Effect of the "Recruitment" Maneuver on Respiratory Mechanics in Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Surgery.

PURPOSE: LSG surgery is used for surgical treatment of morbid obesity. Obesity, anesthesia, and pneumoperitoneum cause reduced pulmoner functions and a tendency for atelectasis. The alveolar "recruitment" maneuver (RM) keeps airway pressure high, opening alveoli, and increasing arterial oxygenation. The aim of our study is to research the effect on respiratory mechanics and arterial blood gases of performing the RM in LSG surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing LSG surgery were divided into two groups (n = 30) Patients in group R had the RM performed 5 min after desufflation with 100% oxygen, 40 cmH2O pressure for 40 s. Group C had standard mechanical ventilation. Assessments of respiratory mechanics and arterial blood gases were made in the 10th min after induction (T1), 10th min after insufflation (T2), 5th min after desufflation (T3), and 15th min after desufflation (T4). Arterial blood gases were assessed in the 30th min (T5) in the postoperative recovery unit. RESULTS: In group R, values at T5, PaO2 were significantly high, while PaCO2 were significantly low compared with group C. Compliance in both groups reduced with pneumoperitoneum. At T4, the compliance in the recruitment group was higher. In both groups, there was an increase in PIP with pneumoperitoneum and after desufflation this was identified to reduce to levels before pneumoperitoneum. CONCLUSION: Adding the RM to PEEP administration for morbidly obese patients undergoing LSG surgery is considered to be effective in improving respiratory mechanics and arterial blood gas values and can be used safely.

Does smoking increase the anesthetic requirement?

Background/aim: To examine the effects of active and passive smoking on perioperative anesthetic and analgesic consumption. Materials and methods: Patients were divided into three groups: group S, smokers; group PS, passive smokers; and group NS, individuals who did not have a history of smoking and were not exposed to smoke. All patients underwent the standard total intravenous anesthesia method. The primary endpoint of this study was determination of the total amount of propofol and remifentanil consumed. Results: The amount of propofol used in induction of anesthesia was significantly higher in group S compared to groups PS and NS. Moreover, the total consumption of propofol was significantly higher in group S compared to groups PS and NS. The total propofol consumption of group PS was significantly higher than that of group NS (P = 0.00). Analysis of total remifentanil consumption showed that remifentanil use was significantly higher in group S compared to group NS (P = 0.00). Conclusion: The amount of the anesthetic required to ensure equal anesthetic depth in similar surgeries was higher in active smokers and passive smokers compared to nonsmokers.

Comparison of EtView™ tracheoscopic ventilation tube and video-assisted fiberoptic bronchoscopy during percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy.

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) via endotracheal tube (ETT) is the most frequent utilized technique for monitoring of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) procedure while maintaining mechanical ventilation. Endoscopic guidance has increased the safety of this procedure; nevertheless, the use of a bronchoscope via ETT potentially may deteriorate ventilation and lead to hypercarbia and/or hypoxia. EtView tracheoscopic ventilation tube (EtView TVT) is a standard endotracheal tube with a camera and light source embedded at the tip. The objectives of this study are to introduce EtView TVT as a monitoring tool during PDT and to compare it with video assisted FOB via ETT. We hypothesized that using EtView TVT during PDT may obtain similar visualization; also may have advantages regarding better mechanical ventilation conditions when compared with video-assisted FOB via ETT. Patients, 18-75 years of age requiring mechanical ventilation scheduled for PDT were randomly allocated into two groups for airway monitorization to guide PDT procedure either with FOB via ETT (Group FOB, n = 12) or EtView TVT (Group EtView, n = 12). After standard anesthesia protocol, alveolar recruitment maneuver was applied and all patients were mechanically ventilated at pressure-controlled ventilation mode with same pressure levels. The primary outcome variable was the reduction in arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) values during the procedure. Other respiratory variables and the effectiveness (the visualization and identification of relevant airway structures) of two techniques were the secondary outcome variables. Patients in both groups were comparable with respect to demographic characteristics and initial respiratory variables. Visualization and identification of relevant airway structures in any steps of the PDT procedure were also comparable. The decrease in minute ventilation in Group FOB was higher when compared with Group EtView (51 ± 4 % vs. 12 ± 7.3 %, p < 0.05). The decrease in PaO2 from initial levels during (34 ± 21 % vs. 5 ± 7 % decrease) and after (26 ± 27 % vs. 2.8 ± 16 % decrease) the procedure was higher in Group FOB when compared with Group EtView (p < 0.05). Considering comparable features in monitorization and advantageous features over mechanical ventilation when compared with video bronchoscopy; EtView TVT would be a good alternative for airway monitorization during PDT especially for patients with poor pulmonary reserve.

