Nanomechanical Assessment of Bone Surrounding Implants Loaded for 3 Years in a Canine Experimental Model.

PURPOSE: This work evaluated the nanomechanical properties of bone surrounding submerged and immediately loaded implants after 3 years in vivo. It was hypothesized that the nanomechanical properties of bone would markedly increase in immediately and functionally loaded implants compared with submerged implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The second, third, and fourth right premolars and the first molar of 10 adult Doberman dogs were extracted. After 6 months, 4 implants were placed in 1 side of the mandible. The mesial implant received a cover screw and remained unloaded. The remaining 3 implants received fixed dental prostheses within 48 hours after surgery that remained in occlusal function for 3 years. After sacrifice, the bone was prepared for histologic and nanoindentation analysis. Nanoindentation was carried out under wet conditions on bone areas within the plateaus. Indentations (n = 30 per histologic section) were performed with a maximum load of 300 µN (loading rate, 60 µN per second) followed by a holding and unloading time of 10 and 2 seconds, respectively. Elastic modulus (E) and hardness (H) were computed in giga-pascals. The amount of bone-to-implant contact (BIC) also was evaluated. RESULTS: The E and H values for cortical bone regions were higher than those for trabecular bone regardless of load condition, but this difference was not statistically significant (P > .05). The E and H values were higher for loaded implants than for submerged implants (P < .05) for cortical and trabecular bone. For the same load condition, the E and H values for cortical and trabecular bone were not statistically different (P > .05). The loaded and submerged implants presented BIC values (mean ± standard deviation) of 57.4 ± 12.1% and 62 ± 7.5%, respectively (P > .05). CONCLUSION: The E and H values of bone surrounding dental implants, measured by nanoindentation, were higher for immediately loaded than for submerged implants.

Reimplantation of dental implants following ligature-induced peri-implantitis: a pilot study in dogs.

OBJECTIVES: This preliminary investigation aimed to evaluate the potential of contaminated implants to reosseointegrate into pristine sites and, in addition, to assess the potential of osseointegration of new implants in peri-implantitis sockets in a canine model. METHODS: All mandibular premolars were bilaterally extracted from two mongrel dogs. Following 12 weeks of healing, two dental implants were inserted on each hemiarch. Forty-five days following implant placement, a silk ligature secured with cyanoacrylate was placed around the implants' cervical region in order to induce peri-implantitis. After another 45 days from ligature placement, the implants were mechanically removed using counter rotation with a ratchet and were reimplanted without any decontamination (neither rinsing nor chemical or mechanical cleaning) in adjacent pristine zones. In sites where implants were removed, new, wider-diameter implants were placed in the infected sockets. Forty-five days following reimplantation surgery, the dogs were sacrificed; nondecalcified specimens were processed and toluidine blue stained for morphologic and morphometric (bone-to-implant contact [BIC]) assessment under an optical microscope. RESULTS: In dog 1 all the implants (both in the pristine and in the infected sites) survived and osseointegrated while in dog 2, six out of eight implants failed to osseointegrate and exfoliated. Overall, the mean BIC of all implants was 51.08% (SD 20.54). The mean BIC for the infected implants placed into pristine sites was 51.48% ± 26.29% (SD) and the mean BIC for the new implants in peri-implantitis socket was 50.58% ± 14.27% (SD). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this preliminary investigation, especially the small number of animals, osseointegration seems to be achievable both in infected sites and around contaminated implant surfaces.

