Plasma Cytokine Expression and Immune Reconstitution in Early and Delayed Anti-HIV 96-Weeks Treatment: A Retrospective Study.

HIV is an immunodeficiency disease with emergence of inadequate corresponding reconstruction therapies. Pyroptosis of CD4+T cell is mainly caused by immune activation and inflammation that cannot be reduced by successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) alone. Coinfections because of CD4+T cell reconstitution failure can occur. Anti-inflammatory treatment determines the success of immune reconstitution. In our experiment, only a few cytokines could recover to normal level following a 2-year antiretroviral treatment in early ART initiation, which is consistent with current findings about adjuvant HIV anti-inflammatory therapy. Early infection is often accompanied by a more severe inflammatory response. Innate immunity cytokines like granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, IFN-γ induced protein 10 kDa, and tumor necrosis factor-α exhibited the most elevated levels among all kinds of inflammatory cytokines. The correlation analysis showed at least eight cytokines contributing to the changes of CD4/CD8 ratio.

Association between CD10 expression and phyllodes tumor: A retrospective case control study.

The present study aimed to explore the association between immunohistochemical markers and phyllodes tumor (PT). The retrospective case control study included biopsies from patients with PT who underwent surgical treatment, and patients with fibronenoma (FA), diagnosed in our hospital from October 2014 to May 2021. Differences in microscopic histopathological characteristics and expressions of common immunohistochemical markers (CD10, cluster of differentiation 117 marker, cluster of differentiation 34 marker, tumor protein P53, cell proliferation antigen) for different grades of PT and FA were analyzed. A total of 69 patients were enrolled, of them 34 with PT (12 with benign PT, 13 with borderline PT, and 9 with malignant PT) and 35 with FA. With the increase of tumor malignancy, significant enlargement trend was noted; for FA, most tumor boundaries were well-defined, the stromal distribution was homogeneous, the stromal cellularity was small. In contrast for PT, as the degree of malignancy increased, tumor boundary gradually became ill-defined and the stromal distribution was heterogeneous; stromal cellularity and stromal overgrowth had increased significantly (All P < .05). Multivariate analysis showed that among other markers only CD10 expression (OR = 0.67, 95%CI: -0.88, 2.22, P < .05) was independently associated with PT. The study showed that in addition to histological features, CD10 expression was independently associated with PT and has a potential to be used as a differentiation marker.

[Characterization of greenhouse gas emissions and stable isotopic composition of ammonia during industrial composting process]. / å·¥åŽ‚åŒ–å †è‚¥æ¸©å®¤æ°”ä½“æŽ’æ”¾å’Œæ°¨æ°”åŒä½ç´ ç‰¹å¾.

Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) emitted during the composting of livestock and poultry waste are important gaseous atmospheric pollutants. However, most previous studies on compost-related anthropogenic emissions of these gases were based on small reactor composting. Our understanding of their in situ emissions during industrial composting remains extremely limited. In order to explore the influence of gas produced by industrial composting on regional environment, we monitored CO2, CH4, N2O and NH3 emissions during industrial composting for 19 days and characterized the isotopic composition of emitted NH3. On average, the emission rates of CO2, CH4, N2O, and NH3 during the composting cycle were 86.8 g CO2-C·d-1·m-2, 9.8 g CH4-C·d-1·m-2, 3.7 mg N2O-N·d-1·m-2 and 736.6 mg NH3-N·d-1·m-2, respectively. The contribution of CH4 to daily global warming potential (GWP) was the highest (65%), followed by CO2, NH3(indirect), and N2O. Moreover, ammonia emitted from industrial compost had a mean δ15N value of -11.6‰±1.2‰ (range: -21.8‰--7.2‰). Overall, this study provided useful information for understanding greenhouse gas emission dynamics and characterizing atmospheric NH3 sources during composting process in livestock and poultry breeding areas.

