Use of Underarm Cosmetic Products in Relation to Risk of Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies on breast cancer (BC), underarm cosmetic products (UCP) and aluminum salts have shown conflicting results. We conducted a 1:1 age-matched case-control study to investigate the risk for BC in relation to self-reported UCP application. METHODS: Self-reported history of UCP use was compared between 209 female BC patients (cases) and 209 healthy controls. Aluminum concentration in breast tissue was measured in 100 cases and 52 controls. Multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for established BC risk factors. FINDINGS: Use of UCP was significantly associated with risk of BC (p=0.036). The risk for BC increased by an OR of 3.88 (95% CI 1.03-14.66) in women who reported using UCP's several times daily starting at an age earlier than 30years. Aluminum in breast tissue was found in both cases and controls and was significantly associated to self-reported UCP use (p=0.009). Median (interquartile) aluminum concentrations were significantly higher (p=0.001) in cases than in controls (5.8, 2.3-12.9 versus 3.8, 2.5-5.8nmol/g). INTERPRETATION: Frequent use of UCPs may lead to an accumulation of aluminum in breast tissue. More than daily use of UCPs at younger ages may increase the risk of BC.

Hormone-dependent shrinkage of a sphenoid wing meningioma after pregnancy: case report.

Meningiomas are known to be associated with female sex hormones. Worsening neurological symptoms or newly diagnosed meningiomas have been described in the context of elevated levels of sex hormones, for example, in pregnancy. To the authors' knowledge, tumor shrinkage after the normalization of hormones has not been described, even if it is known that neurological deficits due to meningioma compression may improve after giving birth. A 32-year-old female patient presented with severe headache and vision disturbances at the end of her second pregnancy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an extended mass at the lateral left-sided sphenoid wing that was suspected to be a meningioma. After delivery, the patient's symptoms improved, and MRI obtained 2 months postpartum showed significant shrinkage of the lesion. Significant tumor shrinkage can occur after pregnancy. Thus, repeat imaging is indicated in these patients.

Tamoxifen and anastrozole as a sequencing strategy: a randomized controlled trial in postmenopausal patients with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer from the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group.

PURPOSE: Anastrozole (ANA) alone delivers significant disease-free survival benefits over tamoxifen (TAM) monotherapy in postmenopausal women with early estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. The ABCSG-8 (Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group 8) study is a large phase III clinical trial addressing the sequence strategy containing ANA in comparison with 5 years of TAM in a low- to intermediate-risk group of postmenopausal patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Endocrine receptor-positive patients with G1 or G2 tumors were eligible. After surgery, patients were randomly assigned to 5 years of TAM or 2 years of TAM followed by 3 years of ANA. Adjuvant chemotherapy and G3 and T4 tumors were exclusion criteria. Intention-to-treat and censored analyses of on-treatment recurrence-free survival (RFS) were performed, and exploratory survival end points and toxicity were investigated. RESULTS: Information from 3,714 patients, including 17,563 woman-years, with a median of 60 months of follow-up was available for this analysis. Median age was 63.8 years, 75% were node negative, and 75% had T1 tumors. Sequencing of ANA after identical 2-year treatment with TAM in both arms did not result in a statistically significant improvement of RFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.01; P = .06). Exploratory analyses of distant relapse-free survival indicated a 22% improvement (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.00). On-treatment adverse events and serious adverse events were consistent with known toxicity profiles of ANA and TAM treatment. CONCLUSION: Despite a low overall rate of recurrence in a population with breast cancer at limited risk of relapse, the a priori sequence strategy of 2 years of TAM followed by 3 years of ANA led to small outcome and toxicity benefits.

Prognostic value of number of removed lymph nodes, number of involved lymph nodes, and lymph node ratio in 7502 breast cancer patients enrolled onto trials of the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group (ABCSG).

