Comparative Study of the Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress between Two Types of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Tokyo 172.

Genomic analysis revealed that the vaccine seed lot of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Tokyo 172 contains two subclones (types I and II), but their phenotypic differences have not been elucidated. In this study, we compared the susceptibility of bacilli types I and II to oxidative stress in vitro and within host cells. Notably, the subclones displayed similar superoxide dismutase activity; however, foam height in the catalase test and lysate catalase/peroxidase activity were higher for type I bacilli than for type II bacilli. Additionally, type I bacilli were less susceptible to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) than type II bacilli. After exposure to H2O2, antioxidative stress response genes katG, ahpC, sodA, and trxA were more strongly induced in type I bacilli than in type II bacilli. Further, we investigated cell survival in macrophages. Fewer type II bacilli were recovered than type I bacilli. However, in the presence of apocynin, a specific inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, type II recovery was greater than that of type I. The production of interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), IL-12 p40, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was higher in type I bacillus-infected macrophages than in type II bacillus-infected macrophages. The proportions of type I and type II bacilli in vaccine lots over 3 years (100 lots) were 97.6% ± 1.5% and 2.4% ± 1.5%, respectively. The study results illustrated that type I bacilli are more resistant to oxidative stress than type II bacilli. Overall, these findings provide important information in terms of the quality control and safety of BCG Tokyo 172 vaccine.IMPORTANCE This study revealed the difference of in vivo and in vitro antioxidative stress properties of BCG Tokyo 172 types I and II as one of the bacteriological characteristics. In particular, the bacilli exhibited differences in catalase/peroxidase activity, which could explain their different protective effects against infection. The differences correlated with survival in the host cell and the production of proinflammatory cytokines to protect against infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis The proportion of bacilli types I and II in all commercial lots of BCG Tokyo 172 over 3 years (100 lots) was constant. The findings also highlighted the importance of analyzing their content for quality control during vaccine production.

5-Hydroxy-2-methylpyridine Isolated from Cigarette Smoke Condensate Aggravates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice.

The risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is linked to environmental and genetic factors. Cigarette smoking is an established environmental risk factor for the disease that contributes to its development and severity. Previously, we found that cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), both mainstream and sidestream, aggravates collagen type II-induced arthritis (CIA), which was observed following either intraperitoneal inoculation or nasal exposure. In the present study, we aimed to identify the compound in CSC, which aggravates CIA. By sequential fractionation and analysis, extraction with water/ether in different pH values, silica gel column chromatography, TLC, octadecyl silica (ODS) HPLC, GC/MS, and NMR, the active compound was identified as 5-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine (5H2MP). Its isomer 2-hydroxy-3-methylpyridine, but not 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine, was also active. 5H2MP was not mutagenic, and did not exhibit aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent activity. Our data help clarify the mechanism underlying the pathogenic effects of cigarette smoking on RA.