Urolithin A, induces apoptosis and autophagy crosstalk in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma via mTOR /AKT/ERK1/2 pathway.

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent malignancy in the world with an alarming rate of mortality. Despite the advancement in treatment strategies and drug developments, the overall survival rate remains poor. Therefore, it is imperative to develop alternative or complimentary anti cancer drugs with minimum off target effects. Urolithin A, a microbial metabolite of ellagic acid and ellagitannins produced endogenously by human gut micro biome is considered to have anti-cancerous activity. However anti tumorigenic effect of urolithin A in OSCC is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we examined whether urolithin A inhibits cell growth and induces both apoptosis and autophagy dependent cell death in OSCC cell lines. PURPOSE: The present study aims to evaluate the potential of urolithin A to inhibit OSCC and its regulatory effect on OSCC proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo mouse models. METHODS: We evaluated whether urolithin A could induce cell death in OSCC in vitro and in vivo mouse models. RESULTS: Flow cytometric and immunoblot analysis on Urolithin A treated OSCC cell lines revealed that urolithin A markedly induced cell death of OSCC via the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent inhibition of AKT and mTOR signaling as evidenced by decreased levels of phosphorylated mTOR and 4EBP1. This further revealed a possible cross talk between apoptotic and autophagic signaling pathways. In vivo study demonstrated that urolithin A treatment reduced tumor size and showed a decrease in mTOR, ERK1/2 and Akt levels along with a decrease in proliferation marker, Ki67. Taken together, in vitro as well as our in vivo data indicates that urolithin A is a potential anticancer agent and the inhibition of AKT/mTOR/ERK signalling is crucial in Urolithin A induced growth suppression in oral cancer. CONCLUSION: Urolithin A exerts its anti tumorigenic activity through the induction of apoptotic and autophagy pathways in OSCC. Our findings suggest that urolithin A markedly induced cell death of oral squamous cell carcinoma via the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent inhibition of AKT and mTOR signaling as evidenced by decreased levels of phosphorylated mTOR and 4EBP1. Urolithin A remarkably suppressed tumor growth in both in vitro and in vivo mouse models signifying its potential as an anticancer agent in the prevention and treatment of OSCC. Henceforth, our findings provide a new insight into the therapeutic potential of urolithin A in the prevention and treatment of OSCC.

Utilizing adaptive deformable convolution and position embedding for colon polyp segmentation with a visual transformer.

Polyp detection is a challenging task in the diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer (CRC), and it demands clinical expertise due to the diverse nature of polyps. The recent years have witnessed the development of automated polyp detection systems to assist the experts in early diagnosis, considerably reducing the time consumption and diagnostic errors. In automated CRC diagnosis, polyp segmentation is an important step which is carried out with deep learning segmentation models. Recently, Vision Transformers (ViT) are slowly replacing these models due to their ability to capture long range dependencies among image patches. However, the existing ViTs for polyp do not harness the inherent self-attention abilities and incorporate complex attention mechanisms. This paper presents Polyp-Vision Transformer (Polyp-ViT), a novel Transformer model based on the conventional Transformer architecture, which is enhanced with adaptive mechanisms for feature extraction and positional embedding. Polyp-ViT is tested on the Kvasir-seg and CVC-Clinic DB Datasets achieving segmentation accuracies of 0.9891 ± 0.01 and 0.9875 ± 0.71 respectively, outperforming state-of-the-art models. Polyp-ViT is a prospective tool for polyp segmentation which can be adapted to other medical image segmentation tasks as well due to its ability to generalize well.

Corrigendum: Targeting thymidylate synthase enhances the chemosensitivity of triple-negative breast cancer towards 5-FU-based combinatorial therapy.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.656804.].

Corrigendum: Blockade of uttroside B-induced autophagic pro-survival signals augments its chemotherapeutic efficacy against hepatocellular carcinoma.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.812598.].

Gastrointestinal involvement of common variable immunodeficiency: A diagnostic challenge to the physician.

