Work-restricting musculoskeletal pain after bariatric surgery or usual obesity care in the Swedish Obese Subjects study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to study the recovery from, and incidence of, work-restricting musculoskeletal pain after bariatric surgery compared with usual obesity care. METHODS: Pain in different body regions was monitored using questionnaires in the nonrandomized, prospective, controlled Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study, which included 2007 participants treated with bariatric surgery and a matched control group of 2040 participants receiving usual obesity care at primary health care centers. Self-reported pain in the neck and shoulders, back, hips, knees, and ankles was captured from questionnaires administered at baseline and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 20 years. RESULTS: Compared with matched controls, bariatric surgery was associated with better recovery from baseline work-restricting knee and ankle pain in both the short (1-4 years) and long term (up to 20 years), as well as from back and hip pain in the short term. In participants without pain at baseline, bariatric surgery was associated with a lower incidence of developing new pain in the knee and ankle in the short and long term. CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery was associated with better recovery from pain, primarily in weight-bearing joints, as well as with prevention of pain development in the knee and ankle compared with matched controls receiving usual obesity care.

Breast Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Heterogeneity: Characteristics and Therapeutic Strategies.

Breast cancer is one of the most frequently detected malignancies worldwide. It is responsible for more than 15% of all death cases caused by cancer in women. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease representing various histological types, molecular characteristics, and clinical profiles. However, all breast cancers are organized in a hierarchy of heterogeneous cell populations, with a small proportion of cancer stem cells (breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs)) playing a putative role in cancer progression, and they are responsible for therapeutic failure. In different molecular subtypes of breast cancer, they present different characteristics, with specific marker profiles, prognoses, and treatments. Recent efforts have focused on tackling the Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and HER2 signaling pathways. Developing diagnostics and therapeutic strategies enables more efficient elimination of the tumor mass together with the stem cell population. Thus, the knowledge about appropriate therapeutic methods targeting both "normal" breast cancer cells and breast cancer stem cell subpopulations is crucial for success in cancer elimination.

Mortality in relation to diabetes remission in Swedish Obese Subjects -a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: People with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have reduced life expectancy, partly explained by increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Here, we examined whether 2-year diabetes remission after bariatric surgery or usual care is associated with long-term mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This report includes 586 participants with obesity and concomitant T2D from the prospective Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) cohort study; 338 underwent bariatric surgery and 248 received usual obesity care. At inclusion, age was 37-60 years and BMI ≥34 kg/m2 in men and ≥38 kg/m2 in women. Median follow-up was 26.2 years (interquartile range 22.7-28.7). Diabetes status was determined using self-reported data on diabetes medication and in-study measures of blood glucose and HbA1c. The study was cross-linked to Swedish national registers for data on morbidity, death, and emigration. RESULTS: Overall, 284 participants, 71.9% of surgery and 16.5% of usual care patients, were in remission at the 2-year examination. During follow-up, mortality rates were 16.6 deaths per 1000 person-years (95% CI:13.7-20.1) in the remission subgroup and 26.0 deaths per 1000 person-years (95% CI:22.2-30.4) in the non-remission subgroup (adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj)=0.71, 95% CI:0.54-0.95, P=0.019). The adjusted median life expectancy in the remission subgroup was 2.5 years (95% CI:0.3-4.7) longer than in the non-remission subgroup. Specifically, remission was associated with decreased cardiovascular mortality (sub-HRadj=0.54, 95% CI:0.35-0.85, P=0.008), but no detectable association with cancer mortality was found (sub-HRadj=1.06, 95% CI:0.60-1.86), P=0.841). CONCLUSION: In this post-hoc analysis of data from the SOS study, patients who achieved short-term diabetes remission had increased life expectancy and decreased cardiovascular death over up to 32 years of follow-up. Future studies should confirm these findings.

Breast Cancer Risk After Bariatric Surgery and Influence of Insulin Levels: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial.