Evaluation of collagen-based membranes for guided bone regeneration, by three-dimensional computerized microtomography.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a collagen-based membrane compared with no treatment on guided bone regeneration by 3-dimensional computerized microtomography (µCT). STUDY DESIGN: Defects were created between the mesial and distal premolar roots of the second and third premolars (beagle dogs; n = 8). A collagen-based membrane (Vitala; Osteogenics Biomedical Inc., TX, USA) was placed in one of the defects (membrane group; n = 16), and the other was left untreated (no-membrane group; n = 16). Left and right sides provided healing samples for 2 and 16 weeks. Three-dimensional bone architecture was acquired by µCT and categorized as fully regenerated (F, bone height and width) or nonregenerated (N). RESULTS: Chi-square tests (95% level of significance) showed that tooth did not have an effect on outcome (P = .5). Significantly higher F outcomes were observed at 16 weeks than 2 weeks (P = .008) and in membrane group than in no-membrane group (P = .008). CONCLUSIONS: The collagen-based membrane influenced bone regeneration at the furcation.

Effect of drilling dimension on implant placement torque and early osseointegration stages: an experimental study in dogs.

PURPOSE: Primary stability has been regarded as a key factor to ensure uneventful osseointegration of dental implants. Such stability is often achieved by placing implants in undersized drilled bone. The present study evaluated the effect of drilling dimensions in insertion torque and early implant osseointegration stages in a beagle dog model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six beagle dogs were acquired and subjected to bilateral surgeries in the radii 1 and 3 weeks before death. During surgery, 3 implants, 4 mm in diameter by 10 mm in length, were placed in bone sites drilled to 3.2 mm, 3.5 mm, and 3.8 mm in diameter. The insertion torque was recorded for all samples. After death, the implants in bone were nondecalcified processed and morphologically and morphometrically (bone-to-implant contact and bone area fraction occupancy) evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc test for multiple comparisons at the 95% level of significance. RESULTS: The insertion torque levels obtained were inversely proportional to the drilling dimension, with a significant difference detected between the 3.2-mm and 3.8-mm groups (P = .003). Despite a significant increase in the bone-to-implant contact over time in vivo for all groups (P = .007), no effect for the drilling dimension was observed. Additionally, no effect of the drilling dimension and time was observed for the bone area fraction occupancy parameter (P = .31). The initial healing pathways differed between implants placed in bone drilled to different dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Although different degrees of torque were observed with different drilling dimensions and these resulted in different healing patterns, no differences in the histometrically evaluated parameters were observed.

Conceitos Básicos de Pesquisa in vivo aplicada à Implantodontia / Basic concepts of in vivo implant research

As altas taxas de sucesso das reabilitações orais sobreimplantes osseointegráveis metálicos consolidaram esta modalidade de tratamento. Porém, é incessante a busca pela otimização da resposta implante/hospedeiro imediata e a longo prazo, sendo hoje o principal fator motivador das investigações nesta área. O impacto das alterações produzidas nos implantes nas diferentes escalas macro, micro e nanométricas com o objetivo de acelerar a resposta do hospedeiro, permitindo a reabilitação em tempos menores do que aqueles inicialmente propostos nos primórdios da Implantodontia moderna, serão discutidos. Devido à quase infinidade de superfícies disponíveis no mercado, uma classificação objetiva será apresentada para facilitar a comunicação entre profissionais, pesquisadores e indústria. O efeito destas modificações, das técnicas cirúrgicas e as implicações clínicas na osseointegração serão abordados com suporte em estudos in vivo.

High success rates of implant dentistry have made it a consolidated treatment modality. However, the quest for implant/host improved response has been the main driving force in research involving the topic. The impact of macro-, micro, and nanometric alterations tailored to foster early implant/host response allowing final rehabilitation at earlier time frames will be discussed. Considering the virtually “infinite” amount of implant surfaces available in the market, a novel classification code will be presented in attempt to facilitate communication between dental professionals, researchers and industry personal. The impact of implant surface modifications and surgical technique on clinical aspects of osseointegration will be discussed based on in vivo sudies

The effect of different implant macrogeometries and surface treatment in early biomechanical fixation: an experimental study in dogs.

