The effect of caponization on tibia bone histomorphometric properties of crossbred roosters.

The negative effect of caponization on the structural, geometric and mechanical parameters of femur and tibia has been shown in a few studies. Nevertheless, its influence on tibia bone microarchitecture is still largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of castration on the microstructural parameters of the trabecular and compact bone of tibia bone in crossbred chickens. The experiment involved 96 roosters derived from crossing Yellowleg Partridge hens ([Formula: see text]-33) and Rhode Island Red cockerels (R-11) fattened until the 16th, 20th and 24th week of life. Animals were randomly divided into 2 groups of 48 each. Group I (control) consisted of intact roosters and group II (experimental) consisted of birds subjected to caponization at the 8th week of age. The castration surgery had no influence on some properties within compact bone such as osteon diameter On.Dm, osteon perimeter On.Pm, osteon area On.Ar, osteocyte lacunar number Ot.Lc.N, osteon bone area On.B.Ar, osteon wall thickness On.W.Th as well as thick-mature collagen content in all analyzed age groups of animals. Nevertheless, our results demonstrate that castration caused a decrease of Haversian canal area Hc.Ar, osteocyte lacunar area Ot.Lc.Ar and osteocyte lacunar porosity Ot.Lc.Po among the 16-week-old birds, decrease of Haversian canal perimeter Hc.Pm and increase of fraction of bone area On.B.Ar/On.Ar among 16- and 24-week-old individuals and also an increase of osteocyte lacunar density Ot.Lc.Dn in the osteons of the oldest roosters. Additionally, some microstructural parameters of trabecular bone show the negative effect of caponization. The youngest 16-week-old capons were characterized by thinnin the trabecular in the epiphysis part of tibia. Moreover, in the case of 24-week-old, there is an increase in the trabecular separation Tb.Sp with simultaneous decrease of trabecular number Tb.N compared to roosters, which may suggest the increase of the bone resorption among the oldest individuals. The increased bone turnover in the epiphysis part of the tibia bone also indicates changes in the collagen fibers distribution, where among 20-week-old animals there is a decrease in the content of immature thin collagen fibers with simultaneous increase in the content of mature thick collagen fibers. Furthermore, among the oldest 24-week-old individuals we can observe the increased thick-to-thin collagen ratio, which may be a sign of slowing down in bone formation.

Biological effects of molybdenum(IV) sulfide nanoparticles and microparticles in the rat after repeated intratracheal administration.

In this study, molybdenum(IV) sulfide (MoS2 ) nanoparticles (97 ± 32 nm) and microparticles (1.92 ± 0.64 µm) stabilized with poly (vinylpolypyrrolidone) (PVP) were administered intratracheally to male and female rats (dose of 1.5 or 5 mg/kg bw), every 14 days for 90 days (seven administrations in total). Blood parameters were assessed during and at the end of the study (hematology, biochemistry including glucose, albumins, uric acid, urea, high density lipoprotein HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase ALT). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analyses included cell viability, biochemistry (total protein concentration, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutathione peroxidase activity), and cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha, MIP-2, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2, CINC-2). Tissues were subjected to routine histopathological and electron microscopy (STEM) examinations. No overt signs of chronic toxicity were observed. Differential cell counts in BALF revealed no significant differences between the animal groups. An increase in MIP-2 and a decrease in TNF-α were observed in BALF in the exposed males. The histopathological changes in the lung evaluated according to a developed classification system (based on severity of inflammation, range 0-4, with 4 indicating the most severe changes) showed average histopathological score of 1.33 for animals exposed to nanoparticles and microparticles at the lower dose, 1.72 after exposure to nanoparticles at the higher dose, and 2.83 for animals exposed to microparticles at the higher dose. In summary, it was shown that nanosized and microsized MoS2 can trigger dose-dependent inflammatory reactions in the lungs of rats after multiple intratracheal instillation irrespective of the animal sex. Some evidence indicates a higher lung pro-inflammatory potential of the microform.

The effect of caponization on bone homeostasis of crossbred roosters. I. Analysis of tibia bone mineralization, densitometric, osteometric, geometric and biomechanical properties.

The presented study focuses on assessing the effect of caponization on the densitometric, osteometric, geometric and biomechanical parameters of tibial bones in crossbred chickens. The study was carried out on 96 hybrids between Yellowleg Partridge hens (Z-33) and Rhode Island Red cockerels (R-11) aged 16 weeks, 20 weeks and 24 weeks. Birds were randomly assigned to 2 groups-the control group (n = 48; which consisted of intact roosters) and the experimental group (n = 48, which consisted of individuals subjected to caponization at the age of 8 weeks). The caponization had no effect on the densitometric, osteometric and geometric parameters (except the horizontal internal diameter of 16-week-old individuals) of tibia bone, as well as the content of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and the Ca/P ratio in the bone mineral fraction in all analyzed age groups of animals. However, it contributes to a lower percentage of ash in the bones of capons at 20 and 24 weeks of age compared to cockerels. On the contrary, some mechanical and material parameters show the negative effect of caponization. Ultimate load and bending moment decreased in capons in all of the analyzed age groups of animals and yield load, stiffness and ultimate stress also decreased but only in the group of 20-week-old and 24-week-old individuals. This can contribute to the weakening of the capon bones, and in the perspective of prolonged maintenance to their deformation and even fracture.

Comparative analysis of biological effects of molybdenum(IV) sulfide in the form of nano- and microparticles on human hepatoma HepG2 cells grown in 2D and 3D models.