Decreased expression of TXNIP predicts poor prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) is abnormally expressed in a variety of malignant tumors and functions as a tumor suppressor. However, the association between TXNIP and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of TXNIP in CCRCC using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The RNA sequencing data and corresponding clinical data were collected from TCGA database. The association between TXNIP and patient clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed using analysis of variance and logistic regression. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used to assess the association between TXNIP and overall survival. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to explore the associated signaling pathways. TXNIP expression was identified to be decreased in CCRCC tissues compared with normal tissues. The decreased expression of TXNIP in CCRCC was significantly associated with clinical stage [OR=0.509 for III vs. I (P=0.002); OR=0.527 for IV vs. I (P=0.012)], T stage [OR=0.552 for T3 vs. T1 (P=0.002)] and grade [OR=0.261 for G4 vs. G1 (P=0.027)]. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that cases of CCRCC with low TXNIP expression were associated with poorer prognoses compared with those with a high expression level (P=0.002). Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses indicated that TXNIP was an independent prognostic factor in CCRCC. GSEA revealed that 6 pathways exhibited significant differential enrichment in the TXNIP high-expression phenotype, including the WNT signaling pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) signaling pathway, autophagy and the Janus kinase (JAK)-STAT signaling pathway. Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that TXNIP expression may be a potential prognostic marker for patients with CCRCC. In addition, the WNT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, TGF-ß signaling pathway, autophagy and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway may be the crucial pathways regulated by TXNIP in CCRCC.

Protective effects of resveratrol on acute kidney injury in rats with sepsis.

AIM: To evaluate the protective effects of resveratrol on acute kidney injury (AKI) in septic rats. METHODS: A septic rat model was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). A total of 108 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into an observation group, a 6 h resveratrol intervention group and a 12 h resveratrol intervention group. Then each group was subdivided into Sham, Sham + Res, CLP and CLP + Res groups. After surgery, the survival and morphological changes in kidney tissues were observed. Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, expression of GRP78, BiP, IRE1 and p65 in kidney tissues, and serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-10 were investigated. RESULTS: The survival rate of CLP + Res group (75.00%) significantly exceeded that of the CLP group (41.67%) (P<0.05). At postoperative 12 h, resveratrol significantly decreased serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels (P<0.05). Resveratrol evidently relieved renal tubular swelling and luminal narrowing in CLP rats, and significantly reduced the high expressions of GRP78, BiP, phosphorylated IRE1 and p65 proteins (P<0.05). P65 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of Sham, Sham + Res and CLP + Res groups, and in the nucleus of the CLP group. At postoperative 12 h, resveratrol significantly reduced serum levels TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 in CLP rats (P<0.05), whereas elevated that of IL-10 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Resveratrol significantly decreased the mortality rate of septic rats and alleviated AKI, probably by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress, inhibiting activation of the NF-κB pathway and mitigating the inflammatory response.

Long noncoding RNA OIP5-AS1 targets Wnt-7b to affect glioma progression via modulation of miR-410.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the underlying mechanisms of long noncoding RNA OIP5-AS1 via regulating miR-410 to modulate Wnt-7b in the progression of glioma. To address this problem, we measured the expression of OIP5-AS1 and miR-410 in glioma tissues by qRT-PCR. Glioma U87 cells were transfected with OIP5-AS1 siRNA or miR-410 inhibitors. The targeting relationships among miR-410, OIP5-AS1 and Wnt-7b were verified by luciferase reporter assays. Western blotting was employed to determine the expression of Wnt-7b/ß-catenin pathway-related proteins, while MTT, flow cytometry, Transwell assays and wound-healing assays were used to measure the biological characteristics of glioma cells. The results showed that OIP5-AS1 expression was higher and miR-410 was lower in glioma tissues. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed a targeting relationship between OIP5-AS1 and miR-410, as well as between miR-410 and Wnt-7b. Silencing OIP5-AS1 reduced cell proliferation, invasion and migration of glioma U87 cells and led to depressed expression levels of miR-410, Wnt-7b, p-ß-catenin, GSK-3ß-pS9, c-Myc and cyclin D1. Furthermore, down-regulation of OIP5-AS1 induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of glioma cells. Inhibitors of miR-410 abolished the biological effects of OIP5-AS1 siRNA in glioma cells. In vivo, OIP5-AS1 knockdown also inhibited tumor growth. Taken together, this research suggested that silencing OIP5-AS1 may specifically block the Wnt-7b/ß-catenin pathway via targeted up-regulating miR-410, thereby inhibiting growth, invasion and migration while promoting apoptosis in glioma cells.