Implant surface characterization and biomechanical testing were made to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments along with different implant bulk configurations expressed as biomechanical fixation at early implantation times. Three implant surfaces, namely bioactive ceramic electrodeposition (ED), alumina-blasted/acid etched (AB/AE), and resorbable blasting media (RBM) were fabricated in three implant macrogeometries (cylindrical, small chamber, and large chamber). All combinations between surface and bulk configurations were placed in the radii of beagle dogs (n=18), which were euthanized 14 and 40 days after surgery (n=9 animals per time in vivo). The implants were subjected to torque to interface fracture. Effects of time, surface, and macrogeometry on torque to interface fracture were evaluated by a GLM at 95% level of significance. The results showed a significant increase in torque as time elapsed in vivo (p<0.001), and that the ED surface presented significantly higher values compared to AB/AE and RBM (p<0.001) at both times. The small chamber only presented a significantly higher biomechanical fixation compared to other geometries at 40 days in vivo (p=0.02). Biomechanical fixation at 14 and 40 days was affected by implant surface treatment, whereas implant design only affected results at 40 days in vivo.

Effect of drilling technique on the early integration of plateau root form endosteal implants: an experimental study in dogs.

PURPOSE: This study tested the hypothesis that early integration of plateau root form endosseous implants is significantly affected by surgical drilling technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four implants were bilaterally placed in the diaphysial radius of 8 beagles and remained 2 and 4 weeks in vivo. Half the implants had an alumina-blasted/acid-etched surface and the other half a surface coated with calcium phosphate. Half the implants with the 2 surface types were drilled at 50 rpm without saline irrigation and the other half were drilled at 900 rpm under abundant irrigation. After euthanasia, the implants in bone were nondecalcified and referred for histologic analysis. Bone-to-implant contact, bone area fraction occupancy, and the distance from the tip of the plateau to pristine cortical bone were measured. Statistical analyses were performed by analysis of variance at a 95% level of significance considering implant surface, time in vivo, and drilling speed as independent variables and bone-to-implant contact, bone area fraction occupancy, and distance from the tip of the plateau to pristine cortical bone as dependent variables. RESULTS: The results showed that both techniques led to implant integration and intimate contact between bone and the 2 implant surfaces. A significant increase in bone-to-implant contact and bone area fraction occupancy was observed as time elapsed at 2 and 4 weeks and for the calcium phosphate-coated implant surface compared with the alumina-blasted/acid-etched surface. CONCLUSIONS: Because the surgical drilling technique did not affect the early integration of plateau root form implants, the hypothesis was refuted.

Characterization of five different implant surfaces and their effect on osseointegration: a study in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Chemical modification of implant surface is typically associated with surface topographic alterations that may affect early osseointegration. This study investigates the effects of controlled surface alterations in early osseointegration in an animal model. METHODS: Five implant surfaces were evaluated: 1) alumina-blasting, 2) biologic blasting, 3) plasma, 4) microblasted resorbable blasting media (microblasted RBM), and 5) alumina-blasting/acid-etched (AB/AE). Surface topography was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and optical interferometry, and chemical assessment by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The implants were placed in the radius of six dogs, remaining 2 and 4 weeks in vivo. After euthanization, specimens were torqued-to-interface failure and non-decalcified-processed for histomorphologic bone-implant contact, and bone area fraction-occupied evaluation. Statistical evaluation was performed by one-way analysis of variance (P <0.05) and post hoc testing by the Tukey test. RESULTS: The alumina-blasting surface presented the highest average surface roughness and mean root square of the surface values, the biologic blasting the lowest, and AB/AE an intermediate value. The remaining surfaces presented intermediate values between the biologic blasting and AB/AE. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra revealed calcium and phosphorus for the biologic blasting and microblasted RBM surfaces, and the highest oxygen levels for the plasma, microblasted RBM, and AB/AE surfaces. Significantly higher torque was observed at 2 weeks for the microblasted RBM surface (P <0.04), but no differences existed between surfaces at 4 weeks (P >0.74). No significant differences in bone-implant contact and bone area fraction-occupied values were observed at 2 and 4 weeks. CONCLUSION: The five surfaces were osteoconductive and resulted in high degrees of osseointegration and biomechanical fixation.

