Baicalein inhibits cell proliferation and enhances apoptosis in human A549 cells and benzo(a)pyrene-induced pulmonary carcinogenesis in mice.

Our current study is done to explore the possible mechanisms to elaborate on the growth inhibitory effect of baicalein (BE) in human lung carcinoma. Initially, BE (25 and 50 µM) treatment for 24 h, suppressed the viability and inhibited population growth in A549 cells. BE upholds the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with concomitant replenishment of glutathione, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity. The expression level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 markedly increased after BE treatment will intimidate A549 cells proliferation by the ROS-independent pathway via the antioxidant pathway. In vivo investigations were carried out on BE (12 mg/kg, oral) in benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P; 50 mg/kg, oral) induced lung carcinogenesis in mice. BE induces caspase-dependent apoptosis by increasing the levels of cytosolic cytochrome c accompanied by upregulating the outflow of p53, Bax, and caspase-3 with a concomitant abatement in the outflow of Bcl-2 in both in vitro and in vivo. In the murine model, BE treatment hindered the countenance of proliferation-related proteins (argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions and proliferating cell nuclear antigen). Additionally, appraisal of the cell nucleus by transmission electron microscopic assessment uncovered that BE treatment adequately counteracts B(a)P-induced lung cancer cell survival. During the transition of the G0 /G1 phase, BE is arrested in the cell cycle process. This might be the cause of a substantial increase in the appearance of p21Cip1 with concomitant downregulating the expressions of CDK4, cyclin D, and cyclin E both in vitro and in vivo. Our results conclude that BE treatment induced apoptosis and repressed proliferation both in vitro and in vivo of human lung carcinoma.

Farnesol alleviates diethyl nitrosamine induced inflammation and protects experimental rat hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a well-known internal malignancy with increased worldwide mortality. The increased progression rate is closely associated with chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis. Chemical carcinogens cause tumor advocacy over free radical metabolites to causes numerous biochemical and molecular changes that bring oxidative stress. In addition, inflammatory cells and its growth factor promotes the progression of liver cancer through deregulates the numerous cellular signaling pathways involved in normal cellular proliferation. Plant derived phytochemicals have a better complimentary potency to defend against a wide array of free radical mediated diseases such as cancer. More recently, we have evaluated the anticancer effect of Farnesol against DEN induced hepatocellular carcinoma in male wistar albino rats. However, the possible mechanism in which Farnesol attributes its anticancer effect against DEN induced liver cancer remains unknown. Hence in the present study, an attempt has been made to reduce the oxidative stress by appraise the antioxidant effect by Farnesol in DEN induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Elevated oxidative stress markers with concomitant decreased cellular antioxidants levels were observed in DEN induced hepatic tissues. Further, proliferating nuclei with increased proliferating cell nucleolar antigen (PCNA) and inflammatory mediator expression were observed in DEN induced rats. Oral supplementation of Farnesol to DEN induced rats significantly decrease the oxidative stress markers and increase the cellular antioxidant status. Moreover, Farnesol treatment decreases the argyrophilic nuclear organizer region and PCNA along with decreased expression of inflammatory mediators suggest that Farnesol treatment restores DEN induced hepatic abnormalities and protects liver from cancer progression.

