HMGB1/RAGE axis in tumor development: unraveling its significance.

High mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) plays a complex role in tumor biology. When released into the extracellular space, it binds to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) located on the cell membrane, playing an important role in tumor development by regulating a number of biological processes and signal pathways. In this review, we outline the multifaceted functions of the HMGB1/RAGE axis, which encompasses tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metastasis, and angiogenesis. This axis is instrumental in tumor progression, promoting tumor cell proliferation, autophagy, metastasis, and angiogenesis while inhibiting apoptosis, through pivotal signaling pathways, including MAPK, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, ERK, and STAT3. Notably, small molecules, such as miRNA-218, ethyl pyruvate (EP), and glycyrrhizin exhibit the ability to inhibit the HMGB1/RAGE axis, restraining tumor development. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of the HMGB1/RAGE axis in tumors is of great importance, and the development of inhibitors targeting this axis warrants further exploration.

Allograft or Recipient ST2 Deficiency Oppositely Affected Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy via Differentially Altering Immune Cells Infiltration.

The role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is not fully addressed. Here, we investigated the role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in allograft or recipient in CAV respectively using MHC-mismatch murine chronic cardiac allograft rejection model. We found that recipients ST2 deficiency significantly exacerbated allograft vascular occlusion and fibrosis, accompanied by increased F4/80+ macrophages and CD3+ T cells infiltration in allografts. In contrast, allografts ST2 deficiency resulted in decreased infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages, CD3+ T cells and CD20+ B cells and thus alleviated vascular occlusion and fibrosis of allografts. These findings indicated that allografts or recipients ST2 deficiency oppositely affected cardiac allograft vasculopathy/fibrosis via differentially altering immune cells infiltration, which suggest that interrupting IL-33/ST2 signaling locally or systematically after heart transplantation leads different outcome.