RESUMO
Achieving the goal of malaria elimination will depend on targeting Plasmodium pathways essential across all life stages. Here we identify a lipid kinase, phosphatidylinositol-4-OH kinase (PI(4)K), as the target of imidazopyrazines, a new antimalarial compound class that inhibits the intracellular development of multiple Plasmodium species at each stage of infection in the vertebrate host. Imidazopyrazines demonstrate potent preventive, therapeutic, and transmission-blocking activity in rodent malaria models, are active against blood-stage field isolates of the major human pathogens P. falciparum and P. vivax, and inhibit liver-stage hypnozoites in the simian parasite P. cynomolgi. We show that imidazopyrazines exert their effect through inhibitory interaction with the ATP-binding pocket of PI(4)K, altering the intracellular distribution of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate. Collectively, our data define PI(4)K as a key Plasmodium vulnerability, opening up new avenues of target-based discovery to identify drugs with an ideal activity profile for the prevention, treatment and elimination of malaria.
Assuntos
1-Fosfatidilinositol 4-Quinase/antagonistas & inibidores , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Malária/parasitologia , Plasmodium/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasmodium/enzimologia , 1-Fosfatidilinositol 4-Quinase/química , 1-Fosfatidilinositol 4-Quinase/genética , 1-Fosfatidilinositol 4-Quinase/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Citocinese/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Medicamentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Medicamentos/genética , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Feminino , Hepatócitos/parasitologia , Humanos , Imidazóis/metabolismo , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida/efeitos dos fármacos , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Moleculares , Fosfatos de Fosfatidilinositol/metabolismo , Plasmodium/classificação , Plasmodium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pirazóis/metabolismo , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Quinoxalinas/metabolismo , Quinoxalinas/farmacologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Esquizontes/citologia , Esquizontes/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Proteínas rab de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismoRESUMO
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an anabolic agent that mediates bone formation through activation of the Gα(s)-, Gα(q)- and ß-arrestin-coupled parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTH1R). Pharmacological evidence based on the effect of PTH(7-34), a PTH derivative that is said to preferentially activate ß-arrestin signaling through PTH1R, suggests that PTH1R-activated ß-arrestin signaling mediates anabolic effects on bone. Here, we performed a thorough evaluation of PTH(7-34) signaling behaviour using quantitative assays for ß-arrestin recruitment, Gα(s)- and Gα(q)-signaling. We found that PTH(7-34) inhibited PTH-induced cAMP accumulation, but was unable to induce ß-arrestin recruitment, PTH1R internalization and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HEK293, CHO and U2OS cells. Thus, the ß-arrestin bias of PTH(7-34) is not apparent in every cell type examined, suggesting that correlating in vivo effects of PTH(7-34) to in vitro pharmacology should be done with caution.