A 35-year-old male presented with fatigue for 1 month and was found to have megaloblastic anaemia. Further evaluation showed low globulin levels and pan hypogammaglobulinemia. Past history was significant for chronic small bowel diarrhoea and bilateral genu valgum deformity from childhood. Hence, a malabsorption syndrome with a probable antibody deficiency was suspected. An upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy was done, which revealed chronic atrophic gastritis with Helicobacter pylori infection, dysplasia and subtotal villous atrophy with a paucity of plasma cells, which was suggestive of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)-related enteropathy. CVID can present with predominantly autoimmune GI manifestations without any history of recurrent infections. The risk of gastric dysplasia and malignancy is high in CVID and needs close monitoring.

Corrigendum: Cucurbitacin B, purified and characterized from the rhizome of Corallocarpus epigaeus exhibits anti-melanoma potential.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.903832.].

Pharmacological attenuation of melanoma by tryptanthrin pertains to the suppression of MITF-M through MEK/ERK signaling axis.

Melanoma is the most aggressive among all types of skin cancers. The current strategies against melanoma utilize BRAFV600E, as a focal point for targeted therapy. However, therapy resistance developed in melanoma patients against the conventional anti-melanoma drugs hinders the ultimate benefits of targeted therapies. A major mechanism by which melanoma cells attain therapy resistance is via the activation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-M (MITF-M), the key transcription factor and oncogene aiding the survival of melanoma cells. We demonstrate that tryptanthrin (Tpn), an indole quinazoline alkaloid, which we isolated and characterized from Wrightia tinctoria, exhibits remarkable anti-tumor activity towards human melanoma through the down-regulation of MITF-M. Microarray analysis of Tpn-treated melanoma cells followed by a STRING protein association network analysis revealed that differential expression of genes in melanoma converges at MITF-M. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies conducted using melanoma cells with differential MITF-M expression status, endogenously or ectopically, demonstrated that the anti-melanoma activity of Tpn is decisively contingent on its efficacy in down-regulating MITF-M expression. Tpn potentiates the degradation of MITF-M via the modulation of MEK1/2-ERK1/2-MITF-M signaling cascades. Murine models demonstrate the efficacy of Tpn in attenuating the migration and metastasis of melanoma cells, while remaining pharmacologically safe. In addition, Tpn suppresses the expression of mutated BRAFV600E and inhibits Casein Kinase 2α, a pro-survival enzyme that regulates ERK1/2 homeostasis in many tumor types, including melanoma. Together, we point to a promising anti-melanoma drug in Tpn, by virtue of its attributes to impede melanoma invasion and metastasis by attenuating MITF-M.

Cucurbitacin B, Purified and Characterized From the Rhizome of Corallocarpus epigaeus Exhibits Anti-Melanoma Potential.

The ethnomedicinal plant from the Cucurbitaceae family, Corallocarpus epigaeus, or its bioactive derivatives have been widely utilized in traditional medicine owing to their distinct applications against various human ailments and have lured the interest of ethnobotanists and biochemists. Here, we report for the first time, the anti-cancer potential of a bio-active fraction isolated from the dried rhizome of C. epigaeus, and the bioactive principle identified as cucurbitacin B (Cu-B). The purification processes involving the utilization of multiple organic extracts of C. epigaeus rhizome powder, yielded Cu-B from the Ethyl acetate Cytotoxic Fraction (ECF), obtained by the chromatographic separation of the ethyl acetate extract. Amongst the various cancer lines tested, melanoma cells exhibit maximal sensitivity towards the Cu-B-containing ECF fraction. Cu-B induces an apoptotic mode of cell death initiated intrinsically as well as extrinsically in A375 melanoma cells whilst remaining comparatively less toxic to normal skin fibroblasts. In vivo studies involving a NOD-SCID murine model of human melanoma demonstrate the ability of Cu-B to attenuate tumor growth, while being pharmacologically safe in vivo, as assessed in Swiss albino mice. Furthermore, Cu-B inhibits MEK 1/2 as well as the constitutive and EGF-induced ERK 1/2 activation, indicating a definitive involvement of MAPK signal transducers in regulating Cu-B-mediated anti-melanoma activity. Together, our study demonstrates the anti-melanoma potential of C. epigaeus-derived Cu-B, which indicates the Cucurbitaceae succulent as a prospective source for deriving potent and pharmacologically safe anti-cancer compounds.