Potential Chemopreventive Role of Boldine Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Modulation of Cell Cycle Proteins in Rat Model.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the chemopreventive potential of boldine against diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Wistar albino rats. OBJECTIVE: Boldine is an alkaloid isolated from Peumus boldus. The primary active constituents of boldine exhibited several potential medicinal properties. The present study was evaluated to explore the chemopreventive agent of boldine on anti-proliferative efficacy against diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Wistar albino rats. METHODS: The effect of boldine on cellular proliferative markers, i.e., PCNA and Ki67on hepatocellular carcinoma rats was determined by immuno expression study. Liver marker enzymes, tumor biomarker, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant status, and xenobiotic phase I and II enzymes in HCC rats were analyzed. Moreover, cell cycle proteins, i.e., p21Cip1/Kip1and p27 Cip1/Kip1, Cyclin D1, CDK 4, Cyclin E1, and CDK 2 were investigated using immuno expression analysis. RESULTS: Treatment of boldine protected the liver against reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, protein carbonyl, and lipid peroxide during hepatocarcinogenesis by boosted antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT). Boldine caused a substantial enhanced detoxification process by moderating phase I and II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Besides, the study found that boldine significantly inhibited the cellular proliferative markers like PCNA and Ki67 and regulated the specific cell cycle-associated proteins by up-regulated expression of p21Cip1/Kip1and p27 Cip1/Kip1 and down-regulated expression of Cyclin D1, CDK 4, Cyclin E1, and CDK 2. CONCLUSION: Our data manifests the anti-proliferative effect of boldine, which negatively modulates cellular proliferation and regulates cell cycle by protecting the cell from reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that boldine establishes it as a chemopreventive agent in diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.

Carvacrol Promotes Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis through PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of carvacrol in modulating PI3K/AKT signaling involved in human breast cancer pathogenesis using in vitro experimental model MCF-7 cells. METHODS: MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays were performed with cells treated with different doses of carvacrol (0-250 p mol/L) at different time points (24 and 48 h). The nuclear morphology was assessed in MCF-7 cells with propidium iodide (PI) and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Events like cell cycle arrest, apoptosis was observed by flow cytometric analysis and expressions of p-Rb, cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), CDK6, Bax, Bcl-2, PI3K/p-AKT was analyzed by immunoblot. RESULTS: Carvacrol significantly reduced cell viability with the half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 200 µmol/L at 24 and 48 h (P<0.05). importantly, there was a significant increase in the accumulation of the G0/G1 phase upon treatment with carvacrol in MCF-7 cells (P<0.05 or P<0.01). A remarkable decrease in protein expressions of p-Rb, cyclin D1, CDK4 and CDK6 denotes cell cycle arrest (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In addition, carvacrol treatment significantly inhibited PI3K/p-AKT protein expressions leading to induction of apoptosis mediated by decreased Bcl2 and increased Bax protein expressions. Further, Annexin V/PI staining by FACS analysis, dual staining by AO/EB and PI staining studies suggests induction of apoptosis by carvacrol through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in MCF-7 cells. CONCLUSION: Carvacrol significantly inhibited the breast cancer MCF-7 cell proliferation and induced apoptosis via suppressing PI3/AKT signaling pathway.

Citral inhibits N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma via modulation of antioxidants and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks the sixth position among various cancers worldwide. Recent research shows that natural and dietary compounds possess many therapeutic effects. Citral is a monoterpene aldehyde that contains geranial and neral. The present study was considered to study the role of citral against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced HCC via modulation of antioxidants and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in vivo. NDEA-alone-administered group II animals profoundly showed increased tumor incidence, reactive oxygen species, liver marker enzyme levels, serum bilirubin levels, tumor markers of carcinoembryonic antigen, α-fetoprotein, proliferative markers of argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expressions, phase I xenobiotic-metabolic enzymes and simultaneously decreased antioxidants, and phase II enzymes levels. Citral (100 mg/kg b.w.) treatment significantly reverted the levels in group III cancer-bearing animals when compared to group II cancer-bearing animals. In group IV animals, citral-alone administration did not produce any adverse effect during the experimental condition. Based on the results, citral significantly inhibits the hepatocellular carcinogenesis through restoring the antioxidants and phase II xenobiotic-enzyme levels; thereby, it strongly proves as an antiproliferative agent against rat HCC.

Hepatoprotective effect of boldine against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in wistar rats.

Discovering the utmost effective and targeted chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma is still a significant challenge. In the present study, diethylnitrosamine was used as a liver carcinogen and boldine a compound of boldo. We anticipated the hypothesis that boldine endow antiproliferative and promote apoptosis on hepatocarcinoma rats. We analyzed that boldine alters the tumor biomarkers and liver markers enzyme levels. Also, we determined boldine modulate the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities, as well as messenger RNA and protein expressions of Bcl2, Bax, and cleaved caspase 3 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. It was also manifested by histopathology studies in liver tissues of HCC rats. Our finding suggested that boldine has antioxidant activity, and moreover, also contributes apoptotic nature by upregulating the protein expression of Bax, and cleaved caspase 3. Our data accomplishes that boldine a candidate drug has dynamic therapeutic activity and suitable for the treatment of HCC.