The influence of airway supporting maneuvers on glottis view in pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscopy / A influência das manobras de suporte das vias aéreas sobre a visibilidade da glote em fibrobroncoscopia pediátrica

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:Flexible fiber optic bronchoscopy is a valuable intervention for evaluation and management of respiratory diseases in both infants, pediatric and adult patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the airway supporting maneuvers on glottis view during pediatric flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy.MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this randomized, controlled, crossover study; patients aged between 0 and 15 years who underwent flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedure having American Society of Anesthesiologists I---II risk score were included. Patients having risk of difficult intubation, intubated or patients with tracheostomy, and patients with reduced neck mobility or having cautions for neck mobility were excluded from this study. After obtaining best glottic view at the neutral position, patients were positioned jaw trust with open mouth, jaw trust with teeth prottution, head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers and best glottis scores were recorded.RESULTS:Total of 121 pediatric patients, 57 girls and 64 boys, were included in this study. Both jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers improved the glottis view compared with neutral position (p < 0.05), but we did not observe any difference between jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers (p > 0.05). Head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers improved glottis view when compared with both jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers and neutral position (p < 0.05); however we found no differences between head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers (p > 0.05).

RESUMOINTRODUÇÃO: A broncofibroscopia flexível (BF) é uma valiosa intervenção para o manejo eavaliação de doenças respiratórias em pacientes tanto pediátricos quanto adultos. O obje-tivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência das manobras de apoio das vias aéreas sobre avisibilidade da glote durante a BF pediátrica.MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo cruzado, randômico e controlado, incluindo pacientes com idadesentre 0-15 anos, ASA I-II, que foram submetidos à BF. Pacientes com risco de intubação difí-cil, entubados ou com traqueostomia e aqueles com mobilidade reduzida do pescoço ou queexigissem cuidados para a mobilidade do pescoço foram excluídos do estudo. Depois de obter amelhor visibilidade da glote na posição neutra, os pacientes foram posicionados com elevaçãoda mandíbula e abertura da aberta (EMBA), com elevação da mandíbula e protrusão dos dentes(EMPD), com inclinação da cabeça elevação do queixo (ICEQ) e com a tripla manobra das viasaéreas (TMVA). Os melhores escores da glote foram registrados.RESULTADOS: No total, 121 pacientes pediátricos foram incluídos no estudo: 57 pacientes do sexofeminino e 64 do sexo masculino. Ambos as manobras EMBA e EMPD melhoraram a visibilidadeda glote em comparação com a posição neutra (p < 0,05), mas não observamos diferença entreas manobras EMBA e EMPD (p > 0,05). As manobras ICEQ e TMVA melhoraram a visibilidade daglote em comparação com as manobras EMBA e EMPD e a posição neutra (p < 0,05); porém, nãoencontramos diferenças entre a ICEQ e a TMVA (p > 0,05).CONCLUSÃO: Todas as manobras de acesso às vias aéreas melhoraram a visibilidade da glotedurante a BF pediátrica; porém, a inclinação da cabeça e elevação do queixo e a tripla manobradas vias aéreas foram consideradas as manobras mais eficazes.