Augmented Efficacy of Uttroside B over Sorafenib in a Murine Model of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

We previously reported the remarkable potency of uttroside B (Utt-B), saponin-isolated and characterized in our lab from Solanum nigrum Linn, against HCC. Recently, the U.S. FDA approved Utt-B as an 'orphan drug' against HCC. The current study validates the superior anti-HCC efficacy of Utt-B over sorafenib, the first-line treatment option against HCC. The therapeutic efficacies of Utt-B vs. sorafenib against HCC were compared in vitro, using various liver cancer cell lines and in vivo, utilizing NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J mice bearing human HCC xenografts. Our data indicate that Utt-B holds an augmented anti-HCC efficacy over sorafenib. Our previous report demonstrated the pharmacological safety of Utt-B in Chang Liver, the normal immortalized hepatocytes, and in the acute and chronic toxicity murine models even at elevated Utt-B concentrations. Here, we show that higher concentrations of sorafenib induce severe toxicity, in Chang Liver, as well as in acute and chronic in vivo models, indicating that, apart from the superior therapeutic benefit over sorafenib, Utt-B is a pharmacologically safer molecule, and the drug-induced undesirable effects can, thus, be substantially alleviated in the context of HCC chemotherapy. Clinical studies in HCC patients utilizing Utt-B, is a contiguous key step to promote this drug to the clinic.

Blockade of Uttroside B-Induced Autophagic Pro-Survival Signals Augments Its Chemotherapeutic Efficacy Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Our previous study has demonstrated that Uttroside B (Utt-B), a saponin isolated from the leaves of Solanum nigrum Linn induces apoptosis in hepatic cancer cells and exhibits a remarkable growth inhibition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Our innovation has been granted a patent from the US (US 2019/0160088A1), Canada (3,026,426.), Japan (JP2019520425) and South Korea (KR1020190008323) and the technology have been transferred commercially to Q Biomed, a leading US-based Biotech company. Recently, the compound received approval as 'Orphan Drug' against HCC from US FDA, which reveals the clinical relevance of evaluating its antitumor efficacy against HCC. In the present study, we report that Utt-B promotes pro-survival autophagy in hepatic cancer cells as evidenced by the increased expression of autophagy-related proteins, including LC3-II, Beclin1, ATG 5, and ATG 7, as well as a rise in the autophagic flux. Hence, we investigated whether Utt-B-induced autophagic response is complementing or contradicting its apoptotic program in HCC. Inhibition of autophagy using the pharmacological inhibitors, Bafilomycin A1(Baf A1), and 3-methyl adenine (3-MA), and the biological inhibitor, Beclin1 siRNA, significantly enhances the apoptosis of hepatic cancer cells and hence the cytotoxicity induced by Utt-B. We also found increased expression of autophagy markers in Utt-B-treated xenografts derived from HCC. We further analyzed whether the antimalarial drug, Chloroquine (Cqn), a well-known autophagy inhibitor, can enhance the anticancer effect of Utt-B against HCC. We found that inhibition of autophagy using Cqn significantly enhances the antitumor efficacy of Utt-B in vitro and in vivo, in NOD SCID mice bearing HCC xenografts. Taken together, our results suggest that the antitumor effect of Utt-B against HCC can be further enhanced by blocking autophagy. Furthermore, Utt-B in combination with Cqn, a clinically approved drug, if repurposed and used in a combinatorial regimen with Utt-B, can further improve the therapeutic efficacy of Utt-B against HCC.

Cystic hypersecretory carcinoma with invasion: Case series on a rare variant of carcinoma breast.

