e células dendríticas, a fim de se observar o efeito desta interação na indução da ativação das células dendríticas. Metodologia: Os neutrófilos foram purificados a partir do sangue periférico de doadores saudáveis e as células dendríticas foram geradas in vitro. Os neutrófilos foram infectados ou não com L. braziliensis e co-cultivados com as células dendríticas. Em seguida, os sobrenadantes e as células foram coletadas para avaliar a liberação de enzimas, tais como mieloperoxidase (MPO) e metaloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). O fenótipo e a função dos neutrófilos foram analisados através da expressão de Mac-1 (CD18 e CD11b), CD16, CD62-L e produção de ROS...

Neutrophils are essential in the innate immune response against a variety of pathogens. They are able to modulate immune response by cytokine and chemokine production, release of granules and their direct interaction with other cells at the infection site. Dendritic cells are recruited in response to cytokines and chemokines produced by neutrophils. The interaction between cells of the innate immune system is essential for targeting the adaptive immune response, which is responsible for eliminating microorganisms and the maintenance of immunological memory. Objective: Evaluate the interaction of human neutrophils with Leishmania braziliensis, through the analysis of surface molecule expression, release of granules enzymes and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also evaluated the interaction between human infected neutrophils and dendritic cells, in order to observe the effect of this interaction on dendritic cells. Methodology: Neutrophils were purified from peripheral blood of healthy donors and dendritic cells were generated in vitro. Neutrophils were infected or not with L. braziliensis and cocultured with DC. Afterwards, supernatants and cells were harvested to evaluate the release of granules enzymes, such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Neutrophils phenotype and function were analyzed by the expression of Mac-1 (CD18 and CD11b), CD16 and ROS production...

Salmonella spp. in the pork supply chain: a risk approach / Salmonella spp. en la cadena de producción porcícola: un enfoque de riesgo / Salmonella spp. na cadeia de produção de carne de porco: uma abordagem de risco

The genus Salmonella contains approximately 2,579 serovars, most of which are zoonotic and transmitted by foods of animal origin, such as fresh pork and further processed by-products. Non-typhoid salmonellosis in humans manifests as gastroenteritis, septicemia, or can be asymptomatic during the carrier state. Salmonella spp. has a considerable impact in the pork industry due to economic losses resulting from diagnosis, treatment, reduced production, and because this pathogen constitutes a non-tariff barrier to food trade and a serious public health problem. The microorganism is usually introduced to farms through incoming breeding stock or pig feed and is subsequently spread by sick animals or asymptomatic carriers. Infection and/or dissemination of the microorganism may increase particularly during pre-slaughtering due to contaminated trucks, long periods of time spent in transit, stress during handling and fasting, or high animal density or time spent in corrals. Contamination during slaughtering is commonly associated with carcass de-hairing and polishing, evisceration and rectum separation, or from Salmonella present in skin, oral cavity, feces or lymphatic nodes. Pork contamination may also occur through contact with equipment or tools, handling, storage, or improper preservation during slaughter, post-slaughter, marketing, sale, or consumption. For this reason, Salmonella control, with a focus on the supply chain and risk assessment is fundamental for guaranteeing quality and food safety of pork products in Colombia, thereby contributing to public health and improving competitiveness. Studies directed at establishing baselines for the disease and the microorganism in each of the stages of the supply chain should be conducted, including identification of differential risks and establishing measures for monitoring, prevention and control.