Importance: Obesity and insulin are risk factors for breast cancer, and retrospective studies suggest bariatric surgery reduces breast cancer risk in women. However, long-term prospective data on breast cancer risk after bariatric surgery and the role of baseline insulin levels are lacking. Objective: To examine if bariatric surgery is associated with breast cancer incidence in women and if treatment benefit is modified by baseline insulin levels. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study was a nonrandomized intervention trial designed to investigate the long-term effects of bariatric surgery on obesity-related mortality and morbidity. Study recruitment took place between 1987 and 2001, and median (IQR) follow-up time was 23.9 years (20.1-27.1) years. The study was conducted at 25 public surgical departments and 480 primary health care centers in Sweden and included 2867 women aged 37 to 60 years and with body mass index 38 or greater (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). Intervention: In the surgery group (n = 1420), 260 women underwent gastric banding, 970 vertical banded gastroplasty, and 190 gastric bypass. The remaining contemporaneously matched control individuals (n = 1447) received usual obesity care. Main Outcome and Measures: Breast cancer, the main outcome of this secondary report, was not a predefined outcome in the SOS study. Breast cancer events were identified in the Swedish National Cancer Registry. Results: The study population comprised 2867 women with a mean (SD) age of 48.0 (6.2) years. During follow-up, there were 154 breast cancer events, 66 in the surgery group and 88 in the usual care group, and a decreased risk of breast cancer was observed in the bariatric surgery group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.68; 95% CI, 0.49-0.94; P = .019; adjusted HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52-1.01; P = .06). The surgical treatment benefit on breast cancer risk was greater in women with baseline insulin levels above the median 15.8 µIU/L (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.31-0.74; P = .001; adjusted HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.35-0.86; P = .008) compared to those below (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.59-1.53; P = .84; adjusted HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.61-1.66; P = .97; interaction P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance: This prospective clinical trial indicated a reduced risk of breast cancer after bariatric surgery in women with obesity. The surgical treatment benefit was predominantly seen in women with hyperinsulinemia. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01479452.

Human Vault RNAs: Exploring Their Potential Role in Cellular Metabolism.

Non-coding RNAs have been described as crucial regulators of gene expression and guards of cellular homeostasis. Some recent papers focused on vault RNAs, one of the classes of non-coding RNA, and their role in cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, apoptosis, cancer response to therapy, and autophagy, which makes them potential therapy targets in oncology. In the human genome, four vault RNA paralogues can be distinguished. They are associated with vault complexes, considered the largest ribonucleoprotein complexes. The protein part of these complexes consists of a major vault protein (MVP) and two minor vault proteins (vPARP and TEP1). The name of the complex, as well as vault RNA, comes from the hollow barrel-shaped structure that resembles a vault. Their sequence and structure are highly evolutionarily conserved and show many similarities in comparison with different species, but vault RNAs have various roles. Vaults were discovered in 1986, and their functions remained unclear for many years. Although not much is known about their contribution to cell metabolism, it has become clear that vault RNAs are involved in various processes and pathways associated with cancer progression and modulating cell functioning in normal and pathological stages. In this review, we discuss known functions of human vault RNAs in the context of cellular metabolism, emphasizing processes related to cancer and cancer therapy efficacy.

Perceived Body Size in Relation to 10-Year Weight Change in the Swedish Obese Subjects Intervention Study.

INTRODUCTION: Body size underestimation in patients with obesity may be associated with long-term weight increase. In the current report, we analyse changes in body size perception in patients with obesity undergoing either bariatric surgery or usual obesity care, and in subgroups of patients who gain weight or maintain their body weight over 10 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 2,504 patients with obesity from the prospective, controlled Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) intervention study were included in this report, 1,370 patients underwent bariatric surgery and 1,134 patients were usual care controls. Weight was measured and body size was self-estimated using the Stunkard's figure rating scale at baseline and after 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 years of follow-up. A body perception index (BPI) was calculated as estimated/measured BMI. Weight (re)gain was defined as ≥10% increase between 1 and 10 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Body size was underestimated by 12% in the surgery and 14% in the control group (i.e., >5 BMI units) at baseline and underestimation largely persisted over 10 years in both intervention groups. When stratified by long-term weight development, weight regainers from the surgery group underestimated their body size to a larger degree compared to weight maintainers (12 vs. 9%, p < 0.001) after 10 years. Likewise weight gainers in the control group also underestimated their body size to a larger degree (17% vs. 13%, p < 0.001). In both groups, the change in BPI was significantly different between weight regainers and maintainers during follow-up (time-BPI interactions both p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with obesity underestimate their body size and this underestimation remains long-term even after major weight loss induced by bariatric surgery. In patients with obesity who maintain their weight, regardless of treatment, underestimation of body size persists but body size perception is slightly more accurate compared to patients who gain or regain weight long-term.