PURPOSE: The number of removed axillary lymph nodes and the ratio of involved to removed lymph nodes are described as independent prognostic factors beside the absolute number of involved lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. The correlation between these factors and prognosis were investigated in trials of the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group (ABCSG). METHODS: This retrospective analysis is based on the data of 7052 patients with endocrine-responsive breast cancer who were randomized in four trials of the ABCSG in the years 1990-2006 and underwent axillary lymph node dissection. The prognostic value of number of removed nodes (NRN), number of involved nodes (NIN), and ratio of involved to removed nodes (lymph node ratio, LNR) concerning recurrence-free survival and overall survival was analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 2718 patients had node-positive disease. No correlation was found between NRN and prognosis. Increasing NIN and LNR were significantly associated with worse recurrence-free survival and overall survival in univariate and multivariate analyses (P < .001). Only in the subgroup of patients with one to three positive lymph nodes and treated with mastectomy (n = 728) was LNR an additional prognostic factor in univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: For breast cancer patients stringently medicated in the framework of prospective adjuvant clinical trials and requiring a mandatory minimum of removed nodes, NRN does not influence prognosis, and LNR is not superior to NIN as prognostic factor. In patients with one to three positive lymph nodes and mastectomy, LNR could play a role as an additional prognostic factor.

Impact of body mass index on the efficacy of endocrine therapy in premenopausal patients with breast cancer: an analysis of the prospective ABCSG-12 trial.

PURPOSE: Aromatase inhibitors are effective as endocrine treatment for patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. According to the hypothesis that overweight patients have higher levels of aromatase enzyme availability, we investigated the influence of body mass index (BMI) on the efficacy of adjuvant endocrine therapy in premenopausal patients in a retrospective analysis of the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group (ABCSG) 12 trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: ABCSG-12 examined the efficacy of ovarian suppression using goserelin (3.6 mg subcutaneously every 28 days) in combination with anastrozole or tamoxifen with or without zoledronic acid (4 mg intravenously every 6 months) in premenopausal women with endocrine-responsive breast cancer. BMI was calculated using the prospectively collected data on patients' height and weight at study entry. BMI categories have been differentiated according to the WHO definition. RESULTS: Overweight patients treated with anastrozole had a 60% increase in the risk of disease recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 1.60; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.41; P = .02) and more than a doubling in the risk of death (HR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.17 to 3.92; P = .01) compared with normal weight patients treated with anastrozole. In the overweight group, patients treated with anastrozole had a nearly 50% increase in the risk of disease recurrence (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.93 to 2.38; P = .08) and a three-fold increase in the risk of death (HR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.35 to 6.82; P = .004) compared with patients treated with tamoxifen. CONCLUSION: BMI significantly impacts on the efficacy of anastrozole plus goserelin in premenopausal patients with breast cancer, probably through influencing aromatase availability and/or ovarian suppression by goserelin.

Development of a screening tool for the identification of psychooncological treatment need in breast cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: In breast cancer patients the diagnosis, treatment and aftercare of the physical disease cause a large amount of psychosocial distress, which can have a variety of negative consequences on patients' physical and mental well-being. Although about one-third of the patients show heightened psychosocial distress that may require psychooncological interventions its detection in daily clinical routine is poor and referral to mental health professionals is insufficient. The aim of the study was to develop a short screening tool for the detection of need for psychooncological treatment (POT) in breast cancer patients. METHODS: Over a period of six months, 115 breast cancer outpatients attending the Department of Gynaecology at Innsbruck Medical University were consecutively included in the study. Logistic regression analysis and ROC analyses were used to identify the most predictive item set from a set of questionnaires (EORTC-QLQ-C30, HADS and Hornheide Screening Instrument) and other additional questions. RESULTS: Data from 105 breast cancer patients (mean age 58.8, SD 12.3) were available for analysis. A logistic regression equation containing the EORTC-QLQ-C30 scales Emotional Functioning and Role Functioning as well as the yes-no question after psychiatric/psychological/psychotherapeutic treatment at any point in lifetime showed highest predictive power with regard to need of POT (AUC=0.88; CI 95% 0.82-0.95). A pilot study (n=20) investigating applicability of a computerized version of this screening tool in oncological routine showed high acceptance and feasibility. CONCLUSION: The developed PO-screening tool showed high diagnostic accuracy regarding POT needs. The short assessment time and good usability of its computerized version allowed easy implementation in daily oncological routine.