El género Salmonella agrupa alrededor de 2.579 serovariedades, en su mayoría zoonóticas, transmitidas por alimentos de origen animal, como la carne de cerdo y sus derivados. La salmonelosis no tifoidea en humanos puede manifestarse como gastroenteritis, septicemia o estado portador asintomático. La presencia de Salmonella spp. es de gran impacto para la industria porcícola, por las pérdidas económicas por diagnóstico, tratamiento y disminución de la producción, y por constituir una barrera no arancelaria para la comercialización de alimentos y un grave problema de salud pública. El microorganismo se introduce en las granjas a través del alimento, el pie de cría o los cerdos para levante, y se disemina a través de enfermos o portadores asintomáticos. En el prebeneficio la contaminación de camiones, el tiempo de transporte, el estrés por manipulación, el ayuno, la alta densidad animal, y la permanencia en corrales pueden incrementar la infección y/o diseminación del microorganismo. Durante el beneficio la contaminación se asocia al depilado, pulido de los animales, a la evisceración y corte de recto o a la presencia del microorganismo en piel, cavidad bucal, heces o ganglios linfáticos. La contaminación de la carne también puede ocurrir por contacto con equipos o utensilios, por manipulación, almacenamiento o conservación inapropiada de los productos en etapas del beneficio, posbeneficio, comercialización, venta o consumo. Por tal razón el control de Salmonella bajo un enfoque de cadena productiva y evaluación de riesgo es un aspecto fundamental para garantizar la calidad y la inocuidad de los alimentos de origen porcino en Colombia, contribuyendo a la salud pública y a mejorar la competitividad de la cadena. Se deben realizar estudios orientados a establecer las líneas base de la enfermedad y del microorganismo en cada una de las etapas, identificando el riesgo diferencial y estableciendo medidas de monitoreo, prevención y control.

O gênero Salmonella agrupa ao redor de 2579 sorovariedades, a maioria delas zoonóticas, transmitidas por alimentos de origem animal, como a carne suína e seus derivados. Em humanos, a salmonelose não tifoide pode se manifestar como gastroenterite, septicemia ou pode ser assintomática. A presença de Salmonella spp. é de grande impacto na indústria produtora de carne suína pelas perdas econômicas por diagnóstico, tratamento e diminuição da produção. Esta doença constitui também uma barreira não alfandegária para a comercialização de alimentos, sendo também um grave problema de saúde pública. O microrganismo é introduzido nas granjas pelas matrizes e reprodutores, animais na fase de crescimento ou a través do alimento. Tanto os animais doentes quanto os portadores assintomáticos podem ser fontes de contaminação. Na fase prévia ao abate podem ser citados alguns fatores que podem favorecer a infecção e disseminação do microrganismo: contaminação dos caminhões somado ao tempo de transporte em veículos com alta densidade animal, jejum e estresse. Durante o processamento da carcaça, a contaminação está associada à depilação e polimento dos animais, assim como evisceração, presença de microrganismos na pele, cavidade oral, ampola retal, fezes ou linfonodos. A contaminação da carne pode acontecer pelo contato com equipamentos ou implementos, manuseio, armazenamento e conservação inadequada dos produtos nas etapas do abate e após do abate, comercialização, venda ou consumo. Diante do anteriormente exposto, na Colômbia é de fundamental importância direcionar o controle da Salmonella considerando um enfoque abrangente da cadeia produtiva, incluindo a avaliação do risco. Este enfoque permitirá garantir a qualidade e inocuidade dos alimentos de origem suíno, redundado em benefícios para a saúde pública e o aprimoramento da competitividade da cadeia. Devem ser realizados estudos orientados ao estabelecimento dos indicadores da presença e impacto da doença em cada uma das etapas produtivas, identificando o risco diferencial, para sentar as bases de medidas de monitoramento, prevenção e controle.

Tratamiento de rescate de leucemia aguda refractaria o en recaída con el régimen IDA-FLAG: experiencia en la rutina de los servicios / Rescue treatment in refractory or relapsed acute leukemia with the IDA-FLAG scheme: Experience in routine services

Objetivos: Describir tasas de remisión completa de pacientes con leucemia aguda refractaria o en recaída tratados con el esquema IDA-FLAG y establecer la supervivencia global y libre de evento, toxicidad y duración de la remisión completa en servicios rutinarios. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes mayores de 15 años. Se describen variables discretas y continuas mediante frecuencias y medidas de tendencia central. La supervivencia global y libre de evento se determinó por el método de Kaplan-Meir usando la prueba de log-Rank para la comparación entre estratos. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 64 pacientes. No hubo diferencias significativas en las tasas de remisión respecto al sexo, la edad, el tipo de leucemia o la duración de la primera remisión. La toxicidad fue principalmente hematológica y el 100% de los pacientes presentaron neutropenia febril posterior al inicio del tratamiento. La mediana de supervivencia global fue de 5,83 meses y la supervivencia libre de evento fue de 79 días. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la supervivencia global entre el grupo de pacientes que logró y no logró remisión completa. Conclusiones: El tratamiento de rescate con el régimen IDA FLAG logra inducir remisión completa en un porcentaje significativo de pacientes con leucemia aguda en recaída, con una toxicidad aceptable siendo la principal hematológica. Es necesario realizar estudios prospectivos y con un diseño adecuado para validar la efectividad del mismo y confirmar nuestros hallazgos. © 2013 Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados.