Avaliação biomecânica e histológica de implantes com diferentes macrogeometrias no período inicial de osseointegração: estudo experimental em cães / Early biomechanical and histological analyses of different implant macrogeometries: an experimental study in beagle dogs

Desde que o conceito de osseointegração foi introduzido na Odontologia, várias mudanças ocorreram no modelo e na texturização de superfície dos implantes dentários. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar biomecânica e histologicamente diferentes macrogeometrias no período inicial da osseointegração na porção proximal da tíbia de cães Beagle. Seis cães Beagle adultos foram utilizados, onde 24 implantes tratados com jateamento com micropartículas e ataque ácido foram inseridos na porção proximal da tíbia bilateralmente (dois implantes por tíbia), 12 implantes cilíndricos com roscas triangulares (grupo controle) e 12 implantes cônicos com roscas trapezoidais (grupo experimental). Após a eutanásia, as tíbias foram removidas e destinadas ao teste de torque de remoção e processamento histológico. A análise estatística foi realizada através de teste t com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Os resultados para o torque de remoção foram 70 ± 20 Ncm e 120 ± 20 Ncm (média ± 95% de intervalo de confiança). Diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos foi encontrada (p < 0,001). Histologicamente, ambos os grupos apresentaram adequada biocompatibilidade e osseocondução com neoformação óssea nas regiões cortical e medular da tíbia. Baseado nos resultados obtidos, a macrogeometria com o tratamento de superfície empregados promoveu a osseointegração nos períodos iniciais do reparo e a macrogeometria do grupo experimental melhorou o desempenho para o torque de remoção comparado ao grupo controle. Novos estudos são necessários para confirmar suas potenciais vantagens.

Since the concept of osseointegration was introduced in dentistry, several changes concerning surface texture and macrodesign of dental implants were implemented. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different implant macrogeometries on the early biomechanical and histomorphologic response in a beagle dog proximal tibia model. Six adult beagle dogs were used, and the implants with a grit-blasted and acid-etched surface were bilaterally placed along the proximal tibia (2 per limb)- 12 conic shaped with trapezoidal threads (experimental) and 12 cylindrical implants with triangular threads (control). After animal sacrifice, the limbs were retrieved and mechanical test and histological processing were performed. Statistical evaluation was performed by a Student´s t-test at 95% level of confidence. Removal torque test mean values were 70 ± 20Ncm and 120 ± 20Ncm for control and experimental groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Histological observations showed that both implant groups were biocompatible and osseoconductive, presenting newly formed bone at regions of cortical and trabecular bone. Based on results obtained, both macrogeometries and surface treatment presented osseointegration at early implantation times, and the experimental group geometry improved torque to interface fracture relative to the control geometry. Additional studies are necessary to confirm its potential benefits.

Biomechanical evaluation of endosseous implants at early implantation times: a study in dogs.

PURPOSE: This study tested the null hypothesis that differences in surgical instrumentation, macrogeometry, and surface treatment imposed by different implant systems do not affect early biomechanical fixation in a canine mandible model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lower premolars of 6 beagle dogs were extracted and the ridges allowed to heal for 8 weeks. Thirty-six (n = 12 each group) implants were bilaterally placed, remaining for 1 and 3 weeks in vivo. The implant groups were as follows: group 1, Ti-6Al-4V with a dual acid-etched surface with nanometer scale discrete crystalline deposition (Nanotite; Certain Biomet-3i, West Palm Springs, FL); group 2, Ti-6Al-4V with a titanium oxide-blasted fluoride-modified surface chemistry (Osseospeed 4.0 S; Astra Tech, Mölndal, Sweden); group 3: Ti-6Al-4V with a bioceramic microblasted surface (Ossean; Intra-Lock International, Boca Raton, FL). Following euthanasia, implants were torqued to interface failure and histologically evaluated. General linear modeling (ANOVA) at 95% level of significance was performed. RESULTS: Histology showed that interfacial bone remodeling and initial woven bone formation were observed around all implant groups at 1 and 3 weeks. Torque values were significantly affected by time in vivo, implant group, and their interaction (P = .016, P < .001, and P = .001, respectively). Regarding torque values, group 3, group 2, and group 1 ranked highest, intermediate, and lowest, respectively. CONCLUSION: Early biomechanical fixation at 1 and 3 weeks was affected by surgical instrumentation, macrogeometry, and surface treatment present for one of the implant systems tested. The null hypothesis was rejected.