Protective effect of vanillic acid against benzo(a)pyrene induced lung cancer in Swiss albino mice.

Vanillic acid (VA) is found in high concentrations in various plants and used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The aim of the existing study is to illustrate the protective effects of VA against benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P)-induced lung cancer in Swiss albino mice. B(a)P (50 mg/kg b.wt.) was given orally to induce lung cancer in mice. The body weight, tumor incidence, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and enzymatic/nonenzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione) were estimated. Further histochemical investigation through hematoxylin and eosin staining was also carried out. B(a)P administered groups showed increased levels of serum pathological markers CEA, NSE along with reduced final body weight as well as decreased tissue enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants activities, whereas VA treatment (200mg/kg/b.wt) along with B(a)P showed significantly reverted the above changes, which proves as prominent anticancer effects in experimentally induced lung cancer. Overall, these results suggest that VA has an efficient preventive action against B(a)P-induced lung cancer, and this is attributed to its free-radical scavenging antioxidant activities.

Hesperetin conjugated PEGylated gold nanoparticles exploring the potential role in anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation during diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.

Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer and one of the leading causes of death in the world, and second most common cause of death in men. Natural products emerge as the most enduring approaches in the development of anticancer targeting drug. Hesperetin (HP), one of the abundant flavonoids found naturally in citrus fruits, has received considerable attention in anti-cancer promotion and progression. The present study was conducted to decipher the role of 0.5 ml hesperetin conjugated gold nanoparticles (Au-mPEG(5000)-S-HP NPs) during diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male Wistar albino rats and shows the better antioxidant that possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferation and anticarcinogenic properties and may modulate signaling pathways. The confirmation of polymer functionalized gold nanoparticles and drug loaded polymer gold nanoparticles were characterized by HR-TEM with EDAX, and DLS with Zeta potential techniques. The drug encapsulation efficiency and release properties were carried out in PBS at pH 7.4 for Au- mPEG(5000)-S-HP and compared with the control pure hesperetin (HP). Here, we review the role of mast cell counts, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), levels of glycoconjugates, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions, are the master regulator of inflammation and proliferation, in the development of hepatocellular injury, liver fibrosis and HCC. DEN-administered animals showed increased mast cell counts, tumor necrosis factor alpha, transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, glycoconjugates, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions. Whereas Au-mPEG(5000)-S-HP NPs supplementation considerably suppressed all the above abnormalities. These results suggest that the Au-mPEG(5000)-S-HP NPs exhibited the better potential anticancer activity by inhibiting cell inflammation and proliferation in DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis.

Carvacrol modulates instability of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and downregulates the expressions of PCNA, MMP-2, and MMP-9 during diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fifth most common malignant tumor in the world, both in terms of incidence and mortality in Asian and Western countries. There are currently limited therapeutic regimens available for effective treatment of this cancer. Carvacrol is a predominant monoterpenoic phenol believed to impede cancer promotion and progression. The present study was conducted to decipher the role of carvacrol during diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male wistar albino rats. Carvacrol (15 mg/kg body weight) suppressed the elevation of serum tumor marker enzymes, carcinoembryonic antigen, and α-feto protein induced by DEN. The activities of phase I enzymes increased markedly during DEN induction, but was found to be significantly lowered upon carvacrol treatment. On the contrary, the phase II enzymes decreased in DEN-administered animals, which was improved normalcy upon carvacrol-treated animals. DEN-administered animals showed increased mast cell counts, argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs-2/9), whereas carvacrol supplementation considerably suppressed all the above abnormalities. The results suggest that the carvacrol exhibited the potential anticancer activity by inhibiting cell proliferation and preventing metastasis in DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis.