The influence of airway supporting maneuvers on glottis view in pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

INTRODUCTION: Flexible fiber optic bronchoscopy is a valuable intervention for evaluation and management of respiratory diseases in both infants, pediatric and adult patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the airway supporting maneuvers on glottis view during pediatric flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized, controlled, crossover study; patients aged between 0 and 15 years who underwent flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedure having American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II risk score were included. Patients having risk of difficult intubation, intubated or patients with tracheostomy, and patients with reduced neck mobility or having cautions for neck mobility were excluded from this study. After obtaining best glottic view at the neutral position, patients were positioned jaw trust with open mouth, jaw trust with teeth prottution, head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers and best glottis scores were recorded. RESULTS: Total of 121 pediatric patients, 57 girls and 64 boys, were included in this study. Both jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers improved the glottis view compared with neutral position (p<0.05), but we did not observe any difference between jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers (p>0.05). Head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers improved glottis view when compared with both jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers and neutral position (p<0.05); however we found no differences between head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: All airway supporting maneuvers improved glottic view during pediatric flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy; however head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers were found to be the most effective maneuvers.

Opioid-free total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, dexmedetomidine and lidocaine infusions for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study / Anestesia venosa total livre de opioides, com infusões de propofol, dexmedetomidina e lidocaína para colecistectomia laparoscópica: estudo prospectivo, randomizado e duplo-cego / Anestesia venosa total libre de opiáceos, con infusiones de propofol, dexmedetomidina y lidocaína para la colecistectomía laparoscópica: estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado y doble ciego

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intraoperative use of opioids may be associated with postoperative hyperalgesia and increased analgesic consumption. Side effects due to perioperative use of opioids, such as postoperative nausea and vomiting may delay discharge. We hypothesized that total intravenous anesthesia consisting of lidocaine and dexmedetomidine as an opioid substitute may be an alternative technique for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and would be associated with lower fentanyl requirements in the postoperative period and less incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. METHODS: 80 Anesthesiologists I-II adults were scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups to have either opioid-free anesthesia with dexmedetomidine, lidocaine, and propofol infusions (Group DL) or opioid-based anesthesia with remifentanil, and propofol infusions (Group RF). All patients received a standard multimodal analgesia regimen. A patient controlled analgesia device was set to deliver IV fentanyl for 6 h after surgery. The primary outcome variable was postoperative fentanyl consumption. RESULTS: Fentanyl consumption at postoperative 2nd hour was statistically significantly less in Group DL, compared with Group RF, which were 75 ± 59 µg and 120 ± 94 µg respectively, while it was comparable at postoperative 6th hour. During anesthesia, there were more hypotensive events in Group RF, while there were more hypertensive events in Group DL, which were both statistically significant. Despite higher recovery times, Group DL had significantly lower pain scores, rescue analgesic and ondansetron need. CONCLUSION: Opioid-free anesthesia with dexmedetomidine, lidocaine and propofol infusions may be an alternative technique for laparoscopic cholecystectomy especially in patients with high risk for postoperative nausea and vomiting. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso de opioides no período intraoperatório pode estar associado à hiperalgesia e ao aumento do consumo de analgésicos no período pós-operatório. Efeitos colaterais como náusea e vômito no período pós-operatório, por causa do uso perioperatório de opioides, podem prolongar a alta. Nossa hipótese foi que a anestesia venosa total com o uso de lidocaína e dexmedetomidina em substituição a opioides pode ser uma técnica opcional para a colecistectomia laparoscópica e estaria associada a uma menor solicitação de fentanil e incidência de náusea e vômito no período pós-operatório. MÉTODOS: Foram programados para colecistectomia laparoscópica eletiva 80 pacientes adultos, estado físico ASA I-II. Os pacientes foram randomicamente alocados em dois grupos para receber anestesia livre de opioides com infusões intravenosas (IV) de dexmedetomidina, lidocaína e propofol (Grupo DL) ou anestesia baseada em opioides com infusões de remifentanil e propofol (Grupo RF). Todos os pacientes receberam um regime padrão de analgesia multimodal. Um dispositivo de analgesia controlada pelo paciente foi ajustado para liberar fentanil IV por seis horas após a cirurgia. O desfecho primário foi o consumo de fentanil no pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: O consumo de fentanil na segunda hora de pós-operatório foi significativamente menor no grupo DL do que no Grupo RF, 75 ± 59 µg e 120 ± 94 µg, respectivamente, mas foi comparável na sexta hora de pós-operatório. Durante a anestesia, houve mais eventos hipotensivos no Grupo RF e mais eventos hipertensivos no grupo DL, ambos estatisticamente significativos. Apesar de apresentar um tempo de recuperação mais prolongado, o Grupo DL apresentou escores de dor e consumo de analgésicos de resgate e de ondansetrona significativamente mais baixos. CONCLUSÃO: A anestesia livre de opioides com infusões de dexmedetomidina, lidocaína e propofol pode ser uma técnica opcional para a colecistectomia laparoscópica, ...