[Short-term Effects of Different Grazing Intensities on Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Semi-arid Grassland].

Grazing is one of the most important ways for managing grassland in northern China. Different studies have focused on the effects of grazing on the structure and function of ecosystems. Grazing affects the structure and function of soil via biological and physical processes, such as animal trampling, feeding, and excretion, which further affects N2O emissions. However, there is less research on greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions by grazing intensities in semi-arid grassland ecosystems in northern China. In this study, four different grazing intensities were considered in the semi-arid grassland ecosystem of the typical agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China (Youyu, Shanxi). The influence of different grazing intensities on GHG fluxes was studied by measuring GHGs fluxes in the growing season with an opaque static chamber. The results showed that ① Grazing had no effect on CO2 and N2O fluxes during the first year of grazing treatment. ② However, grazing decreased soil water content (P<0.05), moderate grazing intensity decreased microbial biomass carbon (P<0.05), and moderate and heavy grazing intensities reduced microbial biomass nitrogen (P<0.05). ③ Significant positive correlations between CO2 flux and soil temperature and soil moisture were observed. The correlation between temperature and CO2 emissions was increased by grazing. ④ There was a significant positive correlation between soil temperature, soluble nitrogen, soil microbial biomass nitrogen, CO2 flux, and N2O flux. Our results indicated that GHG, regulated by soil microorganisms, was affected by soil temperature and moisture.

[Effects of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci infection on tobacco photosynthetic apparatus under light or dark conditions.] / å ‰ç §æˆ–é»‘æš—æ¡ä»¶ä¸‹é‡Žç«ç— èŒä¾µæŸ“å¯¹çƒŸè‰å ‰åˆæœºæž„çš„å½±å“.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Pst) is a hemi-biotrophic bacterial pathogen that causes the formation of brown spots named wildfire disease. Pst has received considerable attention in recent years. However, most of the studies focused on the tolerance and defense mechanisms of the host and non-host plants against Pst infection and a toxin originally described as being from Pst named tabtoxin, little information is available on the photosynthetic performance of tobacco leaves after Pst infection. Exploring the effects of Pst on the photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) will not only help in clarifying tobacco-Pst interaction mechanisms, but also deepen the understanding of bacterial pathogen disease from a physiological perspective. By analyzing chlorophyll a fluorescence transient, performing western blot of thylakoid membrane and measuring the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total chlorophyll, the effects of Pst on PS2 in tobacco were studied under light (200 µmol·m-2·s-1) or dark conditions. The results showed that chlorophyll content significantly decreased and significant chlorosis of the infiltrated zone was observed compared to the untreated ones, and tobacco leaves exhibited a visible and overt wildfire symptom at 3 days post Pst infection (dpi) under light and dark conditions. The H2O2 content increased at 3 dpi compared to untreated ones in tobacco leaves under light and dark conditions, and was much higher under light than dark condition. Besides, markedly increase of the normalized relative variable fluorescence at the K step (WK) and the relative variable fluorescence at the J step (VJ), significant decrease of maximal quantum yield of PS2 (Fv/Fm) and density of QA- reducing PS2 reaction centers per cross section (RC/CSm) were observed in tobacco leaves after Pst infection at 3 dpi under light and dark conditions. Moreover, inhibition of the K and J steps was more pronounced in the dark, as indicated by the greater increase of WK and VJ under darkness compared with the light conditions during Pst inoculation. Dramatic (net) degradation of D1 protein and PsaO, the core protein of PS2 reaction center and oxygen evolving complex (OEC) respectively, at 3 dpi after Pst infection was observed in tobacco leaves under both light or dark conditions, and the decline was more exacerbated under dark than light condition. The results indicated that the electron transport from QA to QB of photosynthesis electron transport chain was severely blocked, OEC was damaged on both the donor and acceptor sides, and the reaction center of PS2 was severely damaged by Pst infection in tobacco lea-ves under either light or dark condition. Photoinhibition and photoinhibition-like damage of PSⅡ was observed after Pst infection, and the damage to PS2 under dark condition was much more severe than under light condition in tobacco leaves.

