LAPAROSCOPIC BARIATRIC SURGERY IN ADOLESCENTS: EARLY AND FIVE- YEAR CLINICAL AND LABORATORY ASSESSMENT.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has reached epidemic proportions among adolescents. Methods, such as bariatric surgery, have become the most effective treatment for patients with classes III and IV obesity. AIM: To evaluate weight loss, comorbidity remission, and long-term results of bariatric surgery in adolescents. METHODS: Study with adolescent patients undergoing bariatric surgery, evaluating laboratory tests, comorbidities, and the percentage of excess weight loss in the preoperative period and at one, two, and five years postoperatively. RESULTS: A total of 65 patients who met the inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 18.6 years, were included in the analysis. In the preoperative period, 30.8% of hypercholesterolemia, 23.1% of systemic arterial hypertension, and 18.4% of type 2 diabetes were recorded, with remission of these percentages occurring in 60, 66.7 and 83.4%, respectively. The mean percentage of excess weight loss was 63.48% after one year of surgery, 64.75% after two years, and 57.28% after five years. The mean preoperative total cholesterol level was 180.26 mg/dL, and after one, two, and five years, it was 156.89 mg/dL, 161.39 mg/dL, and 150.97 mg/dL, respectively. The initial mean of low-density lipoprotein was 102.19mg/dL and after five years the mean value reduced to 81.81 mg/dL. The mean preoperative glycemia was 85.08 mg/dL and reduced to 79.13 mg/dL after one year, and to 76.19 mg/dL after five years. CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery is safe and effective in adolescents, with low morbidity, resulting in a loss of excess weight and long-term stability, improving laboratory tests, and leading to remission of comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and systemic arterial hypertension.

Laparoscopic bariatric surgery in adolescents: early and five- year clinical and laboratory assessment / Cirurgia bariátrica videolaparoscópica em adolescentes: avaliação clínica e laboratorial precoce e após cinco anos

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Obesity has reached epidemic proportions among adolescents. Methods, such as bariatric surgery, have become the most effective treatment for patients with classes III and IV obesity. AIM: To evaluate weight loss, comorbidity remission, and long-term results of bariatric surgery in adolescents. METHODS: Study with adolescent patients undergoing bariatric surgery, evaluating laboratory tests, comorbidities, and the percentage of excess weight loss in the preoperative period and at one, two, and five years postoperatively. RESULTS: A total of 65 patients who met the inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 18.6 years, were included in the analysis. In the preoperative period, 30.8% of hypercholesterolemia, 23.1% of systemic arterial hypertension, and 18.4% of type 2 diabetes were recorded, with remission of these percentages occurring in 60, 66.7 and 83.4%, respectively. The mean percentage of excess weight loss was 63.48% after one year of surgery, 64.75% after two years, and 57.28% after five years. The mean preoperative total cholesterol level was 180.26 mg/dL, and after one, two, and five years, it was 156.89 mg/dL, 161.39 mg/dL, and 150.97 mg/dL, respectively. The initial mean of low-density lipoprotein was 102.19mg/dL and after five years the mean value reduced to 81.81 mg/dL. The mean preoperative glycemia was 85.08 mg/dL and reduced to 79.13 mg/dL after one year, and to 76.19 mg/dL after five years. CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery is safe and effective in adolescents, with low morbidity, resulting in a loss of excess weight and long-term stability, improving laboratory tests, and leading to remission of comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and systemic arterial hypertension.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A obesidade tomou proporções epidêmicas entre adolescentes, e procedimentos como a cirurgia bariátrica tornou-se o tratamento mais efetivo em pacientes com obesidade grau III e IV. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a perda peso, a remissão de comorbidades, e resultados a longo prazo da cirurgia bariátrica em adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo com pacientes adolescentes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, avaliando exames laboratoriais, comorbidades e o percentual de perda de excesso de peso, nos períodos pré-operatório e com 1, 2 e 5 anos de pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 65 pacientes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão, com a média de idade de 18,6 anos. No pré-operatório foram registrados: 30,8% hipercolesterolemia, 23,1% hipertensão arterial sistêmica e 18,4% diabetes tipo 2, ocorrendo remissão destes porcentuais em 60, 66,7 e 83,4%, respectivamente. O percentual médio de perda de excesso de peso após 1 ano foi de 63,48%, após 2 anos foi de 64,75% e após 5 anos foi 57,28%. O valor médio do colesterol total no pré-operatório era de 180,26mg/dL, e após 1 ano, 2 anos e 5 anos foram de 156,89mg/dL,161,39mg/dL e de 150,97mg/dL, respectivamente. A média inicial de lipoproteína de baixa densidade era 102,19mg/dL e após 5 anos o valor médio reduziu para 81,81 mg/dL. O valor médio da glicose pré-operatório era 85,08 mg/dL, após um ano uma média 79,13mg/dL, e com 5 anos 76,19 mg/dL. CONCLUSÕES: A cirurgia bariátrica é segura e eficaz em adolescentes, com baixa morbidade, resultando em uma perda do excesso de peso e estabilidade a longo prazo, melhorando exames laboratoriais e levando a remissão de comorbidades como diabetes mellitus, hipercolesterolemia e hipertensão arterial sistêmica.