BACKGROUND: Cystic Hypersecretory Carcinoma (CHC) is a rare subset of breast carcinoma. It is part of a spectrum of cystic hypersecretory lesions which includes cystic hypersecretory hyperplasia (CHH), CHH with atypia, CHC in situ and CHC with invasion. Approximately 65 cases of cystic hypersecretory lesions have been reported; most of them were CHC in situ and only 19 cases of CHC with invasion have been reported so far. CASE PRESENTATION: We are reporting 2 cases of 47 and 62 year old women with a palpable breast mass for 6 and 1 month duration respectively. Trucut biopsy was carried out for both which showed high grade ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion in the first patient and the latter showed a tiny focus of invasive carcinoma. Simple mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy (MRM) were done for the respective cases; both showed dilated cystic spaces filled with eosinophilic secretions (thyroid colloid-like), lining neoplastic cells that showed variable degrees of proliferation, atypia and in situ carcinoma. There were foci of invasion in both cases and hence a morphological diagnosis of CHC with invasion was made. CONCLUSION: Owing to a smaller number of reported cases, little is known about the biological behavior, prognosis and molecular profile of cystic hypersecretory carcinoma.

Giant Mesenteric Lipoma in an Adult.

Lipomas are benign mesenchymal tumors of mature adipocytes and commonly occur in the upper trunk. Mesenteric lipomas are relatively rare tumors of the gastrointestinal system. They are usually asymptomatic, detected incidentally on abdominal imaging, or can present with variable symptoms depending on the location, size, and rapidity of tumor growth. The ileal mesentery is the most common site, occurring in adults ranging from 40 to 60 years. We present the case of an unusually large mesenteric lipoma in an adult male patient who presented with vague abdominal pain.

Targeting Thymidylate Synthase Enhances the Chemosensitivity of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Towards 5-FU-Based Combinatorial Therapy.

BACKGROUND: The ongoing treatment modalities for breast cancer (BC) primarily rely on the expression status of ER, PR and HER-2 receptors in BC tissues. Our strategy of chemosensitization provides new insights to counter chemoresistance, a major obstacle that limits the benefits of chemotherapy of mammary cancers. METHODS: By utilizing a murine breast cancer model employing NSG mice bearing orthotopic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) xenografts, we have evaluated the ability of phytochemical curcumin in chemosensitizing BC to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy and the differential modulations of cellular events in response to this strategy, independent of their receptor status. RESULTS: A significant synergistic antitumor potential was observed in the murine model with a sub-optimal dose treatment of 5-FU plus curcumin, as evaluated by a reduction in the tumor-related parameters. We authenticated the pivotal role of thymidylate synthase (TS) in regulating the 5-FU-curcumin synergism using the TNBC pre-clinical model. Our study also confirmed the pharmacological safety of this chemotherapeutic plus phytoactive combination using acute and chronic toxicity studies in Swiss albino mice. Subsequently, the molecular docking analysis of curcumin binding to TS demonstrated the affinity of curcumin towards the cofactor-binding site of TS, rather than the substrate-binding site, where 5-FU binds. Our concomitant in vivo and in silico evidence substantiates the superior therapeutic index of this combination. CONCLUSION: This is the first-ever pre-clinical study portraying TS as the critical target of combinatorial therapy for mammary carcinomas and therefore we recommend its clinical validation, especially in TNBC patients, who currently have limited therapeutic options.

Tinospora cordifolia chloroform extract inhibits LPS-induced inflammation via NF-κB inactivation in THP-1cells and improves survival in sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd).Miers is a perennial climbing medicinal shrub that has been traditionally used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory ailments. Our previous pre- clinical studies on anti-inflammatory effects, proved that the chloroform extract of T. cordifolia (CETC) suppressed the LPS induced up-regulation of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, hence, further follow up study was carried out to evaluate whether CETC can exhibit a protective effect against LPS induced lethal endotoxemia in vivo and also to analyze the impact of CETC pre-treatment on the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro by THP-1 cells. METHODS: To corroborate our previous preclinical studies on inflammation, we investigated the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of T. cordifolia on THP-cells which were pre-incubated with CETC (30 min) and stimulated subsequently with LPS (1 µg/ml) for 20 h. Levels as well as gene expressions of various cytokines were compared with that of LPS alone incubated cells. Alongside, in vivo oral anti-inflammatory efficacy against LPS induced endotoxemia study was effectuated, wherein rats were administered with CETC 48, 24, 12 and 1 h prior to the injection of LPS and the survival of rats were monitored upto 10 days. Cytokine levels were quantified by ELISA. Nitrite levels were measured using Griess reagent. Expression of pro-inflammatory proteins was inspected in rat tissues by histochemical and immuno -histochemical examinations. RESULTS: CETC was able to down-regulate the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in THP-1 macrophages though blockade of NF-κB nuclear translocation and could improve the survival rate during endotoxemic episodes with a marked suppression of the tissue expression of pro-inflammatory proteins. CONCLUSION: These findings concomitantly reveal the anti-inflammatory mechanism of CETC and support us to move forward for the development of drugs against disorders resulting from deregulated immune reactions.

