RESUMO
The toxic pathogen theory, an important part of the theories of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), began in the Qin and Han dynasties, formed in the Jin, Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties, developed rapidly in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and conti-nued to develop in contemporary times based on the achievements of its predecessors. The continuous exploration, practice, and inheri-tance of many medical practitioners over the generations have facilitated the enrichment of its connotation. The toxic pathogen is violent, fierce, dangerous, prolonged, rapid in transmission, easy to hurt the internal organs, hidden, and latent, with many changes, and it is closely related to the development of tumor diseases. TCM has a history of thousands of years in the prevention and treatment of tumor diseases. It is gradually realized that the etiology of tumor is mainly attributed to the deficiency of healthy Qi and excess of to-xic pathogen, and the struggle between healthy Qi and toxic pathogen runs through the whole course of tumor, with the deficiency of healthy Qi as the prerequisite and the invasion of toxic pathogen as the root of the occurrence. The toxic pathogen has a strong carcinogenic effect and is involved in the whole process of tumor development, which is closely related to the malignant behaviors of tumors, including proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. This study discussed the historical origin and modern interpretation of the toxic pathogen theory in the prevention and treatment of tumors, with aims of sorting out the theoretical system based on the toxic pathogen theory in the treatment of tumor diseases, and illustrating the importance of the toxic pathogen theory in the treatment of tumors in the context of modern research on pharmacological mechanisms and the development and marketing of relevant anti-tumor Chinese medicinal preparations.
Assuntos
Medicina Tradicional Chinesa , Movimento Celular , ChinaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The incidence and mortality rates of hepatocellular carcinoma are very high all over the world, which seriously threatens human life and health. Aidi injection as a Chinese medicine preparation has a positive curative effect on hepatocellular carcinoma, but its mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects of Aidi injection and explore its mechanism of action vitro and vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The main components of Aidi injection were determined by LC-MS/MS. The effects of Aidi injection on the viability of HepG2 and PLC/PRF/5 cells were detected via CCK-8 analysis and Calcein AM/PI staining. DAPI staining and flow cytometry were applied to analyze the apoptosis-induced effects of Aidi injection on hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCs). The growth inhibition of Aidi injection on hepatocellular carcinoma was observed in nude mice bearing PLC/PRF/5 cells. The related signal transduction and apoptosis pathways were investigated through assays for JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), RNA-seq, KEGG, PPI and WB. RESULTS: There were 12 main chemical components contained in Aidi injection, viz. cantharidin, syringin, calycosin-7-o-ß-Dglucoside, isozinpidine, ginsenosides Rd, Rc, Rb1, Re, and Rg1, astragalosides II and IV, and eleutheroside E. Aidi injection significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 and PLC/PLF/5 cells with IC50 of 20.66 mg/ml and 27.5 mg/ml at 48h, respectively, increased the proportion of dead cells, induced cell apoptosis, suppressed the tumor growth of nude mice bearing PLC/PLF/5 cells, reduced MMP, activated PI3K/Akt and MAPK signal transduction pathways, down-regulated the expression of p-PI3K and Bcl-xL, and up-regulated the expression of p-JNK, p-p38 and Bim. CONCLUSION: Aidi injection inhibits the growth of liver cancer probably through regulating PI3K/Akt and MAPK signal transduction pathways, inducing MMP collapse to activate the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, and then eliciting apoptosis of HCCs.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Injeções , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Masculino , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/fisiologia , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/uso terapêutico , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Polydatin is one of main compounds in Polygonum cuspidatum, a plant with both medicinal and nutritional value. The possible hepatoprotective effects of polydatin on acute liver injury mice induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) and the mechanisms involved were investigated. Intraperitoneal injection of CCl(4) (50 µl/kg) resulted in a significant increase in the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), also a marked enhancement in the expression of hepatic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclearfactor-kappa B (NF-κB). On the other hand, decreased glutathione (GSH) content and activities of glutathione transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were observed following CCl(4) exposure. Nevertheless, all of these phenotypes were evidently reversed by preadministration of polydatin for 5 continuous days. The mRNA and protein expression levels of hepatic growth factor-beta1 (TGF-ß(1)) were enhanced further by polydatin. These results suggest that polydatin protects mice against CCl(4)-induced liver injury through antioxidant stress and antiinflammatory effects. Polydatin may be an effective hepatoprotective agent and a promising candidate for the treatment of oxidative stress- and inflammation-related diseases.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Fallopia japonica/química , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Estilbenos/farmacologia , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Tetracloreto de Carbono , Catalase/metabolismo , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/sangue , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/patologia , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Expressão Gênica , Glucosídeos/uso terapêutico , Glutationa/metabolismo , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/enzimologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Estilbenos/uso terapêutico , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Folic acid is widely used to lower homocysteine concentrations and prevent adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, the effect of folic acid on cardiovascular events is not clear at the present time. We carried out a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of folic acid supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We systematically searched Medline, EmBase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, reference lists of articles, and proceedings of major meetings for relevant literature. We included randomized placebo-controlled trials that reported on the effects of folic acid on cardiovascular events compared to placebo. Of 1594 identified studies, we included 16 trials reporting data on 44841 patients. These studies reported 8238 major cardiovascular events, 2001 strokes, 2917 myocardial infarctions, and 6314 deaths. Folic acid supplementation as compared to placebo had no effect on major cardiovascular events (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.93-1.04), stroke (RR, 0.89; 95% CI,0.78-1.01), myocardial infarction (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.93-1.07), or deaths from any cause (RR, 1.00;95% CI, 0.96-1.05). Moreover, folic acid as compared to placebo also had no effect on the following secondary outcomes: risk of revascularization (RR, 1.05; 95%CI, 0.95-1.16), acute coronary syndrome (RR, 1.06; 95%CI, 0.97-1.15), cancer (RR, 1.08; 95%CI, 0.98-1.21), vascular death (RR, 0.94; 95%CI,0.88-1.02), or non-vascular death (RR, 1.06; 95%CI, 0.97-1.15). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Folic acid supplementation does not effect on the incidence of major cardiovascular events, stroke, myocardial infarction or all cause mortality.