Preoperative risk factors associated with anastomotic leakage after colectomy for colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: anastomotic leak (AL) after colectomy for colorectal cancer (CRC) is a life-threatening complication. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the preoperative risk factors for AL in patients submitted to colectomy. METHODS: the bibliographic search covered 15 years and 9 months, from 1st January 2005 to 19th October 2020 and was performed using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Europe PMC and Web of Science databases. The inclusion criteria were cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies on preoperative risk factors for AL (outcome). The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for bias assessment within studies. Meta-analysis involved the calculation of treatment effects for each individual study including odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with construction of a random-effects model to evaluate the impact of each variable on the outcome. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: cross-sectional studies were represented by 39 articles, cohort studies by 21 articles and case-control by 4 articles. Meta-analysis identified 14 main risk factors for AL in CRC patients after colectomy, namely male sex (RR=1.56; 95% CI=1.40-1.75), smoking (RR=1.48; 95% CI=1.30-1.69), alcohol consumption (RR=1.35; 95% CI=1.21-1.52), diabetes mellitus (RR=1.97; 95% CI=1.44-2.70), lung diseases (RR=2.14; 95% CI=1.21-3.78), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (RR=1.10; 95% IC=1.04-1.16), coronary artery disease (RR=1.61; 95% CI=1.07-2.41), chronic kidney disease (RR=1.34; 95% CI=1.22-1.47), high ASA grades (RR=1.70; 95% CI=1.37-2.09), previous abdominal surgery (RR=1.30; 95% CI=1.04-1.64), CRC-related emergency surgery (RR=1.61; 95% CI=1.26-2.07), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (RR=2.16; 95% CI=1.17-4.02), radiotherapy (RR=2.36; 95% CI=1.33-4.19) and chemoradiotherapy (RR=1.58; 95% CI=1.06-2.35). CONCLUSIONS: important preoperative risk factors for colorectal AL in CRC patients have been identified based on best evidence-based research, and such knowledge should influence decisions regarding treatment.

Preoperative risk factors associated with anastomotic leakage after colectomy for colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Fatores de risco pré-operatórios associados à fístula anastomótica após colectomia para câncer colorretal: revisão sistemática e metanálise