Implications of the Notch1-Snail/Slug-epithelial to mesenchymal transition axis for lymph node metastasis in infiltrating ductal carcinoma.

Emerging evidence suggests that activation of the Notch1 signaling pathway inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) mediated by Snail/Slug promotes invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells in vitro. However, the implication of the Notch1-Snail/Slug-EMT axis in breast cancer patients remains unclear. A total of 200 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), and 37 adjacent non-neoplastic tissue (ANNT) samples from patients who had not been treated with neoadjuvant therapy were examined. Expression of Notch1, Slug, Snail, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin was determined by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays (TMAs). The correlation between protein expression and clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer patients was also evaluated. Results showed that a significantly high percentage of cases with high expression of Notch1 (74%, 148/200), Slug (36%, 72/200), Snail (62%, 124/200), and N-cadherin (77%, 153/200) and a low percentage of cases with high expression of E-cadherin (27%, 54/200) were observed in IDC compared to those in ANNTs. High Notch1, Slug, Snail, and N-cadherin expression and low E-cadherin expression in patients with IDC were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis. In addition, correlation analysis results revealed that high Notch1 expression was significantly associated with high Slug, Snail, and N-cadherin expression and low E-cadherin expression in IDC. Furthermore, a high Snail expression was significantly associated with low E-cadherin expression, and a high Slug expression was found to be significantly associated with increased N-cadherin expression in patients with IDC. Hence, our study suggested that the Notch1-Snail/Slug-EMT axis may be implicated in the lymph node metastasis affecting patients with IDC.

Association Between Serum Uric Acid and Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed using HbA1c Criteria Among Chinese Adults in Qingdao, China.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether elevated serum uric acid (UA) levels are associated with type 2 diabetes diagnosed using HbA1c levels among Chinese adults. METHODS: We conducted two population-based cross-sectional studies in Qingdao in China in 2006 and 2009. A total of 6894 (39.4% men) subjects aged 35-74 years were included in the data analysis. Newly diagnosed diabetes was defined as HbA1c level of ⋝6.5%, and prediabetes was classified as HbA1c level between 5.7% and 6.4% according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to assess the association between UA and prevalence of type 2 diabetes defined using Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. RESULTS: Subjects with prediabetes had higher UA levels than those with normal glucose tolerance, newly diagnosed diabetes, and known diabetes, with corresponding values of 325.1 (82.5) µmol/L, 310.9 (84.2) µmol/L, 291.3 (81.7) µmol/L, 305.2 (83.6) µmol/L, respectively (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that UA was a possible predictor for the prevalence of type 2 diabetes diagnosed using HbA1c levels, and the second quartile of UA levels had a higher odds ratio (OR: 4.088; 95% CI: 2.900-5.765) for HbA1c than the other quartiles after adjusting for age, body mass index, sex, marital status, education, income, alcohol consumption, smoking, and cardiometabolic parameters. CONCLUSION: Serum UA is significantly associated with type 2 diabetes diagnosed using HbA1c levels, independent of other cardiometabolic parameters.