Anemia is a significant prognostic factor in local relapse-free survival of premenopausal primary breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of anemia on local relapse-free, relapse-free, and overall survival (LRFS, RFS, and OS, respectively) in premenopausal, primary breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant polychemotherapy, and to determine which conventional prognostic factors affected these outcomes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Four hundred twenty-four premenopausal patients with early-stage primary breast cancer and hormone receptor-expressing tumors were treated with i.v. cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil (CMF) polychemotherapy as part of an adjuvant phase III trial (Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group Trial 5). The influence of anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL) on LRFS, RFS, and OS was evaluated in a retrospective analysis. RESULTS: Of 424 patients, 77 (18.2%) developed anemia on CMF chemotherapy. After a median follow-up time of 5 years, 8.9% of nonanemic patients had local relapse compared with 19.6% of anemic patients (P=0.0006). Although mastectomy was associated with anemia (26% versus 13.7% in breast conserving surgery; P=0.002), multivariate analysis did not show mastectomy per se to be a significant risk factor for LRFS. Age, lymph node status, and hemoglobin had an independent significant influence on LRFS (P<0.005). Anemic patients had a relative risk of 2.96 (95% confidence interval, 1.41-6.23) for developing local relapse in comparison with nonanemic patients. CONCLUSION: Premenopausal breast cancer patients who developed anemia during the CMF regimen had significantly worse LRFS. In Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group Trial 5, anemia may have contributed to an almost doubled incidence of local recurrence in the chemotherapy arm. Molecular targets associated with tumor hypoxia and distinct from erythropoiesis should receive further attention in experimental and clinical settings.

The potential risk of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients--results from a prospective randomized trial of the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group (ABCSG-07).

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact that pre- and postoperatively administered chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil (CMF) and postoperative chemotherapy vs. postoperative chemotherapy alone have on long-term prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The ABCSG conducted a nationwide randomized phase III trial in high-risk endocrine non-responsive breast cancer patients comparing pre- and postoperative chemotherapy containing CMF as preoperative treatment vs. postoperative chemotherapy alone between 1991 and 1999. From 1996 the ABCSG-07 protocol was amended to also allow randomization of high-risk endocrine-responsive patients. Of 423 eligible patients with high-risk primary breast cancer, 203 patients were randomly assigned to preoperatively receive three cycles of CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil; 600/40/600 mg/m(2)) intravenously on day 1 and 8, while 195 patients received postoperative chemotherapy alone. In both groups, three cycles of CMF were given initially, and another three cycles of CMF were administered in node-negative patients, whereas node-positive patients received three cycles of EC (epirubicin, cyclophosphamide; 70/600 mg/m(2)). RESULTS: Overall response rate to preoperative chemotherapy with three cycles of CMF was 56.2%; complete pathological response was achieved in 12 patients (5.9%). Recurrence-free survival was significantly better in patients receiving chemotherapy postoperatively (HR 0.7, 0.515-0.955; P = 0.024). No survival difference was observed between the two therapy groups (HR 0.800, 0.563-1.136; P = 0.213). DISCUSSION: Preoperative chemotherapy with CMF has to be considered as insufficient in high-risk breast cancer patients. Delayed surgery and anthracycline-based chemotherapy result in shorter recurrence-free survival but not overall survival.

Lumpectomy plus tamoxifen or anastrozole with or without whole breast irradiation in women with favorable early breast cancer.