ABSTRACT Introduction: anastomotic leak (AL) after colectomy for colorectal cancer (CRC) is a life-threatening complication. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the preoperative risk factors for AL in patients submitted to colectomy. Methods: the bibliographic search covered 15 years and 9 months, from 1st January 2005 to 19th October 2020 and was performed using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Europe PMC and Web of Science databases. The inclusion criteria were cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies on preoperative risk factors for AL (outcome). The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for bias assessment within studies. Meta-analysis involved the calculation of treatment effects for each individual study including odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with construction of a random-effects model to evaluate the impact of each variable on the outcome. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: cross-sectional studies were represented by 39 articles, cohort studies by 21 articles and case-control by 4 articles. Meta-analysis identified 14 main risk factors for AL in CRC patients after colectomy, namely male sex (RR=1.56; 95% CI=1.40-1.75), smoking (RR=1.48; 95% CI=1.30-1.69), alcohol consumption (RR=1.35; 95% CI=1.21-1.52), diabetes mellitus (RR=1.97; 95% CI=1.44-2.70), lung diseases (RR=2.14; 95% CI=1.21-3.78), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (RR=1.10; 95% IC=1.04-1.16), coronary artery disease (RR=1.61; 95% CI=1.07-2.41), chronic kidney disease (RR=1.34; 95% CI=1.22-1.47), high ASA grades (RR=1.70; 95% CI=1.37-2.09), previous abdominal surgery (RR=1.30; 95% CI=1.04-1.64), CRC-related emergency surgery (RR=1.61; 95% CI=1.26-2.07), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (RR=2.16; 95% CI=1.17-4.02), radiotherapy (RR=2.36; 95% CI=1.33-4.19) and chemoradiotherapy (RR=1.58; 95% CI=1.06-2.35). Conclusions: important preoperative risk factors for colorectal AL in CRC patients have been identified based on best evidence-based research, and such knowledge should influence decisions regarding treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: fístula anastomótica (FA) após colectomia para câncer colorretal (CCR) é complicação grave. Esta revisão sistemática e meta-análise avaliou os fatores de risco pré-operatórios para FA em pacientes submetidos à colectomia. Métodos: a pesquisa bibliográfica abrangeu 15 anos e 9 meses (1 de janeiro de 2005 - 19 de outubro de 2020), sendo utilizadas as plataformas PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Europe PMC e Web of Science. O critério de inclusão foram estudos transversais, coorte e caso-controle em fatores de risco pré-operatórios para FA (desfecho). A escala Newcastle-Ottawa foi usada para avaliação de viés dos estudos. A metanálise envolveu o cálculo dos efeitos de tratamento para cada estudo individualmente incluindo odds ratio (OR), risco relativo (RR) e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) com construção de modelo de efeitos aleatórios, para avaliar o impacto de cada variável (p<0,05). Resultados: foram selecionados 39 estudos transversais, 21 coortes e quatro casos-controle. A metanálise identificou 14 fatores de risco para FA em pacientes com CCR após colectomia, que são sexo masculino (RR=1,56; IC 95%=1,40-1,75), tabagismo (RR=1,48; IC 95%=1,30-1,69), alcoolismo (RR=1,35; IC 95%=1,21-1,52), diabetes mellitus (RR=1,97; IC 95%=1,44-2,70), doenças pulmonares (RR=2,14; IC 95%=1,21-3,78), doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (RR=1,10; IC 95%=1,04-1,16), doença coronariana (RR=1,61; IC 95%=1,07-2,41), doença renal crônica (RR=1,34; IC 95%=1,22-1,47), altas notas na escala ASA (RR=1,70; IC 95%=1,37-2,09), cirurgia abdominal prévia (RR=1,30; IC 95%=1,04-1,64), cirurgia de emergência (RR=1,61; IC 95%=1,26-2,07), quimioterapia neoadjuvante (RR=2,16; IC 95%=1,17-4,02), radioterapia (RR=2,36; IC 95%=1,33-4,19) e quimiorradioterapia (RR=1,58; IC 95%=1,06-2,35). Conclusões: importantes fatores de risco pré-operatórios para FA colorretais em pacientes com CCR foram identificados com base nas melhores pesquisas baseadas em evidências e esse conhecimento deve influenciar decisões relacionadas ao tratamento.

Tumor de colédoco distal vs. coledocolitíase: desafio no diagnóstico pré-operatório / Distal bile duct cancer vs. choledocholithiasis: challenge in preoperative evaluation

O diagnóstico do paciente ictérico, por vezes, pode ser uma tarefa árdua. Dentre as causas principais, destacam-se a doença litiásica, como a coledocolitíase. Por outro lado, doenças neoplásicas como neoplasias peri-ampulares e da via biliar principal apresentam grande relevância, com destaque para o tumor de via colédoco. Apresentamos relato de caso de um paciente que apresentou dúvida diagnóstica nos exames pré-operatórios de imagem (US abdominal, TC multislice e Colangiorressonância). Realizada a abordagem através da exploração transcística das vias biliares para a confirmação do diagnóstico e posterior duodenopancreatectomia laparoscópica. Este relato ilustra a dificuldade em realizar o diagnóstico diferencial desta patologia. Mesmo com exames laboratoriais e de imagem, associados à anamnese e ao exame físico detalhado, nem sempre é possível confirmar o diagnóstico no pré-operatório, muitas vezes só confirmado durante o procedimento cirúrgico.