Histomorphologic and bone-to-implant contact evaluation of dual acid-etched and bioceramic grit-blasted implant surfaces: an experimental study in dogs.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to histologically evaluate a bioceramic grit-blasted and acid-etched surface (presenting calcium and phosphorous incorporation within the surface and its oxide) versus a dual acid-etched (no calcium and phosphorous, control) moderately rough implant surface in a dog tibia model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Implants 3 x 10 mm were placed bilaterally along the proximal tibia of 6 Doberman dogs and remained for 2 and 4 weeks in vivo. After the dogs were euthanized, the implants were nondecalcified processed to approximately 30-microm-thick plates. Transmitted light optical microscopy was used to evaluate healing patterns and bone-to-implant contact. Statistical analysis was performed by 1-way analysis of variance at the 95% level of significance and by Tukey post hoc tests. RESULTS: At 2 weeks, histologic evaluation showed woven bone formation throughout the perimeter of both implant surfaces. However, replacement of woven bone by lamellar bone was only observed around the test surface at 4 weeks in vivo. No significant differences in bone-to-implant contact were observed for the different groups (P > .27). CONCLUSION: Despite nonsignificant differences between bone-to-implant contact for the different surfaces and times in vivo, higher degrees of bone organization were observed for the test implants. Biomechanical testing is warranted to verify potential differences in biomechanical fixation effectiveness between surfaces.

Effect of surface modifications on early bone healing around plateau root form implants: an experimental study in rabbits.

PURPOSE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the biomechanical fixation and bone-to-implant contact (BIC) of plateau root form implants of varied surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plateau root form implants, 3.5 mm in diameter, 8 mm in length, with 4 surfaces (n = 16 each)--machined, alumina-blasted/acid-etched, alumina-blasted/acid-etched plus nanothickness bioceramic coating, and plasma-sprayed calcium-phosphate--were used. They were bilaterally placed at the distal femur of 16 New Zealand rabbits and remained in place for 2 and 4 weeks in vivo. After euthanizing the rabbits, the implants were subjected to torque to interface fracture and were subsequently processed as nondecalcified approximately 30-microm-thickness slides for histomorphologic analysis and BIC determination. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance at the 95% level of significance, considering implantation time and implant surface as independent variables and the torque-to-interface fracture and BIC as dependent variables. RESULTS: The torque-to-interface fracture was significantly affected by the implant surface (P < .001) but was not affected by the implantation time (P > .20). The implantation time and implant surface had significant effects on the BIC (P < .04 and P < .001, respectively). The greatest torque-to-interface fracture and BIC was observed for the plasma-sprayed calcium-phosphate. CONCLUSION: The implant surface significantly influenced early bone healing around plateau root form implants.

Surface treatment at the cervical region and its effect on bone maintenance after immediate implantation: an experimental study in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatment at the cervical region of endosseous dental implants on the alveolar bone remodeling after implantation immediately after tooth extraction in a dog model. STUDY DESIGN: The third and fourth premolars of 6 dogs were bilaterally extracted with a full-thickness flap, and threaded implants presenting a textured or a polished surface at the cervical regions were placed on the distal root extraction sockets. Submerged healing was allowed for 4 weeks, and bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and buccal and lingual bone loss were morphometrically measured. RESULTS: The BIC and lingual bone loss were not significantly different between textured and polished groups. Significantly lower buccal bone loss (P < .01) was observed for the textured surface at 4 weeks in vivo. CONCLUSION: Textured surface implants placed immediately after tooth extraction resulted in less bone loss only at the buccal cervical region compared with smooth surface implants.