Long-term incidence of haematological cancer after bariatric surgery or usual care in the Swedish Obese Subjects study: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery in people with obesity is associated with a reduced overall cancer risk. Retrospective studies indicate that bariatric surgery specifically might reduce the risk of haematological cancers, but there is an absence of data from long-term, prospective studies. We therefore studied the association between bariatric surgery and haematological cancer in the Swedish Obese Subjects study. METHODS: The prospective controlled Swedish Obese Subjects study was designed to compare overall mortality in people who underwent bariatric surgery (n=2007) and usual care (n=2040). Participants were recruited through campaigns in mass media and at 480 primary health-care centres all over Sweden. The inclusion criteria were an age of 37-60 years and a BMI of 34 kg/m2 or more in men and 38 kg/m2 or more in women before or at the time of the examination. Haematological cancer events, including malignant lymphoma, myeloma, myeloproliferative neoplasms, as well as acute and chronic leukaemias, were captured from the Swedish Cancer Registry. The main outcome of this study was haematological cancer incidence and mortality. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01479452) and is ongoing. FINDINGS: A total of 4047 individuals with obesity were enrolled between Sept 1, 1987, and Jan 31, 2001. Overall, 34 participants in the surgery group and 51 participants in the usual care control group were diagnosed with haematological cancer during follow-up (hazard ratio [HR] 0·60; 95% CI 0·39-0·92; p=0·020). Moreover, there were three deaths by haematological cancer in the surgery group and 13 deaths in the control group (0·22; 0·06-0·76; p=0·017). Surgery was also associated with a reduced incidence of lymphoma (0·45; 0·23-0·88; p=0·020). A significant difference in treatment effect between men and women was found; bariatric surgery was associated with reduced incidence of haematological cancer in women (0·44; 0·26-0·74; p=0·002), but not in men (1·35; 0·58-3·17; p=0·489; interaction p=0·031). INTERPRETATION: Bariatric surgery is associated with a reduced incidence of haematological cancer, specifically in women. Health-care providers and policy makers working in the field of cancer prevention should consider bariatric surgery a primary prevention resource for people with obesity. FUNDING: The Swedish Research Council, the Swedish State under the agreement between the Swedish Government and the county councils, the Avtal om Läkarutbildning och Forskning agreement, the Health & Medical Care Committee of the Region Västra Götaland, the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Gothenburg Medical Society, and the Adlerbert Research Foundation. TRANSLATION: For the Swedish translation of the abstract see Supplementary Material section.

Non-alcohol substance use disorder after bariatric surgery in the prospective, controlled Swedish Obese Subjects study.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate whether bariatric surgery is associated with substance use disorder (SUD) with substances other than alcohol. METHODS: The prospective, controlled Swedish Obese Subjects study enrolled 2010 patients with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery (gastric bypass n = 265; vertical banded gastroplasty n = 1369; gastric banding n = 376) and 2037 matched control individuals receiving usual obesity care. Participants with SUD other than alcohol use disorder were identified using International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes from the Swedish National Patient Register (covering treatment in hospital but not primary care). Those with a history of non-alcohol SUD were excluded. Median follow-up was 23.8 years. RESULTS: During follow-up, non-alcohol SUD incidence rates per 1000 person-years with 95% CI were 1.6 (0.8-3.1), 0.8 (0.5-1.2), 1.1 (0.5-2.2), and 0.6 (0.4-0.8) for gastric bypass, vertical banded gastroplasty, gastric banding, and control individuals, respectively. Only gastric bypass was associated with increased incidence of non-alcohol SUD (adjusted hazard ratio 2.54 [95% CI: 1.14-5.65], p = 0.022) compared with control participants. CONCLUSIONS: Gastric bypass surgery was associated with increased risk of non-alcohol SUD, and this should be considered in long-term postoperative care.

Life expectancy after bariatric surgery or usual care in patients with or without baseline type 2 diabetes in Swedish Obese Subjects.

OBJECTIVES: To determine life expectancy and causes of death after bariatric surgery in relation to baseline type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the prospective, Swedish Obese Subjects study. METHODS: The study included 2010 patients with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery and 2037 matched controls, eligible for surgery. The surgery group underwent gastric bypass (n = 265), banding (n = 376), or vertical banded gastroplasty (n = 1369). The control group (n = 2037) received usual obesity care. Causes of death were obtained from the Swedish Cause of Death Register, case sheets and autopsy reports, in patients with baseline T2D (n = 392 surgery patients/n = 305 controls) or non-T2D (n = 1609 surgery patients/n = 1726 controls) during a median follow-up 26 years. RESULTS: In T2D and non-T2D subgroups, bariatric surgery was associated with increased life expectancy (2.1, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.2-4.0; and 1.6, 0.5-2.7 years, respectively) and reduced overall mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (adjHR) = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.61-0.97; and 0.82, 0.72-0.94, respectively), and the treatment benefit was similar (interaction p = 0.615). Bariatric surgery was associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality in both subgroups (adjHR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.46-0.91; and 0.70, 0.55-0.88, respectively (interaction p = 0.516)). CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery is associated with similar reduction of overall and cardiovascular mortality and increased life expectancy regardless of baseline diabetes status.