The diagnosis of jaundiced patient can sometimes be difficult task. Among the most important causes are common bile duct and its complications. By the other side, periampullary tumors and the main biliary duct tumor also have great relevance, especially cholangiocarcinoma. In this paper, we present the case report of patient that presented doubt diagnostic in preoperative in ultrasound, multislice CT and magnetic resonance. The patient underwent a laparoscopic trancystic common bile exploration, than decide to perform the laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy. This report show the difficulty to make the diagnosis in pre operative evaluation. Even with laboratory and image, associate detailed case history and physical examination, not always is possible and confirm the diagnosis, many times the diagnostic is confirm during the surgical procedure.

Trombose venosa profunda e tromboembolismo pulmonar nos pacientes submetidos à gastroplastia laparoscópica / Venous thrombosis and venous thromboembolism in bariatric laparoscopic surgery

Racional: a obesidade é fenômeno mundial, que aumenta a morbimortalidade e qualidade de vida dos indivíduos afetados. Considerada fator de risco isolado para o desenvolvimento de múltiplas complicações no pós-operatório, tais como trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP). Objetivo: analisar a prevenção de TVP e TEP em 3.199 pacientes submetidos à gastroplastia redutora em Y de Roux (LRYGB) e gastrectomia vertical (GV) laparoscópica no Hospital São José do Avaí, Itaperuna, RJ entre agosto de 1999 e janeiro de 2015. Método: a prevenção de trombose venosa profunda foi realizada através de compressores pneumáticos de membros inferiores (CPIMI) no intraoperatório, associado à deambulação precoce. A profilaxia medicamentosa não foi realizada de rotina, apenas em casos selecionados. Resultados: 0,37% (doze pacientes) evoluíram com TVP dos quais 0,18% (seis pacientes) evoluíram para TEP, com mortalidade de 0,03% (1 paciente), sendo esse por complicações em uma segunda abordagem cirúrgica. Todos os casos foram diagnosticados através dos dados clínicos aliados ao ecodoppler de membros inferiores e à angiotomografia de tórax. Os pacientes foram tratados conservadoramente com infusão de heparina não fracionada na dose padrão. Conclusão: a compressão pneumática intermitente no intraoperatório e deambulação precoce foram benéficas na prevenção do TEP/TVP no pós-operatório como único método profilático. Em casos selecionados é recomendado o uso de heparina profilática.

Rational: obesity is a global phenomenon, which increases the morbidity of an individual's quality of life and increases the mortality risk in people who are affected by this disorder. This is a considered independent risk factor that can cause the development of multiple complications after surgery, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Purpose: the purpose of this study is to analyze the prevention of DVT and PE in 3199 patients that were undergoing gastric bypass (LRYGB) and sleeve Gastrectomy (GV) in the Laparoscopic Hospital in São José do Avai, Itaperuna, RJ, between August 1999 and January 2015. Method: the prevention of deep vein thrombosis was performed using Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) intra-operatively, and was associated with the early ambulation of the patients. Drug prophylaxis is not routinely performed, except in selected cases. Results: out of all the patients, 0.37% (Twelve patients) developed DVT of which six patients evolved TEP with mortality in 1 patient. All the cases were diagnosed by clinical data combined with a Doppler ultra-sound of the lower limbs and the chest CT angiography. The patients were treated conservatively with the infusion of unfractionated heparin in the standard dose. Conclusion: the intermittent pneumatic compression done intra-operatively and the early ambulation were beneficial in the prevention of PE / DVT postoperatively and were the only prophylactic methods used. In selected cases, it is recommended that one use prophylactic heparin.

Hemorragia digestiva por úlcera duodenal pós-bypass gástrico em estômago excluso: abordagem endoscópica transgástrica por laparoscopia / Gastrointestinal bleeding by duodenal ulcer after gastric bypass in excluded stomach: endoscopic transgastric approach by laparoscopy

O Bypass Gástrico é uma das cirurgias bariátricas mais realizadas no Brasil e no mundo. Com o aumento exponencial da utilização desta técnica cirúrgica, complicações a longo prazo podem ocorrer. Nesse contexto, é necessário um bom conhecimento pós-operatório, principalmente em relação à fisiopatologia gastrointestinal destes pacientes. Uma complicação rara, porém, extremamente grave, é a úlcera duodenal sangrante. Uma razão para isto é o difícil acesso ao estômago excluso e ao duodeno através da endoscopia digestiva alta. Este relato demonstra uma úlcera duodenal sangrante em paciente pós-operatório de bypass gástrico laparoscópico.