Biomechanical and bone histomorphologic evaluation of four surfaces on plateau root form implants: an experimental study in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the early bone response to plateau root form dental implants with 4 different surface treatments. STUDY DESIGN: Surface treatments comprised (n = 12 each): as-machined (M), alumina-blasted/acid-etched (AB/AE), alumina-blasted/acid-etched + nanothickness bioceramic coating (Nano), and plasma-sprayed calcium phosphate (PSCaP). Implants were placed in the radius diaphyses of 12 beagle dogs, remaining in vivo for 3 and 5 weeks. After euthanasia, the implants were subjected to torque to interface fracture and subsequently nondecalcified for histomorphology. Statistical analysis was performed by a GLM analysis of variance model at 5% significance level. RESULTS: Torque to interface fracture was significantly greater for the PSCaP group than for other groups (P < .001). Histomorphologic analysis showed woven bone formation around all implant surfaces at 3 weeks, and its replacement by lamellar bone at 5 weeks. Time in vivo did not affect torque measures. CONCLUSION: The PSCaP surface increased the early bone biomechanical fixation of plateau root form implants.

Early bone healing around different implant bulk designs and surgical techniques: A study in dogs.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the bone healing response to different implant root shape designs in a dog model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three by eight millimeter screw-type short-pitch (SP) and large-pitch (LP) implants (Intra-Lock International, Boca Raton, FL, USA), and 4.5 x 6 mm plateau (P) implants (Bicon LLC, Boston, MA, USA) were placed along the proximal tibia of six dogs for 2 and 4 weeks. The combination of implant design and final osteotomy drilling resulted in healing chambers for the LP and P implants. The implants were nondecalcified processed to plates of approximately 30-microm thickness and were evaluated by optical microscopy for healing patterns and bone-to-implant contact (BIC). One-way analysis of variance at 95% level of significance and Tukey's test were utilized for multiple comparisons among the groups' BIC. RESULTS: Microscopy showed a approximately 150-microm region of newly deposited bone along the whole perimeter of SP implants, near the edge of the LP implant threads, and plateau tips for P implants. Rapid woven bone formation and filling was observed in regions where surgery and implant design resulted in healing chambers. No significant differences in BIC were observed (p > .75). CONCLUSIONS: Different implant design/surgical protocol resulted in varied bone healing patterns. However, the BIC and bone morphology evolution between implant designs were comparable. Regardless of the combination between implant design and final osteotomy drilling, bone morphology evolution from 2 to 4 weeks was comparable.

Avaliação biomecânica de um tratamento de superfície à base de biocerâmica absorvível: estudo em cães / Biochemical evaluation of an absorbable bioceramic based surface treatment: a study in dogs

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a fixação biomecânica de superfície de implante tratada com biocerâmica absorvível e ataque ácido (NanossTM - experimento) comparando com uma superfície tratada por duplo ataque ácido (controle) em cães. Métodos: o modelo animal compreendeu a instalação de 24 implantes na porção proximal da tíbia de 6 cães (12 por superfície, 2 por membro), que permaneceram por 2 e 4 semanas de experimentação in vivo. Após a eutanásia os espécimes foram destinados ao teste biomecânico (torque para fratura interfacial). ANOVA com 95% de intervalo de confiança e o teste Tukey para comparações múltiplas foram utilizados. Foi encontrada diferença significativa nos valores do teste biomecânico entre os grupos NanossTM (p < 0,03) e controle. Conclusão: de acordo com o teste biomecânico, os períodos iniciais da osseointegração foram afetados positivamente pela superfície NanossTM, quando comparados ao grupo controle.