PURPOSE: In women with favorable early breast cancer treated by lumpectomy plus tamoxifen or anastrazole, it remains unclear whether whole breast radiotherapy is beneficial. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Between January 1996 and June 2004, the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group (ABCSG) randomly assigned 869 women to receive breast radiotherapy +/- boost (n = 414) or not (n = 417) after breast-conserving surgery (ABCSG Study 8A). Favorable early breast cancer was specified as tumor size <3 cm, Grading 1 or 2, negative lymph nodes, positive estrogen and/or progesterone receptor status, and manageable by breast-conserving surgery. Breast radiotherapy was performed after lumpectomy with 2 tangential opposed breast fields with mean 50 Gy, plus boost in 71% of patients with mean 10 Gy, in a median of 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was local relapse-free survival; further endpoints were contralateral breast cancer, distant metastases, and disease-free and overall survival. The median follow-up was 53.8 months. RESULTS: The mean age was 66 years. Overall, there were 21 local relapses, with 2 relapses in the radiotherapy group (5-y rate 0.4%) vs. 19 in the no-radiotherapy group (5.1%), respectively (p = 0.0001, hazard ratio 10.2). Overall relapses occurred in 30 patients, with 7 events in the radiotherapy group (5-y rate 2.1%) vs. 23 events in the no-radiotherapy group (6.1%) (p = 0.002, hazard ratio 3.5). No significant differences were found for distant metastases and overall survival. CONCLUSION: Breast radiotherapy +/- boost in women with favorable early breast cancer after lumpectomy combined with tamoxifen/anastrazole leads to a significant reduction in local and overall relapse.

Ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of the breast: does frozen section give an accurate diagnosis?

Reducing the period of uncertainty between the discovery of a breast tumor and histological diagnosis alleviates the psychological impact of breast cancer to an important degree. We aimed to verify whether histological results obtained with frozen sections of core needle biopsies (CNBs) offer an accurate and reliable tool for minimising this period. In 2619 cases we compared histological diagnosis on frozen sections with those on paraffin sections of CNB and finally with the results of open biopsies. Of the cases 49% were proved malignant and 51% benign. In 99.3% of the malignant lesions preceding CNB was correctly classified as B5 (n = 1185, 92.9%) or at least B4 (n = 82, 6.4%) in frozen and in paraffin sections. There were seven false-negative cases in frozen (false-negative rate = 0.5%) and five false-negative cases (false-negative rate = 0.4%) in paraffin sections of CNB. On frozen sections complete sensitivity was 99.5% and the positive predictive value of B5 was 99.9%. There was one false-positive case in frozen sections and one in paraffin sections. False-positive rate = 0.08%, negative predictive value for B2 = 99.4% for frozen and 99.6% for paraffin sections; full specificity was 85.9 for frozen and 85.8 for paraffin sections of CNBs. Immediate investigation of CNB in frozen sections is an accurate diagnostic method and an important step in reducing psychological strain on patients with breast tumors and may be offered by specialised Breast Assessment Units.

Preoperative core needle biopsy does not increase local recurrence rate in breast cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: Several case reports and clinical studies in the literature demonstrate needle track seeding after core needle biopsy in patients with breast cancer in up to 50% of cases. The impact of this observation on local recurrence and overall survival rate is, however, not fully investigated. PATIENTS AND DESIGN: We retrospectively analysed 719 patients after breast conserving surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for stage I and II breast cancer. We divided this group into patients with (189) and without (530) preoperative core needle biopsy. Demographic data, local recurrence and overall survival rate were compared between these two groups. RESULT: Preoperative core needle biopsy did not significantly influence the local free recurrence rate (median follow-up time of 78 and 71 months, respectively). The prognostic factors and the postoperative therapy did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Preoperative core needle biopsy seems to have no detrimental impact on local recurrence and overall survival after breast conserving surgery and postoperative radiotherapy.