[Utility of different levels of perforator-based sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps in repairing lower limb defects].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the indications and effects of different levels of perforator-based sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps in repairing lower limb defects. METHODS: From 2004 to 2012,13 cases of soft tissue defects of lower extremity were successfully reconstructed using different levels of perforator-based sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps, included 8 males and 5 females with an average age of 38.6 years old ranging from 15 to 76 years old. Perforator-based sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps located at 4 to 7 cm above the tip of the lateral malleolus were used to resurface ankle and foot defects in 8 cases, perforator-based sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps located on 9 to 11 cm above the tip of the lateral malleolus were used to resurface lower third leg defects in 3 cases, as well as perforator-based sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps located on 2 cm above the tip of the lateral malleolus were used to repair heel defects in 2 cases. The area of the transferred flaps ranged from 4.5 cm x 2.5 cm to 16 cm x 10 cm. The donor sites were covered with skin grafts. RESULTS: All the flaps survived uneventfully with primary healing. Eight patients were follow-up for 1 to 12 months with an average of 6 months. The color, luster and texture of flap were good, thickness of flaps was fair. No empyrosis and ulcer occurred. The contour and function were satisfied with both the donor and recipient site. CONCLUSION: Satisfactory functional results can be achieved by using different segment of perforator-based sural neurofasciocutaneous flaps for repairing lower extremity defects.

[Clinical application of different perforator neurofasciocutaneous flaps at the distal legs].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical application of different perforator neurofasciocutaneous flaps at the distal legs for defects at the lower legs and feet. METHODS: 24 patients with defects at the lower legs and feet were treated with five kinds of perforator neurofasciocutaneous flaps, including 7 flaps with the retrolateral supramalleolar cutaneous perforator, 2 flaps with the lateral retromalleolar perforator, 2 flaps with the higher cutaneous perforator of the peroneal artery, 8 flaps with the anterolateral supramalleolar cutaneous perforator of the peroneal artery, 5 flaps with the medial supramalleolar cutaneous perforator of the posterior tibial artery. The flap size ranged from 5 cm x 4 cm-14 cm x 12 cm. RESULTS: Partial necrosis occurred at the distal end of flap in one case. All the other flaps survived completely with primary healing. 15 cases were followed up for 1-36 months with satisfactory cosmetic and functional results. CONCLUSIONS: Suitable perforator neurofasciocutaneous flaps at the distal legs can be selected for differently located defects at the lower legs and feet, leaving comparatively less morbidity at donor site.

[Retrospective assessment of anti-coagulative therapy and the incidence of acute coronary syndrome during perioperative period in high-risk patients who had suffered percutaneous coronary intervention recently].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between early anti-coagulative therapy and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the high-risk patients who have suffered percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) recently during perioperative period of non-cardiac surgery. METHODS: Patients who underwent scheduled non-cardiac surgery in our hospital from May 2009 to May 2011 were reviewed, of whom, 135 patients had suffered PCI therapy within 1 year, insisting on the treatment by taking aspirin and clopidogrel (plaix) orally. These patients were administrated with heparin replacement treatment before scheduled surgeries. After surgeries, patients were divided into non-anticoagulative therapy group (63 cases), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)-anticoagulative therapy group (36 cases) and unfractionated heparin (UFH)-anticoagulative therapy group (38 cases). The occurrence of ACS and hemorrhage in 3 days after operations was evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 135 patients, 9 developed ACS in 3 days in non-anticoagulative therapy group and none in other 2 groups (P<0.01). No statistical difference among the 3 groups in quantity of the blood transfusion was found. CONCLUSION: After scheduled non-cardiac surgeries, early and effective anticoagulative therapy administrated in the high-risk patients who have suffered PCI recently can obviously lower peri-operative incidence of acute coronary syndrome, and can be incapable of increasing risk of post-operative hemorrhage.

