Effect of a parenteral fish-oil-containing lipid emulsion on liver lipid perioxidation and antioxidative defenses in Lewis rats.

BACKGROUND: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), naturally abundant in fish oil (FO), are known for their anti-inflammatory and potential antioxidant properties. The aim in this article is to evaluate the effect of the infusion of a parenteral FO-containing lipid emulsion on markers of liver lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in rats undergoing central venous catheterization (CVC). METHODS: After 5-day acclimatization, adult Lewis rats (n = 42) receiving a 20-g/day AIN-93M oral diet were randomly subdivided into four groups: (1) basal control (BC) (n = 6), without CVC or LE infusion; (2) SHAM (n = 12), with CVC but without LE infusion; (3) soybean oil (SO)/medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) (n = 12), with CVC and receiving LE without FO (4.3 g/kg fat); and (4) SO/MCT/FO (n = 12), with CVC and receiving LE containing 10% FO (4.3 g/kg fat). Animals from the BC group were euthanized immediately after acclimatization. The remaining groups of animals were euthanized after 48 or 72 h of surgical follow-up to assess profiles of liver and plasma fatty acids by gas chromatography, liver gene transcription factor Nrf2, F2-isoprostane lipid peroxidation biomarker, and the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. R program (version 3.2.2) was utilized for data analysis. RESULTS: Compared with the other groups, liver EPA and DHA levels were higher in the SO/MCT/FO group, which also showed the highest liver Nrf2, GPx, SOD, and CAT levels and lower liver F2-isoprostane (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Experimental delivery of FO via EPA and DHA sources in a parenteral LE was associated with a liver antioxidant effect.

Infusion time for fish oil-containing parenteral emulsions in surgery: A study on ω-3 fatty acid dynamics in rats.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to contribute to the design of specialized parenteral nutrition protocols in surgery by evaluating the dynamics of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations in different body pools after the infusion of fish oil-containing lipid emulsion (FOLE) in rats that had undergone surgical central venous catheterization (CVC). METHODS: After 5-d adaptation in metabolic cages, 78 male Lewis rats (300-450 g) fed a standard diet were sacrificed (baseline control) or had only CVC (surgical control) or also received a 72-h infusion of a parenteral lipid emulsion with or without fish oil. The catheterized animals were sacrificed 0 (T0), 2 (T2), 6 (T6), and 12 h (T12) after the infusion ended. Gas chromatography was used to determine the concentrations of eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), and arachidonic (ARA) acids and the ω-3 to ω-6 ratio in plasma, liver, and blood leukocytes. Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests were applied to plasma and liver data and descriptive analysis to leukocyte data. RESULTS: Plasma, liver, and leukocytes exhibited almost undetectable EPA and DHA and detectable ARA concentrations at baseline. Immediately after FOLE infusion (T0), these PUFAs changed in all pools, resulting in a higher ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 compared with rats with no FOLE infusion (P < 0.05). All these changes decreased over time, with residual effects remaining until T6 in plasma, T12 in liver, and only until T2 in leukocytes. CONCLUSION: Data from this study suggest that ω-3 PUFAs are cleared early after the end of FOLE infusion, mainly in leukocytes. This should be considered when FOLEs are applied for immunomodulatory purposes in surgery.

Is There an Advantage in Enriching Parenteral Lipid Emulsions Containing Fatty Acids From Fish Oil With Medium-Chain Triglycerides? A Study on Body Pool Concentrations of ω-3 Fatty Acids in Lewis Rats.

BACKGROUND: The addition of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) into parenteral lipid emulsions rich in fatty acids from fish oil (FOLEs) has been shown to improve their clearance and extrahepatic uptake. We assessed whether this effect could favor the leukocyte uptake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for immunomodulatory purposes METHODS: Following 5-day adaptation in metabolic cages, 42 male Lewis rats fed with AIN-93M chow were killed (baseline control group [BC]) or submitted to central venous catheterization and distributed into (1) surgical control group without parenteral infusion (chow group), (2) test emulsion (MCT/LCT/FO) group with the parenteral infusion of a FOLE containing 40% MCT, and (3) control emulsion group (LCT/FO) with the parenteral infusion of an FOLE without MCT. The 2 FOLEs had similar ω-3 PUFA contents and ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratios and were infused during 48 and 72 hours. Concentrations of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs in plasma, liver, and blood mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were assessed by gas chromatography RESULTS: In both FOLE groups, leukocyte concentrations of ω-3 PUFAs peaked after 48 hours' infusion (vs BC). At this time point, plasma concentrations of ω-3 PUFAs were higher in MCT/LCT/FO group than in LCT/FO group and the opposite was found in the liver (P<.05), but no differences in PUFA concentrations were observed between these groups in leukocytes (P>.05) CONCLUSION: The ω-3 PUFAs provided by FOLEs rich in MCT were less incorporated by liver and remained more available for extrahepatic cell delivery, but this did not result in a clear benefit in increasing their incorporation by peripheral leukocytes.

Nutritional Therapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers.

Malnutrition is the most frequent nutritional disorder in patients with gastrointestinal cancer and is associated with cachexia syndrome, worsening of prognosis, and shortened survival rate. Early nutrition screening, assessment, and intervention are able to favorably modify the clinical evolution of affected patients. The adequate provision of nutritional requirements has been associated with improvement of immunologic status, and avoidance of further complications related to poor nutritional status, surgical treatment, and anticancer therapy. In malnourished patients, the supplementation of perioperative immunonutrition might contribute to fewer infectious and noninfectious complications, shorter length of hospitalization, and improved wound healing.