Prognostic value of lymphangiogenesis and lymphovascular invasion in invasive breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic relevance of lymphangiogenesis and lymphovascular invasion in a large cohort of breast cancer patients. INTRODUCTION: Invasion of tumor cells into blood and lymphatic vessels is one of the critical steps for metastasis. The presence or absence of lymph node metastasis is one of the main decision criteria for further therapy. One shortcoming of previous morphologic studies was the lack of specific markers that could exact discriminate between blood and lymphatic vessels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic relevance of lymphangiogenesis and lymphovascular invasion in breast cancer patients. METHODS: We investigated 374 tissue specimens of patients suffering from invasive breast cancer by immunostaining for the lymphatic endothelial specific marker podoplanin. Lymphangiogenesis, quantified by evaluating the lymphatic microvessels density (LMVD), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were correlated with various clinical parameters and prognostic relevance. RESULTS: LMVD correlated significantly with LVI (P = 0.001). LVI was associated significantly with a higher risk for developing lymph-node metastasis (P = 0.004). Calculating the prognostic relevance, LVI presented as an independent prognostic parameter for disease free as well as overall survival (P = 0.001, and P = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our data provide evidence that the biologic system of lymphangiogenesis constitutes a potential new target for development of anti-breast cancer therapeutic concepts. Our results further suggest that young, premenopausal patients with low differentiated breast tumors and high LMVD and LVI would, in particular, benefit from lymphangiogenesis-associated therapeutic strategies.

Prognostic markers in breast cancer: the reliability of HER2/neu status in core needle biopsy of 325 patients with primary breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The assessment of HER2/neu overexpression in tissue provides information about one of the most relevant prognostic and predictive markers in breast cancer: overexpression of HER2/neu is associated with worse prognosis in primary breast cancer. Since core needle biopsy is increasingly used for the diagnosis of breast cancer, the purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of HER2/neu evaluation using this technique in patients with primary breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We investigated the accuracy of immunohistochemical assessment of HER2/neu in core needle biopsies compared with surgically obtained specimens in 325 patients with primary breast cancer. In patients strongly positive for HER2/neu, additional fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of needle biopsies was performed. RESULTS: Using immunohistochemistry alone, accuracy of HER2/neu assessment in core biopsies in relation to surgically removed specimens was 92% and increased to 96% with additional FISH analysis (weighted Kappa coefficient: 0.86). DISCUSSION: As proven with this large series of patients, the assessment of HER2/neu status by core needle biopsy in breast cancer is accurate. Notwithstanding, in order to minimize the number of false-positive results, strongly positive core needle biopsies identified using immunohistochemistry should be confirmed by FISH analysis.

Survival after surgical treatment of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The principle objective of locoregional treatment in breast cancer is to eradicate local disease in the breast and local lymph nodes. Surgery in breast cancer provides locoregional control of the disease by resection appropriate to oncological principles, i.e. complete resection with tumour-free margins. Type and extent of breast surgery is dependent on tumour stage; beyond that and even more importantly, prognosis of an individual patient depends upon its stage at diagnosis. METHOD: We reviewed the current literature, working out stage-specific survival and disease-free survival (DFS). The reported data were considered, according to stage and type of surgery, and a clear survey up to 20 years after surgery was depicted. Additionally, we assessed quality of life after breast cancer surgery. RESULTS: Overall survival (OS) rates after 5 years range from 93-84% in women diagnosed with stage I disease to 18% in women diagnosed with stage IV disease. In the management of stages I and II breast cancer, breast conservation with lumpectomy and radiation is a preferable alternative to mastectomy, with equivalent patient outcome. In stages III and IV breast cancer, surgery allows local control of the disease, but prognosis depends predominantly on the response to systemic treatment, as does prognosis in all breast cancer patients. CONCLUSION: The reported data distributing patients outcome according to stage and surgical treatment provide a clear summary in order to estimate an individual patient's risk.

Do we need HER-2/neu testing for all patients with primary breast carcinoma?