Objectives: To describe complete remission rates in patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia following the IDA-FLAG scheme, and establish the overall and event free survival, toxicity and duration of the complete remission. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients over 15 years old. Discrete and continuous variables are described by using frequencies and measures of central tendency. Overall and event free survival were determined with the Kaplan-Meier method using the log-Rank test for comparison among categories. Results: A total of 64 patients were included. There were no significant differences in the remission rate as regards sex, type of leukemia, or duration of the first remission. The toxicity was mainly hematological, and 100% of the patients had subsequent febrile neutropenia at the start of the treatment. The median overall survival was 5.83 months, and the event free survival was 79 days. Significant differences were found in the overall survival between the patient group that achieved complete remission and those that did not. Conclusions: Rescue treatment with the IDA-FLAG scheme managed to induce a complete remission in a significant percentage of patients with relapsed acute leukemia, with an acceptable toxicity, which was mainly hematological. Prospective studies are needed with a design suitable for validating its efficacy and to confirm our results. © 2013 Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Las transiciones escolares: una oportunidad de desarrollo integral para niños y niñas / As transições escolares: uma oportunidade de desenvolvimento integral para os meninos e as meninas / School transitions: an opportunity for boys and girls' integral development

En este artículo presentamos los resultados de una investigación sobre las transiciones educativas del hogar al centro de cuidado y de éste al preescolar y la primaria en niños y niñas indígenas de la comunidad Embera Chamí en Riosucio, Caldas, Colombia. Conceptualizamos las transiciones como momentos críticos de cambio que viven los niños y las niñas al pasar de un ambiente a otro, abriendo oportunidades para su desarrollo humano y su aprendizaje para la vida y la escuela, en un estudio de caso cualitativo con enfoque histórico hermenéutico. Los resultados aportan elementos importantes para comprender diversas visiones sobre las transiciones, evidenciando distanciamientos y tensiones entre actores, escenarios y prácticas. Concluimos que las articulaciones son un elemento clave en este proceso.

Este artigo apresenta os resultados duma pesquisa sobre as transições educativas desde o lar no centro de cuidado e desde este ao pré-escolar e à escola primaria que se apresentam nos meninos e nas meninas indígenas da comunidade Embera Chamí em Riosucio, Caldas, Colômbia. Conceitua as transições como momentos críticos de troca experimentados pelos meninos e meninas quando passam de um cenário ao outro abrindo oportunidades para seu desenvolvimento humano e sua aprendizagem para a escola e para a vida, num estudo de caso qualitativo com uma aproximação histórico hermenêutica. Os resultados fornecem elementos importantes para compreender diversas perspectivas sobre as transições, evidenciando afastamentos e tensões entre atores, cenários e práticas. Conclui-se que as articulações são um elemento chave neste processo.

This article aims at presenting the results of a research study on the educational transitions from home to the care center, and from this one to pre- and primary school that take place in indigenous boys and girls from the Embera Chamí in the municipality of Riosucio, Province of Caldas, Colombia. This research conceptualizes the transitions as critical change moments undergone by the boys and girls when going from one setting to another, thus creating opportunities for their human development and their learning for school and for life, in a qualitative case study with a hermeneutic historical approach. The results provide significant elements to understand the various views about transitions, thus evidencing distancing and tensions among actors, scenarios and practices. It concludes that articulations are a key element in this process.

Susceptibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro de cepas de Salmonella spp. en granjas de ponedoras comerciales del departamento de Antioquia / Antimicrobial in vitro susceptibility of isolates of Salmonella spp. from commercial hen farms in Antioquia, Colombia