Evolution of age-related mutation-driven clonal haematopoiesis over 20 years is associated with metabolic dysfunction in obesity.

BACKGROUND: Haematopoietic clones caused by somatic mutations with ≥2% variant allele frequency (VAF) increase with age and are linked to risk of haematological malignancies and cardiovascular disease. Recent observations suggest that smaller clones (VAF<2%) are also associated with adverse outcomes. Our aims were to determine the prevalence of clonal haematopoiesis driven by clones of variable sizes in individuals with obesity treated by usual care or bariatric surgery (a treatment that improves metabolic status), and to examine the expansion of clones in relation to age and metabolic dysregulation over up to 20 years. METHODS: Clonal haematopoiesis-driver mutations (CHDMs) were identified in blood samples from participants of the Swedish Obese Subjects intervention study. Using an ultrasensitive assay, we analysed single-timepoint samples from 1050 individuals treated by usual care and 841 individuals who had undergone bariatric surgery, and multiple-timepoint samples taken over 20 years from a subset (n = 40) of the individuals treated by usual care. FINDINGS: In this explorative study, prevalence of CHDMs was similar in the single-timepoint usual care and bariatric surgery groups (20.6% and 22.5%, respectively, P = 0.330), with VAF ranging from 0.01% to 31.15%. Clone sizes increased with age in individuals with obesity, but not in those who underwent bariatric surgery. In the multiple-timepoint analysis, VAF increased by on average 7% (range -4% to 24%) per year and rate of clone growth was negatively associated with HDL-cholesterol (R = -0.68, 1.74 E-04). INTERPRETATION: Low HDL-C was associated with growth of haematopoietic clones in individuals with obesity treated by usual care. FUNDING: The Swedish Research Council, The Swedish state under an agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF (Avtal om Läkarutbildning och Forskning) agreement, The Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, The Novo Nordisk Foundation, The European Research Council, The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research.

The Role of Telomerase in Breast Cancer's Response to Therapy.

Currently, breast cancer appears to be the most widespread cancer in the world and the most common cause of cancer deaths. This specific type of cancer affects women in both developed and developing countries. Prevention and early diagnosis are very important factors for good prognosis. A characteristic feature of cancer cells is the ability of unlimited cell division, which makes them immortal. Telomeres, which are shortened with each cell division in normal cells, are rebuilt in cancer cells by the enzyme telomerase, which is expressed in more than 85% of cancers (up to 100% of adenocarcinomas, including breast cancer). Telomerase may have different functions that are related to telomeres or unrelated. It has been shown that high activity of the enzyme in cancer cells is associated with poor cell sensitivity to therapies. Therefore, telomerase has become a potential target for cancer therapies. The low efficacy of therapies has resulted in the search for new combined and more effective therapeutic methods, including the involvement of telomerase inhibitors and telomerase-targeted immunotherapy.

Heart failure in obesity: insights from proteomics in patients treated with or without weight-loss surgery.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with incident heart failure (HF), but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. METHODS: We performed a nested case-control study within the Swedish-Obese-Subjects study, by identifying 411 cases who developed HF and matched them with respect to age, sex, weight-loss-surgery and length of follow-up with 410 controls who did not develop HF. In analyses corrected for multiple testing, we studied 182 plasma proteins known to be related to cardiovascular disease to investigate whether they could add to the understanding of the processes underlying obesity-related HF. RESULTS: A total of 821 subjects were followed for 16 ± 6 years. Multivariable analysis adjusted for matching variables revealed that 32 proteins were significantly associated with HF. Twelve proteins were related to HF ≥ 80% of the time using a bootstrap resampling approach (false-discovery-rate [FDR] < 0.05): 11 were associated with increased HF-risk: TNFRSF10A*, ST6GAL1, PRCP, MMP12, TIMP1, CCL3, QPCT, ANG, C1QTNF1, SERPINA5 and GAL-9; and one was related to reduced HF-risk: LPL. An further 20 proteins were associated with onset of HF 50-80% of the time using bootstrap resampling (FDR < 0.05). A pathway analysis including all significant 32 proteins suggested that these biomarkers were related to inflammation, matrix remodeling, cardiometabolic hormones and hemostasis. Three proteins, C1QTNF1, FGF-21 and CST3, reflecting dyslipidemia and kidney disease, displayed a higher association with HF in patients who did not undergo weight-loss-surgery and maintained with obesity. CONCLUSION: Pathways associated with HF in obesity include inflammation, matrix remodeling, cardiometabolic hormones and hemostasis; three protein biomarkers predicting HF appeared to be obesity-specific.