Gastric bypass in Roux-Y is the most common bariatric surgery in Brazil and the world. With the exponential increase of this surgical technique, complications can occur. In this context, is required a great knowledge postoperatively, especially in relation to gastrointestinal pathophysiology of these patients. A rare complication, however, extremely severe, is a duodenal ulcer bleeding. One account for this is the difficult to access excluded stomach and the duodenum through the endoscopy. This case report shows a duodenal ulcer bleeding in a patient postoperative laparoscopic gastric bypass.

Pneumonia broncoaspirativa de repetição e acalasia idiopática / Repetition bronchoaspiration pneumonia and idiophatic achalasia

Acalasia é uma doença rara com incidência de 1 em cada 100.000 habitantes. O principal sintoma é disfagia. Outros sintomas incluem dor torácica, regurgitação, pneumonia broncoaspiração e emagrecimento. A maioria das pessoas é diagnosticada entre 24-60 anos. Pode ser suspeitada com base nos sintomas, mas exames complementares são necessários para o diagnóstico da acalasia. Relatamos um caso de um paciente com apresentação atípica da doença, na qual o atraso no diagnóstico interferiu na qualidade de vida do mesmo.

Achalasia is an uncommon disorder that affects about 1 in every 100,000 people. The major symptom of achalasia is usually difficulty with swallowing. Other symptoms can include chest pain, regurgitation, bronchoaspiration pneumonia and weight loss. Most people are diagnosed between the ages of 25 and 60 years. May be suspected based upon symptoms, but tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis. Manometry is almost always used to confirm the diagnosis of achalasia. We report a case with patient with atypical presentation of disease where the lack of diagnosis affected the quality of life.

Gastric Cancer in the Excluded Stomach 10 Years after Gastric Bypass.

According to the Brazilian health authorities, around 2,000 new cases of gastric cancer emerge in Brazil per year (Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, 2014). Indeed, gastric cancer constitutes the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and 95% of such malignancies are adenocarcinomas (De Roover et al., 2006, and Clark et al., 2006). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a procedure frequently employed in bariatric surgery but restricted access to the excluded stomach means that discovery of gastric lesions is difficult, and diagnosis and treatment may be delayed. We report herein a case of gastric adenocarcinoma in the excluded stomach of a patient submitted to RYGB with the purpose of illustrating the difficulty of diagnosing and treating this rare condition.

Interleukin-6 and obesity: the crosstalk between intestine, pancreas and liver.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The concept of IL-6 as a deleterious interleukin was challenged by its anti-inflammatory actions. RECENT FINDINGS: The beneficial health effects of exercise and the crosstalk between insulin-sensitive tissues and insulin-producing cells are mediated by IL-6. SUMMARY: IL-6 displays pleiotropic functions in a tissue-specific and physiological context-dependent manner. There is evidence suggesting that IL-6 worsens insulin resistance in the liver and adipose tissue, while improving insulin sensitivity in the muscle. The effects of this cytokine are influenced by its acute or chronical presence, the latter being associated with insulin resistance. IL-6 has anti-inflammatory effects and a compensatory role in obesity by increasing islet GLP-1 production. The therapeutic approach of blocking IL-6 signal can be diabetogenic.

Overcoming the learning curve of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a 12-year experience.

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of morbid obesity with laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is technically challenging and involves high-risk patients. In this study, the short-term outcome of LRYGB in a large population of patients has been evaluated, and morbimortality before and after overcoming the learning curve has been assessed. The objective of this study was to establish the learning curve for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. METHODS: This retrospective study involved 2281 patients submitted to LRYGB at São José do Avaí Hospital between August 1999 and December 2011. The parameters analyzed were operating time, rates of short-term postoperative complications, mortality, and conversion. RESULTS: The study population was predominantly female (71.3%) and presented a mean age of 37.5 years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 45.15 kg/m(2). The average time in surgery was 119 minutes, and average hospital stay was 4.3 days. The incidence of postoperative complications (hemorrhage, fistula, and bowel obstruction) was 1.75%. The relative risk of complications diminished in line with the increased experience of the surgical team and tended to stabilize at<2.5% after the first 500 procedures. The mortality rate was .43%, and the main causes of death were pulmonary embolism and leaks (.14% each). The conversion rate was .17%. CONCLUSION: Operating time and risks of adverse outcome were significantly reduced after a long learning curve of 500 consecutive procedures. The number of surgeries performed and the standardization of the laparoscopic technique used were the main factors contributing to the low rates of postoperative complications, mortality, and conversion.