The objective of this study was to analyses the biomechanical fixation of a bioceramic grit-blasted and acid-etched surface (NanossTM, test), versus a dual acid-etched implant surface (control) in a dog model. Methods: the animal model comprised the placement of 24 implants along the proximal tibiae of 6 dogs (12 per surface, 2 per limb), which remained for 2 and 4 weeks implantation time. After euthanization specimens were biomechanically tested (torque to facial fracture). ANOVA at 95% level of confidence and Tukey post-hoc test was utilized for multiple comparisons. Results: Significantly higher removal torque was observed for the NanossTM group compared to control one (p < 0.03). Conclusion: according to the biomechanical results, early biomechanical fixation was positively affected by the NanossTM surface compared to the dual-acid etched surface.

Histomorphometric evaluation of alumina-blasted/acid-etched and thin ion beam-deposited bioceramic surfaces: an experimental study in dogs.

PURPOSE: In an attempt to overcome the potential long-term limitations observed with plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite-coated implants, nanothickness bioceramic coatings have been processed onto previously grit-blasted/acid-etched surfaces. Our objective was to evaluate the bone response to alumina-blasted/acid-etched and a thin ion beam-deposited bioceramic (Test) implant surfaces at 2 and 4 weeks in vivo with a dog tibia model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plateau root form implants (5 x 6 mm) were placed bilaterally along the proximal tibia of 6 Doberman dogs and remained for 2 and 4 weeks in vivo (n=6 per implant type and time in vivo). After euthanization, the implants were processed in a nondecalcified form and reduced to approximately 30 mum-thickness plates. Transmitted light optical microscopy at various magnifications was used to qualitatively evaluate the bone healing patterns. Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) was determined and 1-way ANOVA at 95% level of significance with Tukey's post-hoc multiple comparisons was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Histomorphology showed new bone formation filling the spaces between the plateaus at both in vivo time intervals through large quantities of woven bone formation. A higher degree of bone organization was observed between the plateaus of Test implants at 4 weeks in vivo than the alumina-blasted/acid-etched implants. No significant differences in BIC were observed for the different groups (P> .86). CONCLUSION: Despite nonsignificant differences between BIC for the different implant surfaces and times in vivo, higher degrees of bone organization were observed for the Test implants at 4 weeks, and biomechanical testing is suggested to verify its biomechanical fixation effectiveness.

Tendências atuais para aprimorar o processo de osseointegração / Current trends for osseointegration enhancement

O uso de implantes osseointegráveis no tratamento do edentulismo é hoje uma das técnicas mais previsíveis e bem sucedidas no âmbito da odontologia contemporânea. Entretanto, o protocolo mais utilizado para utilização destes implantes requer um período de osseointegração de alguns meses antes que a restauração protética seja efetivamente instalada. Muitas vezes, até mesmo de maneira empírica, para reduzir este tempo de espera, o protocolo original é alterado diminuindo-se o período de osseointegração. O objetivo deste manuscrito é apresentar de maneira sucinta o estágio atual de aprimoramento dos implantes dentários para aperfeiçoar o processo de osseointegração, com relação às alterações de superfície e da forma destes dispositivos.

The use of endosseous implants in the edentulism treatment is one of the most successful treatments in implantology and dentistry. The most utilized protocol for implant therapy requires a period of osseointegration of several months before prosthetic restoration is fabricated and placed in function. While substantial interest lies on decreasing the osseointegration period, its rationale has been primarily empirical. This manuscript presents the current trends in surface modification and device design in an attempt to decrease the time frame for biological integration of endosseous implants.