Author Correction: Evaluation of uttroside B, a saponin from Solanum nigrum Linn, as a promising chemotherapeutic agent against hepatocellular carcinoma.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Pre-clinical evidences for the efficacy of tryptanthrin as a potent suppressor of skin cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of indigo naturalis, a traditional Chinese medicine ingredient, against psoriasis, a skin disease characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation and inflammation. The present study investigates the efficacy of tryptanthrin, a bioactive compound in indigo naturalis, against non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and the signalling events involved. METHODS: Efficacy of tryptanthrin against NMSC was assessed using DMBA/PMA-induced skin carcinogenesis model in Swiss albino mice. Immunostaining for PCNA and ki-67 was used to mark proliferating cells in tissues. Haematoxylin and eosin staining and toluidine staining were employed to assess inflammation, and TUNEL assay was used to detect apoptosis in tissues. The signalling events were evaluated using Western blot, imunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. MTT assay and clonogenic assay were performed to assess the viability and proliferation of cancer cells, in vitro. RESULTS: In mice, topical application of tryptanthrin suppressed skin carcinogenesis. It attenuated inflammation, impeded the proliferation of hair follicle (HF) cells and suppressed the activation of ß-catenin, a major driver of HF cell proliferation. Additionally tryptanthrin suppressed the activation of ERK1/2 and p38, both of which promote ß-catenin activation and lowered the expression of c-Myc and cyclin-D1. Tryptanthrin suppressed the proliferation of the human NMSC cell line, A431 and abrogated EGF-induced activation of ß-catenin and subsequent cytoskeletal rearrangement. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates with molecular evidence that tryptanthrin is an effective suppressor of NMSC.

Trichoblastic carcinoma arising in trichoepithelioma in Brooke-Spiegler syndrome.

Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS) is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by the development of multiple cutaneous adnexal neoplasms namely cylindroma, trichoepithelioma and spiradenoma. The neoplasms associated with this syndrome are generally benign, but rarely they may undergo malignant transformation. A 63-year-old male presented with an ulcerated nodular lesion over glabella and multiple asymptomatic nodular lesions over face, scalp, chest and limbs. His father, grandfather and paternal cousins had history of similar lesions. Histopathological examination revealed trichoblastic carcinoma arising from trichoepithelioma over glabella and cylindroma on the chest. With these findings we arrived at a diagnosis of BSS with malignant transformation of trichoepithelioma. Trichoblastic carcinoma arising in trichoepithelioma in a patient with BSS is extremely rare with only a single case reported in literature.

Chitosan Encapsulation Enhances the Bioavailability and Tissue Retention of Curcumin and Improves its Efficacy in Preventing B[a]P-induced Lung Carcinogenesis.

