Environmental Planning and Non-Communicable Diseases: A Systematic Review on the Role of the Metabolomic Profile.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the major cause of death worldwide and have economic, psychological, and social impacts. Air pollution is the second, contributing to NCDs-related deaths. Metabolomics are a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool for NCDs, as they allow the identification of biomarkers linked to emerging pathologic processes. The aim of the present study was to review the scientific literature on the application of metabolomics profiling in NCDs and to discuss environmental planning actions to assist healthcare systems and public managers based on early metabolic diagnosis. The search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines using Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases with the following MeSH terms: "metabolomics" AND "noncommunicable diseases" AND "air pollution". Twenty-nine studies were eligible. Eleven involved NCDs prevention, eight addressed diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, systemic arterial hypertension, or metabolic syndrome. Six studies focused on obesity, two evaluated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, two studied cancer, and none addressed chronic respiratory diseases. The studies provided insights into the biological pathways associated with NCDs. Understanding the cost of delivering care where there will be a critical increase in NCDs prevalence is crucial to achieving universal health coverage and improving population health by allocating environmental planning and treatment resources.

Water-soluble carboxymethylchitosan used as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in saline medium.

Biodegradability and ecotoxicity of products used in oil industry are of great relevance and corrosion inhibitor could not be an exception. In earlier reports, chitosan and some derivatives were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors at acid pH, mainly due to polymer solubility. An eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor with water solubility in all pH range should be ideal, as well as that could act under the high salinity of oil field environment. Thus, herein is presented the performance of a water-soluble carboxymethylchitosan (CMC) as corrosion inhibitor in presence of chlorides (3.5% NaCl) in 1020 carbon steel, without any addition of acid or base. CMC showed good properties as corrosion inhibitor in media containing Cl-, and behaved as an anodic inhibitor. CMC exhibited inhibitory efficiency of about 80% and 67%, according to Tafel curve and electrochemical impedance, respectively, which was attributed to chemisorption mechanism (ΔGads ≈ -45 kJ/mol).