Association of Bariatric Surgery With Cancer Incidence in Patients With Obesity and Diabetes: Long-term Results From the Swedish Obese Subjects Study.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with serious adverse health effects, including cancer. Although bariatric surgery has been shown to reduce cancer risk in patients with obesity, the effect of bariatric surgery on cancer risk in patients with obesity and diabetes is less studied. We therefore examined the long-term incidence of cancer after bariatric surgery and usual care in patients with obesity and diabetes in the matched prospective Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The SOS study examines long-term outcomes following bariatric surgery or usual care. The current analysis includes 701 patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes at baseline, 393 of whom underwent bariatric surgery and 308 who received conventional obesity treatment. Information on cancer events was obtained from the Swedish National Cancer Register. Median follow-up time was 21.3 years (interquartile range 17.6-24.8 years, maximum 30.7 years). RESULTS: During follow-up, the incidence rate for first-time cancer was 9.1 per 1,000 person-years (95% CI 7.2-11.5) in patients with obesity and diabetes treated with bariatric surgery and 14.1 per 1,000 person-years (95% CI 11.2-17.7) in patients treated with usual obesity care (adjusted hazard ratio 0.63 [95% CI 0.44-0.89], P = 0.008). Moreover, surgery was associated with reduced cancer incidence in women (0.58 [0.38-0.90], P = 0.016), although the sex-treatment interaction was nonsignificant (P = 0.630). In addition, diabetes remission at the 10-year follow-up was associated with reduced cancer incidence (0.40 [0.22-0.74], P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that bariatric surgery prevents cancer in patients with obesity and diabetes and that durable diabetes remission is associated with reduced cancer risk.

Long-term incidence of hypoglycaemia-related events after bariatric surgery or usual care in the Swedish Obese Subjects study: A register-based analysis.

AIMS: To examine the incidence of hypoglycaemia-related events over a period of up to 31 years in patients treated with bariatric surgery in the prospective, controlled Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The SOS study (n = 4047) is a prospective controlled intervention study. The present analysis included 1989 patients treated with bariatric surgery and 2027 control patients with obesity who received usual care. Diagnosed hypoglycaemia and events commonly attributed to hypoglycaemia (confusion, syncope, epilepsy and seizures), requiring hospital or specialist outpatient treatment, were identified by searching the National Patient Register. Analyses were stratified by baseline glycaemic status. Hazard ratios were adjusted for inclusion year, age, sex, smoking, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level and body mass index at baseline. At the time of analysis (December 31, 2018), the median follow-up was 22 years. RESULTS: Compared with usual care, bariatric surgery was associated with increased incidence of hypoglycaemia-related events in patients without baseline diabetes (168 and 219 events, respectively; log-rank P = .011), with a more pronounced risk during the first years of follow-up (test of time-treatment interaction P = .010). Multivariate analyses in patients without baseline diabetes indicated that male sex (P < .001), older age (P = .001) and higher HbA1c levels (P = .006) were associated with hypoglycaemia-related events. No association was found between risk of hypoglycaemia-related events and bariatric surgery in patients with baseline diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery is associated with an increased incidence of hypoglycaemia-related events in patients without baseline diabetes, especially during the first years after treatment.

Long-term incidence of colorectal cancer after bariatric surgery or usual care in the Swedish Obese Subjects study.

