RESUMO
Mesothelin targeting CAR T cells have limited activity in patients. In this study, we sought to determine if efficacy of anti-mesothelin CAR T cells is dependent on the mesothelin epitopes that are recognized by them. To do so, we developed hYP218 (against membrane-proximal epitope) and SS1 (against membrane-distal epitope) CAR T cells. Their efficacy was assessed in vitro using mesothelin-positive tumor cell lines and in vivo in NSG mice with mesothelin-expressing ovarian cancer (OVCAR-8), pancreatic cancer (KLM-1), and mesothelioma patient-derived (NCI-Meso63) tumor xenografts. Persistence and tumor infiltration of CAR T cells was determined using flow cytometry. hYP218 CAR T cells killed cancer cells more efficiently than SS1 CAR T cells, with a two- to fourfold lower ET50 value (effector-to-target ratio for 50% killing of tumor cells). In mice with established tumors, single intravenous administration of hYP218 CAR T cells lead to improved tumor response and survival compared with SS1 CAR T cells, with complete regression of OVCAR-8 and NCI-Meso63 tumors. Compared with SS1 CAR T cells, there was increased peripheral blood expansion, persistence, and tumor infiltration of hYP218 CAR T cells in the KLM-1 tumor model. Persistence of hYP218 CAR T cells in treated mice led to antitumor immunity when rechallenged with KLM-1 tumor cells. Our results show that hYP218 CAR T cells, targeting mesothelin epitope close to cell membrane, are very effective against mesothelin-positive tumors and are associated with increased persistence and tumor infiltration. These results support its clinical development to treat patients with mesothelin-expressing cancers.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ovarianas , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Epitopos/metabolismo , Feminino , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Mesotelina , Camundongos , Neoplasias Ovarianas/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/metabolismo , Linfócitos TRESUMO
All coronaviruses, including the recently emerged Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) from the ß-CoV subgroup, require the proteolytic activity of the nsp5 protease (also known as 3C-like protease, 3CL(pro)) during virus replication, making it a high value target for the development of anti-coronavirus therapeutics. Kinetic studies indicate that in contrast to 3CL(pro) from other ß-CoV 2c members, including HKU4 and HKU5, MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) is less efficient at processing a peptide substrate due to MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) being a weakly associated dimer. Conversely, HKU4, HKU5, and SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) enzymes are tightly associated dimers. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies support that MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) is a weakly associated dimer (Kd â¼52 µm) with a slow off-rate. Peptidomimetic inhibitors of MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) were synthesized and utilized in analytical ultracentrifugation experiments and demonstrate that MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) undergoes significant ligand-induced dimerization. Kinetic studies also revealed that designed reversible inhibitors act as activators at a low compound concentration as a result of induced dimerization. Primary sequence comparisons and x-ray structural analyses of two MERS-CoV 3CLpro and inhibitor complexes, determined to 1.6 Å, reveal remarkable structural similarity of the dimer interface with 3CL(pro) from HKU4-CoV and HKU5-CoV. Despite this structural similarity, substantial differences in the dimerization ability suggest that long range interactions by the nonconserved amino acids distant from the dimer interface may control MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) dimerization. Activation of MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) through ligand-induced dimerization appears to be unique within the genogroup 2c and may potentially increase the complexity in the development of MERS-CoV 3CL(pro) inhibitors as antiviral agents.
Assuntos
Antivirais/química , Cisteína Endopeptidases/química , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptidomiméticos/química , Multimerização Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Virais/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Proteases 3C de Coronavírus , Cristalografia por Raios X , Cisteína Endopeptidases/genética , Cisteína Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Cinética , Ligantes , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/enzimologia , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/genética , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Peptidomiméticos/síntese química , Peptidomiméticos/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Alinhamento de Sequência , Especificidade por Substrato , Proteínas Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
Human coronaviruses (CoVs) such as severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) cause epidemics of severe human respiratory disease. A conserved step of CoV replication is the translation and processing of replicase polyproteins containing 16 nonstructural protein domains (nsp's 1 to 16). The CoV nsp5 protease (3CLpro; Mpro) processes nsp's at 11 cleavage sites and is essential for virus replication. CoV nsp5 has a conserved 3-domain structure and catalytic residues. However, the intra- and intermolecular determinants of nsp5 activity and their conservation across divergent CoVs are unknown, in part due to challenges in cultivating many human and zoonotic CoVs. To test for conservation of nsp5 structure-function determinants, we engineered chimeric betacoronavirus murine hepatitis virus (MHV) genomes encoding nsp5 proteases of human and bat alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses. Exchange of nsp5 proteases from HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43, which share the same genogroup, genogroup 2a, with MHV, allowed for immediate viral recovery with efficient replication albeit with impaired fitness in direct competition with wild-type MHV. Introduction of MHV nsp5 temperature-sensitive mutations into chimeric HKU1 and OC43 nsp5 proteases resulted in clear differences in viability and temperature-sensitive phenotypes compared with MHV nsp5. These data indicate tight genetic linkage and coevolution between nsp5 protease and the genomic background and identify differences in intramolecular networks regulating nsp5 function. Our results also provide evidence that chimeric viruses within coronavirus genogroups can be used to test nsp5 determinants of function and inhibition in common isogenic backgrounds and cell types.
Assuntos
Sequência Conservada , Coronavirus/enzimologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/química , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais/química , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Quimera/classificação , Quimera/genética , Quimera/metabolismo , Quimera/fisiologia , Coronavirus/química , Coronavirus/classificação , Coronavirus/genética , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Cricetinae , Evolução Molecular , Humanos , Camundongos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Peptídeo Hidrolases/genética , Filogenia , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Alinhamento de Sequência , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
The complex of Tamarindus indica Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor and porcine trypsin has been crystallized by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method using ammonium acetate as precipitant and sodium acetate as buffer. The homogeneity of complex formation was checked by size-exclusion chromatography and further confirmed by reducing SDS-PAGE. The crystals diffracted to 2.0 angstrom resolution and belonged to the tetragonal space group P4(1), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 57.1, c = 120.1 angstrom. Preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the presence of one unit of inhibitor-trypsin complex per asymmetric unit, with a solvent content of 45%.