[Repair of soft tissue defects in the upper limbs using multiple types of posterior interosseous artery flaps].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the therapeutic effect of multiple types of posterior interosseous artery flaps for repair of soft tissue defects in the upper extremities. METHODS: From March 2003 to June 2010, 42 cases with soft tissue defects in the upper limbs resulting from burn and traumatic injuries were treated using multiple types of posterior interosseous artery flaps, including retrograde flaps and composite flaps, antegrade flaps ,and free flaps. Flap size ranged from 2.5 cm x 2.0 cm-14.0 cm x 9.0 cm. The defects in the donor sites were closed directly or covered by skin graft. RESULTS: The conventional retrograde posterior interosseous artery flaps were used in 11 cases, the modified retrograde posterior interosseous artery flaps were used in 13 cases, the retrograde posterior interosseous artery composite flaps incorporating partial extensors were used in 2 cases, the antegrade posterior interosseous artery flaps were used in 3 cases, the free posterior interosseous artery flaps were used in 7 cases, and the free perforator flap based on the radiodorsal septocutaneous perforator of the posterior interosseous artery were used in 6 cases. Partial necrosis happened in one case at the distal portion of the flap. Muscular branch of the posterior interosseous nerve was injured in one case with conventional reverse posterior interosseous artery flaps. All the other flaps survived uneventually with no complication. All wounds were primarily healed. 32 cases were followed up for 1 to 48 months with satisfactory aesthetic and functional results both in the donor sites and in the recipient areas. The color,texture and thickness of the flaps were satisfied as well. CONCLUSIONS: The posterior interosseous artery flap has a constant vascular anatomy and a great flexibility, which is practical and suitable for repair of Soft tissue defect in the upper extremities arising from burn and traumatic injury.

[Lateral thoracic flaps pedicled with subscapular vessels for defects in the upper extremities].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and therapeutic effect of lateral thoracic flaps pedicled with subscapular vessels for defects in the upper extremities. METHODS: From June 2003 to September 2009, 5 cases with large soft tissue defects in the upper extremities were treated with lateral thoracic flaps pedicled with subscapular vessels. The flap size ranged from 23 cm x 8 cm to 40 cm x 20 cm. The subscapular vessels, the thoracodorsal vessels, the lateral branch and the cutaneous perforators of thoracodorsal vessels were all included in the flap. A muscular sleeve of 2-3 cm in width was preserved to protect the musculocutaneous perforator. The defects in the donor area were closed directly or covered by skin graft. RESULTS: The lateral thoracic flaps were used in four cases. A combination of lateral thoracic flap and paraumbilical flap was used in one case. Partial necrosis happened at the distal portion of the flap in one case. All the other flaps survived completely. 4 cases were followed up for two to fourteen months with satisfactory cosmetic and functional results. The color, texture and thickness of the flaps were also satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: The lateral thoracic flap pedicled with the subscapular vessel is flexible for repairing defects in the upper extremities with a reliable blood supply, leaving less morbidity to donor site.

[Application of pedicled muscular flaps of brachioradialis in repairing wounds at proximal forearm resulted].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical effects of pedicled muscular flaps of brachioradialis in repairing wounds at proximal forearm resulted from hot crush injury. METHODS: From February 2003 to December 2008, 5 wounds at proximal forearm resulted from hot crush injury were repaired with pedicled muscular flaps of brachioradialis. The size of muscular flaps ranged from 6 cm x 4 cm - 9 cm x 5 cm. The wounds at donor sites were closed directly or by free skin grafts. RESULTS: All the muscular flaps of brachioradialis were survived completely. 4 patients were followed up for 3 to 36 months. The cosmetic and functional results were satisfactory both in recipient areas and in donor sites. CONCLUSIONS: Pedicled muscular flap of brachioradialis can not only repair wounds at proximal forearm resulted from hot crush injury, but also repair extensor muscle defects. It is an ideal method and is very practical.