BACKGROUND: HER-2/neu is a valuable prognostic marker in primary breast carcinoma. Controversy surrounds the correlation between HER-2/neu expression and other prognostic markers, as has been discussed in preclinical and clinical studies. The objective of the current study was to investigate the probability, calculated using parameters that are assessed routinely in clinical practice, that patients with breast carcinoma had positive HER-2/neu status. METHODS: The authors evaluated HER-2/neu status in 923 consecutive patients with breast carcinoma by immunohistochemical methods. Correlations involving HER-2/neu status, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status, tumor grade, patient age, lymph node involvement, and tumor size were evaluated using the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test and the Spearman correlation. The authors created a simple scoring system (i.e., the diagnostic instrument for validation of HER-2/neu score) to define subgroups of patients with breast carcinoma and to determine the likelihood of HER-2/neu positivity. RESULTS: HER-2/neu overexpression was correlated significantly with negative ER (P = 0.0001) and PR status (P = 0.0001), Grade 3 (G3) lesions (P = 0.0001), and young age (P = 0.006). The likelihood of HER-2/neu positivity in a patient with positive ER and PR status and G1/G2 disease was approximately 6.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The authors demonstrated in a large patient series that HER-2/neu overexpression was associated with negative hormone receptor status, G3, and young age. In a subgroup of patients presenting with hormone-responsive and G1/G2 tumors, the likelihood of HER-2/neu overexpression was very small. Therefore, the assessment of HER-2/neu status in this subgroup of patients with breast carcinoma may be considered unnecessary, unless the role of HER-2/neu status in adjuvant treatment has been proven.

Expression of MRP1, LRP and Pgp in breast carcinoma patients treated with preoperative chemotherapy.

Our purpose was to determine the expression of the drug resistance factors multidrug resistance protein (MRP1), lung resistance protein (LRP) and P-glycoprotein (Pgp) in breast carcinoma patients treated with preoperative chemotherapy. We have studied the expression of these proteins in breast carcinomas by immunohistochemistry both prior (n = 80) and after (n = 68) preoperative chemotherapy and compared their expression with response to preoperative chemotherapy. In paired samples prior and after chemotherapy expression of drug resistance factors was significantly lower in prechemotherapy samples as compared with postchemotherapy specimens. This was observed for MRP1 (62% vs. 88%, P < 0.001), LRP (65% vs. 97%, P < 0.001) and Pgp (55% vs. 100%, P < 0.001). Prechemotherapy expression of MRP1 was more frequently observed in patients with distant metastases than in those without (50% vs. 8%, P = 0.02). No associations were observed between LRP expression and clinical parameters. Pgp expression was more frequently detected in lobular carcinomas than in ductal carcinomas (93% vs. 46%, P = 0.001) and in patients with positive lymph nodes than in patients with negative lymph nodes (65% vs. 31%, P = 0.008) but was independent of other clinical parameters. No significant associations were found between the prechemotherapy or postchemotherapy expression of either of these three proteins and response to preoperative chemotherapy. However, prechemotherapy MRP1 expression was significantly associated with shorter progression-free survival of the patients (P = 0.02), whereas no such associations were observed for either LRP or Pgp. In conclusion, preoperative chemotherapy increases the expression of MRP1, LRP and Pgp. Response to chemotherapy is not associated with pre- or postchemotherapy expression levels of these drug resistance proteins but time to progression may be influenced by prechemotherapy MRP1 expression.

Impact of pretreatment thrombocytosis on survival in primary breast cancer.

Platelet count has been reported to have predictive value in various cancer entities. In the case of breast cancer, evidence about involvement of platelets is still incomplete. Our objective was to assess the influence of pretreatment thrombocytosis on survival and establish its prognostic relevance for breast cancer patients. We performed a retrospective, multivariate analysis of 4,300 patients with early-stage breast cancer. All subjects participated in one of five prospective, randomized, multicenter trials conducted by the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Thrombocytosis was defined as a platelet count exceeding 400 G/L. Median follow-up was 52 months. Univariate and multiple Cox regression models were calculated for overall survival (OS), breast cancer-related survival and disease-free survival (DFS). Pretreatment thrombocytosis was observed in 161 patients (3.7%). Estimated median OS, breast cancer-related survival and DFS for patients with versus those without thrombocytosis was 71.0 versus 99.5, 72.0 versus 100.9, and 80.4 versus 88.4 months, respectively (p = 0.0054, p = 0.0095, p = 0.0199). A multiple Cox regression model including tumor and nodal status, grading, age, hormone receptor status and pretreatment thrombocytosis identified pretreatment thrombocytosis as an independent predictive factor for OS (p = 0.0064) and breast cancer-related survival (p = 0.0162). Multivariate analysis failed to identify pretreatment thrombocytosis as an independent risk factor for DFS (p = 0.1355). In our retrospective study, elevated platelet counts at time of diagnosis were associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. We hypothesize that platelets may contribute to the pathophysiology of hematogenous metastasis.