Teste de remoção ao torque e caracterização de superfície entre implantes com adição de biocerâmica absorvível e duplo ataque ácido / Removal torque test and surface characterization between implants with absorbable bioceramic addition and double acid etching

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a fixação biomecâmica e a caracterização de superfície entre a superfície de implante com jateamento com biocerâmica absorvível e ataque ácido (JBA/AA- Experimental) e uma superfície com duplo ataque ácido (controle) em cães Beagle. Três implantes do grupo controle e três do grupo experimental foram destinados a testes de caracterização físico/química de superfície através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia de força atômica (MFA) e espectroscopia Auger (EA). O modelo animal compreendeu a colocação de 36 implantes na porção proximal da tibia (18 por superfície, seis por membro) que permaneceram por duas e quatro semanas após a colocação dos implantes. Após a eutanásia os espécimes foram destinados ao teste biomecânico (torque de remoção) Anova com 95% de intervalo de confiança e o teste Tukey para comparações múltiplas foram utilizados. A MEV e MFA mostraram diferenças qualitativas e quantitativas na microtextura e a superfície JBA/AA apresenta maiores valores submicrométricos de Ra e RMS comparadas ao grupo controle Ca e P foram encontrados apenas na superfície JBA/AA pela EA. Diferença significativa nos valores de torque de remoção foram encontrados entre os grupos JBA/AA(p< 0.0001). O estudo clínico concluiu que de acordo com o teste biomecânico, os períodos iniciais da osseointegração foram afetados positivamente pela superfície JBA/AA, comparados ao grupo controle.

Observações sobre a utilização da oximetria de pulso em dentes traumatizados / Comments on the use of the pulse oximetry in traumatized teeth

Na Endodontia o diagnóstico é de suma importância, pois independentemente das condições clínica e patológica do caso, ele determinará o tratamento a ser realizado. Invariavelmente, a verificação da vitalidade pulpar depende de recursos semiotécnicos específicos, onde se coletam informações através da leitura de sinais e sintomas. Esses testes estão sujeitos a erros de interpretação, pois dependem da estimulação nervosa sensitiva pulpar, não levando em consideração as condições de oxigenação sangüínea, que é o real indicador da vitalidade do tecido. No trauma dentário pode ocorrer uma alteração na vascularização e oxigenação, dificultando o diagnóstico. Os testes fisiométricos avaliam a condição fisiológica do tecido vascularizado, através da análise quantitativa da oxigenação ou do fluxo sangüíneo. O oxímetro de pulso, método não-invasivo e não subjetivo avalia a taxa de saturação de oxihemoglobina, podendo, portanto, ser empregado em Endodontia com finalidade de diagnóstico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar in vivo a vitalidade pulpar utilizando a oximetria de pulso em 30 dentes traumatizados e obter parâmetros para discutir a determinação de vitalidade em dentes traumatizados. Os resultados mostraram diferenças de saturação de oxigênio (SaO2) entre traumas de tecido duro (87,5%) ou de suporte (88,5%) e entre aqueles que respondem (90,53%) ou não (86,66%) ao teste térmico, levando a considerar que a oximetria de pulso é um método viável de determinação da vitalidade pulpar, mesmo diante de algumas dificuldades na captação dos sinais e obtenção dos dados.

In endodontics, the diagnostic is very important, because despite of the clinical and pathological condition of the case, it will determine the treatment. Constantly, the diagnostic of pulp vitality depends on diagnosis methods, which information are collected by the signals and symptoms reading. These tests have a jeopardized reading, because they depend on the stimulation of the pulp sensitive nervous, ignoring the conditions of blood oxygenation, that actually indicates the tissue vitality. The dental trauma causes a disturbance in vascularization and oxygenation that makes the diagnostics difficult. Physiometric tests had been invented to evaluate the physiology of the vascularized tissue, making possible to find out the condition of oxygenation or blood flow, such as the pulse oximetry; a non-invasive and non subjective method that estimated the oxihemoglobina saturation values. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate in vivo the pulp vitality using the pulse oximetry in 30 traumatized teeth and to get parameters to argue the determination of the pulp vitality in traumatized teeth. The results showed differences between trauma that affect hard tissues (87.5%) or periodontal tissues (88.5%) and teeth that responses (90.53%) or not (86.66%) to thermal testo Pulse oximetry is a viable method to determine pulp vitality in traumatized teeth despite the difficulties in the attainment of trust worthy values.