Effect of lycopene on oxidative stress induced during D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-sensitized liver injury in rats.

CONTEXT: Lycopene is a phytonutrient under considerable investigation for its antioxidant benefits in treating diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and diabetes. OBJECTIVE: This study explores the effect of lycopene against oxidative damage during experimental hepatitis, induced by D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental rats were pretreated with lycopene intraperitoneally for 6 d (10 mg/kg body weight/day) and then induced by D-GalN/LPS. After induction, the levels of lipid peroxides in serum and liver of control and experimental group of animals were measured. The activities of enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase and nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as reduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitamin E were also analyzed. The genotoxic effect of D-GalN/LPS was evaluated through the comet assay. RESULTS: The elevated level of lipid peroxides induced by D-GalN/LPS was significantly (p < 0.05) reverted in lycopene pretreated animals. Lycopene administration restored (p < 0.05) the decreased activities of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant markers during D-GalN/LPS induction. The DNA strand breaks (72.3 µM) generated during d-GalN/LPS toxic injury was significantly reduced (35.5 µM) upon pretreatment with lycopene as observed by reduced tail movement in comet assay. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There is no conclusive report about lycopene-assisted protection against free radical mediated toxic injury induced by D-GalN/LPS. Our findings reveal that lycopene effectively combated oxidative damage and protected antioxidant defense status of the cell. Pretreatment of lycopene also offers protection against the DNA damage and confirms the antioxidant nature of the phytonutreint against experimental hepatitis.

Dietary supplementation of silymarin is associated with decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and activation of detoxification system in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence rates are increasing in many parts of the world. HCC's limited treatment remedies and the poor prognosis emphasize the importance in developing an effective chemoprevention for this disease. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in the chemoprevention of silymarin in N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced rat model of HCC. Liver of the rats treated with NDEA showed higher proliferation index and glycoconjugates. NDEA treatment also increased the level of anti-apoptotic proteins with simultaneous decrease in the level of pro-apoptotic proteins along with increased accumulation of Cytochrome c in mitochondria. The carcinogenic insult also increased microsomal phase I metabolizing enzymes with a simultaneous decrease in the Phase II detoxifying enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Whereas dietary silymarin administration along with NDEA treatment significantly decreased the proliferation and down regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins with simultaneously increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins along with the release of Cytochrome c to cytosol there by activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Silymarin administration also decreased the level of glycoproteins and activated the phase II detoxifying enzyme GST. These results demonstrate that suppression of HCC by silymarin in vivo involves inhibition of proliferation, activation of apoptosis, and efficient detoxification.

Baicalein inhibits pulmonary carcinogenesis-associated inflammation and interferes with COX-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions in-vivo.

The objective of the present study is to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of baicalein (BE) on inflammatory cytokines, which is in line with tumor invasion factors and antioxidant defensive system during benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] (50mg/kg body weight) induced pulmonary carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. After experimental period, increased levels of total and differential cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were observed. Accompanied by marked increase in immature mast cell by toluidine blue staining and mature mast cell by safranin-alcian blue staining in B(a)P-induced lung cancer bearing animals. Protein expression levels studied by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß and inducible nitric oxide synthase were also found to be significantly increased in lung cancer bearing animals. B(a)P-exposed mice lung exhibits activated expression of nuclear transcription factor kappa-B as confirmed by immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis. Administration of BE (12 mg/kg body weight) significantly counteracted all the above deleterious changes. Moreover, assessment of tumor invasion factors on protein levels by immunoblot and mRNA expression levels by RT-PCR revealed that BE treatment effectively negates B(a)P-induced upregulated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cyclo-oxygenase-2. Further analysis of lipid peroxidation markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydro-peroxides and antioxidants such as glutathione-S-transferase and reduced glutathione in lung tissue was carried out to substantiate the antioxidant effect of BE. The chemotherapeutic effect observed in the present study is attributed to the potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential by BE against pulmonary carcinogenesis.