The rate of lung cancer incidence is alarmingly mounting, despite the decline of smoking and tobacco consumption. Recent reports indicate a very high correlation between the growing fast food culture and lung cancer incidence. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a potent carcinogen abundantly present in grilled and deep-fried food and in tobacco smoke. Our previous studies have proved the efficacy of curcumin in curbing B[a]P-induced lung carcinogenesis. However, the poor pharmacokinetic profile of the compound considerably hampers its potential as an effective chemopreventive. This study was intended to evaluate whether encapsulation of curcumin in chitosan nanoparticles can improve the cellular uptake and prolong the tissue retention of curcumin yielding better chemoprevention. The curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (chitosan nanocurcumin) exhibited a size of 170-200 nm in transmission electron microscopy. In vitro drug release studies showed sustained release of curcumin over a period of approximately 180 hours and excellent intracellular uptake and cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells. Bioavailability studies using healthy Swiss albino mice demonstrated drastic enhancement in lung localization of chitosan nanocurcumin compared with free curcumin. Toxicologic evaluation using chronic toxicity model in Swiss albino mice confirmed the pharmacologic safety of the formulation. Moreover, the formulation, even at a dose equivalent to one fourth that of free curcumin, exhibits better efficacy in reducing tumor incidence and multiplicity than free curcumin, thereby hampering development of B[a]P-induced lung adenocarcinomas in Swiss albino mice. Hence, our study underscores the supremacy of the formulation over free curcumin and establishes it as a potential chemopreventive and oral supplement against environmental carcinogenesis.

Folic acid conjugation improves the bioavailability and chemosensitizing efficacy of curcumin-encapsulated PLGA-PEG nanoparticles towards paclitaxel chemotherapy.

Nanoencapsulation has emerged as a novel strategy to enhance the pharmacokinetic and therapeutic potential of conventional drugs. Recent studies from our lab have established the efficacy of curcumin in sensitizing cervical cancer cells and breast cancer cells towards paclitaxel and 5-FU chemotherapy respectively. Factors that hinder the clinical use of curcumin as a sensitizer or therapeutic agent include its poor bioavailability and retention time. Earlier reports of improvement in bioavailability and retention of drugs upon nanoencapsulation have motivated us in developing various nanoformulations of curcumin, which were found to exhibit significant enhancement in bioavailability and retention time as assessed by our previous in vitro studies. Among the various formulations tested, curcumin-entrapped in PLGA-PEG nanoparticles conjugated to folic acid (PPF-curcumin) displayed maximum cell death. In the present study, we have demonstrated the efficacy of this formulation in augmenting the bioavailability and retention time of curcumin, in vivo, in Swiss albino mice. Further, the acute and chronic toxicity studies proved that the formulation is pharmacologically safe. We have also evaluated its potential in chemosensitizing cervical cancer cells to paclitaxel and have verified the results using cervical cancer xenograft model in NOD-SCID mice. Folic acid conjugation significantly enhanced the efficacy of curcumin in down-regulating various survival signals induced by paclitaxel in cervical cancer cells and have considerably improved its potential in inhibiting the tumor growth of cervical cancer xenografts. The non-toxic nature coupled with improved chemosensitization potential makes PPF-curcumin a promising candidate formulation for clinical trials.

Evaluation of uttroside B, a saponin from Solanum nigrum Linn, as a promising chemotherapeutic agent against hepatocellular carcinoma.

We report, for the first time, the remarkable efficacy of uttroside B, a potent saponin from Solanum nigrum Linn, against liver cancer. The compound has been isolated and characterized from the leaves of Solanum nigrum Linn, a plant widely used in traditional medicine and is a rich resource of several anticancer molecules. Uttroside B, that comprises of ß-D-glucopyranosyl unit at C-26 of the furostanol and ß-lycotetraosyl unit at C-3, is ten times more cytotoxic to the liver cancer cell line, HepG2 (IC50: 0.5 µM) than sorafenib (IC50: 5.8 µM), the only FDA-approved drug for liver cancer. Moreover, it induces cytotoxicity in all liver cancer cell lines, irrespective of their HBV status, while being non-toxic to normal immortalized hepatocytes. It induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells by down-regulating mainly the activation of MAPK and mTOR pathways. The drastic reduction in HepG2-xenograft tumor size achieved by uttroside B in NOD-SCID mice and substantiation of its biological safety through both acute and chronic toxicity studies in Swiss albino mice warrants clinical validation of the molecule against hepatic cancer, for which, the chemotherapeutic armamentarium currently has limited weapons.