Bariatric surgery in patients with obesity is generally considered to reduce cancer risk in patients with obesity. However, for colorectal cancer some studies report an increased risk with bariatric surgery, whereas others report a decreased risk. These conflicting results demonstrate the need of more long-term studies analyzing the effect of bariatric surgery on colorectal cancer risk. Therefore, data from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01479452, was used to examine the impact of bariatric surgery on long-term incidence of colorectal cancer. The SOS study includes 2007 patients who underwent bariatric surgery and 2040 contemporaneously matched controls who received conventional obesity treatment. Patients in the surgery group underwent gastric bypass (n = 266), banding (n = 376) or vertical banded gastroplasty (n = 1365). Information on colorectal cancer events was obtained from the Swedish National Cancer Registry. Median follow-up was 22.2 years (inter-quartile range 18.3-25.2). During follow up there were 58 colorectal cancer events in the surgery group and 67 colorectal cancer events in the matched control group with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.79 (95% CI:0.55-1.12; p = 0.183). After adjusting for age, body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking status, and diabetes, the adjusted HR was 0.89 (95% CI:0.62-1.29; p = 0.551). When analyzing rectal cancer events separately- 19 events in the surgery group and 31 events in the control group-a decreased risk of rectal cancer with surgery was observed (HR = 0.56; 95% CI:0.32-0.99; p = 0.045, adjusted HR = 0.61 (95% CI:0.34-1.10; p = 0.099), while the risk of colon cancer was unchanged. To conclude- in this long-term, prospective study, bariatric surgery was not associated with altered colorectal cancer risk.

Life Expectancy after Bariatric Surgery in the Swedish Obese Subjects Study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity shortens life expectancy. Bariatric surgery is known to reduce the long-term relative risk of death, but its effect on life expectancy is unclear. METHODS: We used the Gompertz proportional hazards regression model to compare mortality and life expectancy among patients treated with either bariatric surgery (surgery group) or usual obesity care (control group) in the prospective, controlled Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study and participants in the SOS reference study (reference cohort), a random sample from the general population. RESULTS: In total, 2007 and 2040 patients were included in the surgery group and the control group, respectively, and 1135 participants were included in the reference cohort. At the time of the analysis (December 31, 2018), the median duration of follow-up for mortality was 24 years (interquartile range, 22 to 27) in the surgery group and 22 years (interquartile range, 21 to 27) in the control group; data on mortality were available for 99.9% of patients in the study. In the SOS reference cohort, the median duration of follow-up was 20 years (interquartile range, 19 to 21), and data on mortality were available for 100% of participants. In total, 457 patients (22.8%) in the surgery group and 539 patients (26.4%) in the control group died (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 0.87; P<0.001). The corresponding hazard ratio was 0.70 (95% CI, 0.57 to 0.85) for death from cardiovascular disease and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.61 to 0.96) for death from cancer. The adjusted median life expectancy in the surgery group was 3.0 years (95% CI, 1.8 to 4.2) longer than in the control group but 5.5 years shorter than in the general population. The 90-day postoperative mortality was 0.2%, and 2.9% of the patients in the surgery group underwent repeat surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with obesity, bariatric surgery was associated with longer life expectancy than usual obesity care. Mortality remained higher in both groups than in the general population. (Funded by the Swedish Research Council and others; SOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01479452.).

Comparison of Preoperative Remission Scores and Diabetes Duration Alone as Predictors of Durable Type 2 Diabetes Remission and Risk of Diabetes Complications After Bariatric Surgery: A Post Hoc Analysis of Participants From the Swedish Obese Subjects Study.

OBJECTIVE: Bariatric surgery is associated with diabetes remission and prevention of diabetes-related complications. The ABCD, DiaRem, Ad-DiaRem, DiaBetter, and individualized metabolic surgery scores were developed to predict short- to medium-term diabetes remission after bariatric surgery. However, they have not been tested for predicting durable remission nor the risk of diabetes complications, nor compared with diabetes duration alone. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We identified 363 individuals from the surgically treated group in the prospective Swedish Obese Subjects study with preoperative type 2 diabetes and for whom data (preoperative age, BMI, C-peptide, HbA1c, oral diabetes medications, insulin use, and diabetes duration) were available for calculation of remission scores. Partial remission (after 2 and 10 years) was defined as blood glucose <6.1 mmol/L or HbA1c <6.5% (48 mmol/mol) and no diabetes medication. Information on diabetes complications (at baseline and over 15 years of follow-up) was obtained from national health registers. Discrimination was evaluated by area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs). RESULTS: For 2-year diabetes remission, AUROCs were between 0.79 and 0.88 for remission scores and 0.84 for diabetes duration alone. After 10 years, the predictive ability of scores decreased markedly (AUROCs between 0.70 and 0.76), and no score had higher predictive capacity than diabetes duration alone (AUROC = 0.73). For development of microvascular and macrovascular diabetes complications over 15 years, AUROCs for remission scores were 0.70-0.80 and 0.62-0.71, respectively, and AUROCs for diabetes duration alone were 0.77 and 0.66, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Remission scores and diabetes duration are good predictors of short-term diabetes remission. However, for durable remission and risk of complications, remission scores and diabetes duration alone have limited predictive ability.