La salmonelosis no tifoidea es una enfermedad transmitida por alimentos de amplia distribución y constituye un problema de salud pública y de importancia económica en muchos países. La aparición de cepas de Salmonella spp. resistentes a los antibióticos se ha asociado con el uso de antimicrobianos en salud y producción animal. Las bacterias resistentes a los antibióticos pueden transmitirse a los humanos a través de alimentos de origen animal contaminados (principalmente a través del consumo de pollo, huevos, carne y leche). En este estudio se evaluó la susceptibilidad a algunos antibióticos de usofrecuente en humanos de cepas de Salmonella spp., aisladas de gallinas clínicamente sanas, instalaciones, equipos y alimento, en granjas de ponedoras comerciales del departamento de Antioquia Colombia. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana fue evaluada mediante la técnica de difusión en disco (Bauer & Kirby) (3) y la Concentración Inhibitoria Mínima, por el método de microdilución en el sistema automático Vitek®. Por el método de Bauer & Kirby se evaluaron la amoxicilina y cloranfenicol resultando el 100 por ciento de las cepas evaluadas sensibles; para el caso de la tetraciclina 6.7por ciento de las cepas fueron intermedias y el 3.3 por cientoresistentes. Los antibióticos evaluados por el método de Concentraciones Inhibitorias Mínimas fueron ampicilina, ampicilina/sulbactam, piperacilina/tazobactam, meropenem, imipem, cefalotina, amikacina, gentamicina, ciprofloxacina, trimetoprim/sulfa; todas las cepas fueron sensibles a los antibióticos evaluados por este método. La resistencia de Salmonella spp. a diversos antibióticos ha sido reportada en todo el mundo. En el presente estudio la mayoría de las cepas fueron sensibles a los antibióticos evaluados; sinembargo se recomienda un monitoreo periódico de la susceptibilidad de estas bacterias para protegerla salud humana.

Salmonelosis no tifoidea y su transmisión a través de alimentos de origen aviar: [revisión] / Nontyphoidal salmonellosis, transmission through the consumption of contaminated food of poultry origin: [review]

La infección de origen alimentario por Salmonella spp., es una de las causas más importantes de gastroenteritis en seres humanos. Los principales reservorios de estos microorganismos son animales portadores asintomáticos y las fuentes de infección más frecuente son los alimentos o los productos derivados de estos. El aumento de la incidencia de Salmonella spp., es de gran impacto tanto en salud pública como en salud animal y se ha relacionado con un incremento de la diseminación de los microorganismos a través de las cadenas productivas animales (bovinos, cerdos, pollos asaderos y en especial gallinas ponedoras). En la presente revisión se busca realizar una compilación sistemática de información referida a la gastroenteritis y otras manifestaciones causadas por serovariedades no tíficas de Salmonella spp., con énfasis en la importancia de los alimentos de origen aviar en su transmisión. Las canales de aves frecuentemente pueden estar infectadas con el microorganismo; los huevos se pueden contaminar por transmisión vertical (transovárica), durante la postura o durante la manipulación o el almacenamiento. La infección en el hombre se adquiere por consumo de pollo, huevo crudo o parcialmente cocido, o alimentos preparados con éstos. El cuadro clínico de la salmonelosis no tífica (gastroenteritis o enterocolitis) puede incluir diarrea, cefalalgia, dolor abdominal, náusea, vómito, fiebre y deshidratación especialmente en niños y ancianos. Las serovariedades no tíficas de Salmonella spp., pueden causar septicemia, estado portador o infecciones como meningitis, artritis, osteomielitis, colangitis, neumonía, arteritis, endocarditis o infecciones del aparato urinario.

Salmonella spp. infection is one of the most important causes of gastroenteritis in human beings. The principal reservoirs of these microorganisms are carrying asymptomatic animals and the sources of more frequent infection are the food or the products derived from these. The increase of the incidence of Salmonella is of great impact in public health and animal health and it has been related to an increase of the dissemination of the microorganisms across the productive animal chains (bovine, pigs, broilers and especially layers hens). The present paper has been designed to realize a systematical compilation of information referred to the gastroenteritis and others infections produced for nontyphoidal strains of Salmonella spp. with emphases on the importance of the food of poultry origin in its transmission. The microorganisms frequently can infect the poultry; the eggs can be contaminated for vertical transmission, during the lay, manipulation or storage. The infection in human beings is acquired by consumption of chicken, either raw or partially cooked egg, or food prepared with these. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis (gastroenteritis) can include diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever and dehydration especially in children and elders. Nontyphoidal strains of Salmonella spp. can cause bacteremia, carrying state or infections like meningitis, arthritis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, cholangitis, pneumonia, arteritis, endocarditis or urinary tract infections.