Short-term and mid-term control of type 2 diabetes mellitus by laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with ileal interposition.

BACKGROUND: Standard surgical procedures used for the treatment of morbid obesity constitute optional treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the short- and mid-term effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) with ileal interposition (II) in T2DM patients (n = 30). METHODS: The variables investigated were the feasibility of the procedure, remission/alleviation of the disease, morbidity, mortality, and weight loss. Patients were followed during a period of 6-18 months after surgery. RESULTS: The average time required for the surgical procedure was 181.47 ± 53.23 min, and the mean duration of postoperative hospital stay was 3.17 ± 0.79 days. There were no intraoperative complications, and none of the patients required conversion to open surgery. Postoperatively, all patients experienced a significant weight loss: i.e., the mean body mass index (BMI) values prior to and following surgery were significantly different (P = 0.0001). Postoperative levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, and fructosamine were significantly reduced (P = 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.0004, respectively) from those detected prior to surgery. Remission of T2DM was observed in 80% of the patients over the follow-up period, and these subjects no longer required treatment with hypoglycemic drugs or diet. The remaining 20% of patients presented significant improvement in their condition but needed an oral hypoglycemic medication. CONCLUSIONS: Adequate glycemic control, adjustable weight loss, and absence of nutritional deficiencies were the main benefits offered by the surgical intervention. The results indicate that SG/II treatment could be a promising alternative for patients with T2DM.

Laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Surgery in gastric cancer (GC) aims to achieve resection of the primary tumor and its lymphatic drain, with a minimal adverse effect on morbidity and mortality, and the best possible quality of life. METHODS: From June 1993 to May 2008, 113 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of the GC were considered for laparoscopic gastrectomy at our institution. There was a predominance of males and mean age was 60 years. After peritoneal cavity inspection, laparoscopic ultrasound was used to determine the presence of deep liver metastasis. Total gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y reconstruction were performed in upper and middle-third tumors, and subtotal gastrectomy, either with Billroth II or Roux-en-Y reconstruction, in tumors affecting the lower third of the stomach. D2 lymphadenectomy was performed in both cases. RESULTS: There were 21 cases (18.5%) with distant metastases and/or an unresectable tumor due to the invasion of adjacent organs. In these patients the procedure was limited to laparoscopic biopsy in 16 cases and laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy in 5 cases. Laparoscopic gastrectomy was performed in 92 patients with a mean surgical time of 162 minutes and a mortality rate of 5.4%. Conversion was necessary in 7 cases (7.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The benefits and safety of laparoscopic gastrectomy are evident, with similar outcomes to conventional surgery and all the advantages of minimally invasive access. The learning curve is long. Laparoscopic gastrectomy is a safe and effective option for the treatment of GC, avoiding nontherapeutic laparotomy in patients with advanced disease. Comparative prospective studies evaluating the long-term survival of these patients are still necessary.

Tumor carcinóide de pâncreas: abordagem laparoscópica / Carcinoid tumor of the pancreas: laparoscopic approach

Tumores carcinóides têm origem nas células neuroendócrinas e foram descritos há cerca de cem anos por Lubarsch. Sua incidência gira em torno de 0,7 caso/100.000 habitantes. A localização pancreática é rara com incidência de 0,75% dos tumores carcinóides do trato digestivo. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar caso de paciente portador de tumor carcinóide pancreático tratado através de ressecção tumoral por via laparoscópica.

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the technique of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) with high clearance rates, low morbidity, and mortality rates. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: LCBDE is well accepted by patients because treatment is obtained during the same anesthesia. If one stage therapy for gallstones and common bile duct stones provides success rates equivalent to those of the sequential approach, with lower costs, this should be considered the standard of care. METHODS: From September 1991 to March 2007, 5201 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed at São José Avaí Hospital. LCBDE was carried out in 481 patients (9.25%). RESULTS: Of 481 LCBDE, 225 (46.78%) were managed using a transcystic approach and 183 (38.05%) with choledochotomy (114 with transcystic choledochotomy and 69 with longitudinal opening of the common bile duct). Successful laparoscopic stone clearance was achieved in 468 (97.3%). An elective postsurgical endoscopic sphincterotomy were done on the 13 (2.70%) patients not cleared laparoscopically. Seven patients had unexpected retained stones. CONCLUSIONS: LCBDE during laparoscopic cholecystectomy solves 2 problems during the same anesthesia with high success rates and may be employed successfully.

[Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy: outcomes]. / Esofagectomia laparocópica transhiatal: resultados imediatos.

BACKGROUND: The laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for benign or malignant disease is a complex operation associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. In the last decade this procedure gained popularity and acceptance for treatment of the esophagus cancer and other benign diseases. AIM: To perform a retrospective analysis in patients with esophageal cancer that was underwent a laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy, demonstrated pre and post operative complications and immediate result. METHODS: From November 1993 to June 2005, 72 patients underwent laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy. Sixty-four with malignant neoplasm of esophagus. The males are predominant, and the mean age was 56.5 years. The abdominal part of the operation was totally laparoscopic and the cervical one was made the conventional way. The stomach was pulled up to the neck by the posterior mediastinum. RESULTS: The laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy was initiated in 64 patients. Four patients were converted to open surgery. The mean operation time was 153 minutes. The incidence of cervical fistula was 14.06%. The mortality rate 5.6%. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy is a secure option in experience centers. The morbility is low, with a faster return to normal activity. Maybe in fact this procedure may be reminded and ponder in the treatment of esophageal disease.

Esôfago em quebra-nozes: relato de caso / Nutcracker esophagus: a case report

Esôfago em quebra-nozes‚ uma anormalidade na formação ou propagação da onda peristáltica primária do esôfago. Durante a última década houve maior progresso na compreenssão de sua fisiopatologia e na capacidade de estabelecer um diagnóstico preciso. Os autores relatam um caso com o objetivo de lembrar dos diagnósticos diferenciais para dor torácica e demonstrar como o tratamento cirúrgico foi efetivo para uma patologia de tratamento preferencialmente clínico.

Esofagectomia laparocópica transhiatal: resultados imediatos / Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy: outcomes

RACIONAL: A esofagectomia laparoscópica transhiatal para doença benigna ou maligna do esôfago é cirurgia complexa, associada a altas taxas de morbimortalidade. Nas últimas décadas ganhou aceitação para o tratamento do câncer de esôfago e algumas doenças benignas por evitar toracotomia, diminuindo, assim as complicações associadas a essa abordagem. OBJETIVO: Realizar análise retrospectiva em pacientes com câncer de esôfago submetidos a esofagectomia laparoscópica transhiatal, demonstrando as complicações per e pós-operatórias, resultados imediatos e acompanhamento dos pacientes. MÉTODOS: De novembro 1993 a junho 2005, 72 pacientes foram submetidos a esofagectomia laparoscópica transhiatal. Destes, havia 64 casos de neoplasia maligna de esôfago. Houve predomínio do sexo masculino (81 por cento), com média de idade de 56,5 anos. O tempo abdominal foi realizado por laparoscopia e a parte cervical de modo convencional, sendo o estômago tubulizado levado até o pescoço para anastomose pelo mediastino posterior. RESULTADOS: A esofagectomia transhiatal por via laparoscópica em casos de neoplasia esofagiana foi iniciada em 64 pacientes. O índice de conversão foi de quatro casos. A duração média da operação foi de 153 minutos. A incidência de fístula cervical foi de 14,06 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: A esofagectomia laparoscópica transhiatal é opção segura em centros com experiência. A morbidade é menor, com recuperação mais rápida e retorno às atividades habituais precoce. Certamente esta via de acesso deve ser considerada no tratamento das afecções do esôfago.

BACKGROUND: The laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for benign or malignant disease is a complex operation associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. In the last decade this procedure gained popularity and acceptance for treatment of the esophagus cancer and other benign diseases. AIM: To perform a retrospective analysis in patients with esophageal cancer that was underwent a laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy, demonstrated pre and post operative complications and immediate result. METHODS: From November 1993 to June 2005, 72 patients underwent laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy. Sixty-four with malignant neoplasm of esophagus. The males are predominant, and the mean age was 56.5 years. The abdominal part of the operation was totally laparoscopic and the cervical one was made the conventional way. The stomach was pulled up to the neck by the posterior mediastinum. RESULTS: The laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy was initiated in 64 patients. Four patients were converted to open surgery. The mean operation time was 153 minutes. The incidence of cervical fistula was 14.06 percent. The mortality rate 5.6 percent. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy is a secure option in experience centers. The morbility is low, with a faster return to normal activity. Maybe in fact this procedure may be reminded and ponder in the treatment of esophageal disease.