Preventive mastectomy in patients at breast cancer risk due to genetic alterations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene.

BACKGROUND: The availability of genetic testing for inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene provides potentially valuable information to women at high risk of breast and ovarian cancer. METHODS AND FOCUS: We review the literature on the value of prophylactic surgical strategies in patients with hereditary predisposition to develop breast cancer and discuss the surgical options available in high-risk cancer patients, decision analyses, and possible complications. RESULTS: Preventive surgical interventions to reduce cancer risk in high-risk patients are often strongly recommended. A patient's life-time risk to develop breast cancer in the presence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is 50-90%. Despite the reduction in the risk of developing breast cancer, prophylactic mastectomy often leads to significant physical and psychological sequelae.

Significant increase in breast conservation in 16 years of trials conducted by the Austrian Breast & Colorectal Cancer Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To confirm evidence that breast-conserving treatment (BCT) does not impair the prognosis in breast cancer patients as compared to mastectomy and to argue that it be regarded as the treatment of choice in stage I and II disease. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Scientifically, survival rates in breast cancer have been shown to be stage-dependent, but independent of the extent of surgical breast tissue removal, as long as the resection margins are free of tumor infiltration. METHODS: Between 1984 and 1997, six different trials conducted by the Austrian Breast & Colorectal Cancer Study Group accrued a total of 4,259 women with hormone-responsive disease. The authors selected and compared three patient groups (n = 3,316) according to pathologic stage, age, and the surgical procedure applied. RESULTS: Over this interval, the BCT rate in the premenopausal node-positive subgroup experienced a highly significant increase from 27.2% to 73.2% overall. In the group of postmenopausal node-negative patients, the BCT rate grew significantly by 37.3% to 77.3% in total. With an overall BCT rate growing from 22.5% to 56.8% in postmenopausal node-positive women, those presenting with T1 tumors saw a significant increase from 35.1% to 65.9%. Mortality and local recurrence rates proved stable or even decreased considerably over time and in all subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The presented outcome of BCT rates, significantly improved over this 16-year period and in no way counterbalanced by higher local recurrence or death rates, reflects an excellent example of surgical quality control. BCT can safely be regarded as the standard of therapy for T1 and increasingly for T2 disease. Especially in multi-institutional adjuvant breast cancer trials, the highest priority should be given to breast-conserving procedures.

Expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in breast carcinomas before and after preoperative chemotherapy.

Molecular markers predicting response to preoperative chemotherapy would be of major clinical relevance in breast cancer. Therefore, we studied the relationship between the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins and clinical outcome in breast cancer patients receiving preoperative chemotherapy. Expression of p2lWaf1, p27KiP1, p53, cyclin D3 and Ki-67 was determined in breast carcinomas by means of immunohistochemistry both prior and after preoperative chemotherapy. Expression data were compared with both clinical parameters and response to preoperative chemotherapy with either cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil (CMF, n = 29) or epirubicin/docetaxel (ED, n = 36). In paired samples before and after preoperative chemotherapy, the percentage of p21Waf1, p27Kip1, p53 and cyclin D3 positive nuclei of tumor cells in postchemotherapy specimens was significantly higher than the percentage in prechemotherapy samples but no change in Ki-67 expression was observed. High Ki-67 expression (p = 0.02), negative estrogen receptor status (p = 0.01) and negative progesterone receptor status (p = 0.04) were associated with complete pathologic response to chemotherapy, whereas the other markers did not predict response. In conclusion, expression levels of p21Waf1, p27Kip1, p53 and cyclin D3 significantly increased after preoperative chemotherapy in breast carcinomas but only high Ki-67 expression, negative estrogen receptor status and negative progesterone receptor status were associated with complete pathologic response to preoperative chemotherapy.