Significance of MoS2 nanoparticles as a lubricant or drug carriers indicates the need to assess their safety. In the study we analyzed the effects of MoS2 nano- and microparticles and their internalization in vitro, using 2D and 3D culture models of human hepatoma HepG2 cell line. MoS2 micro- and nanoparticles were characterized with high resolution electron microscopy (HR-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The cells were exposed to a range of concentrations of the nano-and microparticles suspensions (maximum of 250 µg/mL) for 72 h. Cell viability was assessed using WST-1 reduction test and LDH release assay. Particle internalization was analyzed using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The nanoparticles were internalized into the 2D and 3D cultured cells, in spheroids more efficiently into the outer layer. For microparticles mainly particles of less than 1 µm in diameter underwent internalization. This process, however, did not affect cell viability as measured with the WST-1 and LDH assays. STEM observation showed well preserved integrity of the cell membrane and no apparent cytotoxic effect. Although the particles seemed to be safely sequestered in vacuoles or the cytoplasm, their fate and eventual biological effects are not certain and deserve further studies.

Cytotoxic effects in transformed and non-transformed human breast cell lines after exposure to silver nanoparticles in combination with selected aluminium compounds, parabens or phthalates.

This study was undertaken to assess cytotoxic effects of selected aluminium compounds, parabens and phthalates in combination with silver nanoparticles (AgNP, 15 and 45 nm by STEM, Ag15 and Ag45, respectively) on cell lines of the human breast epithelium, normal (MCF-10A) and transformed (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7). Combination indices were the most spectacular at effective concentrations (ED) inducing 25 % decrease in viability for the combinations of Ag15 with AlCl3 for MDA-MB-231 cells or aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex Gly (AlZr) for MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells, where rather strong antagonism was revealed. As the ED values increased, those effects were enhanced (e.g. Ag15+AlCl3 for MDA-MB-231) or reversed into synergism (e.g. Ag15+AlZr for MCF-7). Another strong effect was observed for aluminium chloride hydroxide, which increasing ED, induced synergistic effect with both Ag15 and Ag45 on MCF-10A cells. Another interesting synergistic effect was observed for DBPh, but only in combination with Ag45 on MCF-10A and MCF-7. The results on cytotoxicity, cell cycle and oxidative stress induction indicate complex response of the cell lines to combined treatment with silver nanoparticles and the chemicals, which were influenced by diverse factors, such as physico-chemical characteristics of AgNP, method of their synthesis, concentrations used, and finally cell type.

Genotoxic effects in transformed and non-transformed human breast cell lines after exposure to silver nanoparticles in combination with aluminium chloride, butylparaben or di-n-butylphthalate.

In the present study genotoxic effects after combined exposure of human breast cell lines (MCF-10A, MCF-7 and MDB-MB-231) to silver nanoparticles (AgNP, citrate stabilized, 15 and 45nm by STEM, Ag15 and Ag45, respectively) with aluminium chloride, butylparaben, or di-n-butylphthalate were studied. In MCF-10A cells exposed for 24h to Ag15 at the concentration of 23.5µg/mL a statistically significant increase in DNA damage in comet assay (SSB) was observed. In the presence of the test chemicals the genotoxic effect was decreased to a level comparable to control values. In MCF-7 cells a significant increase in SSB level was observed after exposure to Ag15 at 16.3µg/mL. The effect was also diminished in the presence of the three test chemicals. In MDA-MB-231 cells no significant increase in SSB was observed, however increased level of oxidative DNA damage (incubation with Fpg enzyme) was observed after exposure to combinations of both AgNP with aluminium chloride. No increase in micronuclei formation was observed in neither cell line after the single nor combined treatments. Our results point to a low risk of increased genotoxic effects of AgNP when used in combination with aluminium salts, butylparaben or di-n-butylphthalate in consumer products.

Effect of Octenisept antiseptic on bioburden of neoplastic ulcers in patients with advanced cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of octenidine dihydrochloride (Octenisept, Schülke & Mayr) on the clinical condition and bacterial flora in neoplastic ulcers. METHOD: Twenty-one patients with advanced cancer and neoplastic ulcers were included in the study. Octenisept-moistened gauze dressings were applied to the ulcers three times daily. The clinical and bacteriological status of the wounds were assessed at baseline and after three weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Thirty-three bacterial strains were cultured at baseline. After three weeks of treatment, the tests were repeated on 16 patients. Clinical observations confirmed an improvement in the clinical condition of the ulcers, characterised by a reduction in necrosis, exudate levels, erythema and oedema. According to the bacteriological assessment, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Proteus mirabilis were eradicated from the wounds. Enterococcus faecalis persisted in two patients, Escherichia coli in one patient and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in another patient. CONCLUSION: Octenispet was an effective antimicrobial: Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis were eradicated in all ulcers. After three weeks of treatment, none of the ulcers developed an infection and there was an improvement in their clinical condition.

[Tumors of the parotid glands in the material of the Department of otolaryngology of the Medical Academy in Warsaw in 1986-1995]. / Guzy slinianek przyusznych w materiale Kliniki Otolaryngologii AM w Warszawie w latach 1986-1995.

In the Department of Otolaryngology, Medical Academy in Warsaw, 332 patients were surgically treated between 1986 and 1995 because of parotid gland tumors. In 275 cases benign tumors, in 57 cases--malignant tumors were observed. The majority of benign tumors were pleomorphic adenoma (61.45%) and lymphadenoma (22.54%); the majority of malignant tumors were adenocarcinoma (28%), adenoid cystic carcinoma (21%), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (15.78%). All patients with benign tumors were surgically treated, patients with malignant tumors were operated on and irradiated. The surgical procedure used superficial parotidectomy and total parotidectomy with preservation of facial nerve where possible. Ten patients required total parotidectomy with facial nerve resection because of malignant tumors, six patients had neck dissection performed. Of the 57 patients treated on account of malignant tumors 43 survived; 14 patients died of a local recurrence or generalization neoplasm disease.