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El uso de opiáceos en el período intraoperatorio puede estar asociado con la hiperalgesia y con el aumento del consumo de analgésicos en el período postoperatorio. Los efectos colaterales como náuseas y vómito en el período postoperatorio, debido al uso perioperatorio de opiáceos, pueden retrasar el alta. Nuestra hipótesis fue que la anestesia venosa total con el uso de lidocaína y dexmedetomidina como reemplazo de los opiáceos puede ser una técnica alternativa para la colecistectomía laparoscópica y estaría asociada con un requerimiento menor de fentanilo y con una menor incidencia de náuseas y vómito en el período postoperatorio. MÉTODOS: Ochenta pacientes adultos, estado físico ASA I-II, fueron programados para colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva. Los pacientes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 2 grupos para recibir anestesia libre de opiáceos con infusiones de dexmedetomidina, lidocaína y propofol (grupo DL), o anestesia basada en opiáceos con infusiones de remifentanilo y propofol (grupo RF). Todos los pacientes recibieron un régimen estándar de analgesia multimodal. Un dispositivo de analgesia controlada por el paciente fue ajustado para liberar el fentanilo intravenoso durante 6 h después de la cirugía. El resultado primario fue el consumo de fentanilo en el postoperatorio. RESULTADOS: El consumo de fentanilo en la segunda hora del postoperatorio fue significativamente menor en el grupo DL que en el grupo RF, 75 ± 59 µg y 120 ± 94 µg, respectivamente, pero se pudo comparar en la sexta hora del postoperatorio. Durante la anestesia hubo más eventos hipotensivos en el grupo RF y más eventos hipertensivos en el grupo DL, ambos estadísticamente significativos. A pesar de presentar un tiempo de recuperación más prolongado, el grupo DL tuvo puntuaciones de dolor y consumo de analgésicos de rescate y de ondansetrón significativamente más bajos. CONCLUSIÓN: La anestesia libre de opiáceos con infusiones de ...

Opioid-free total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, dexmedetomidine and lidocaine infusions for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intraoperative use of opioids may be associated with postoperative hyperalgesia and increased analgesic consumption. Side effects due to perioperative use of opioids, such as postoperative nausea and vomiting may delay discharge. We hypothesized that total intravenous anesthesia consisting of lidocaine and dexmedetomidine as an opioid substitute may be an alternative technique for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and would be associated with lower fentanyl requirements in the postoperative period and less incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. METHODS: 80 Anesthesiologists I-II adults were scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups to have either opioid-free anesthesia with dexmedetomidine, lidocaine, and propofol infusions (Group DL) or opioid-based anesthesia with remifentanil, and propofol infusions (Group RF). All patients received a standard multimodal analgesia regimen. A patient controlled analgesia device was set to deliver IV fentanyl for 6h after surgery. The primary outcome variable was postoperative fentanyl consumption. RESULTS: Fentanyl consumption at postoperative 2nd hour was statistically significantly less in Group DL, compared with Group RF, which were 75 ± 59 µg and 120 ± 94 µg respectively, while it was comparable at postoperative 6th hour. During anesthesia, there were more hypotensive events in Group RF, while there were more hypertensive events in Group DL, which were both statistically significant. Despite higher recovery times, Group DL had significantly lower pain scores, rescue analgesic and ondansetron need. CONCLUSION: Opioid-free anesthesia with dexmedetomidine, lidocaine and propofol infusions may be an alternative technique for laparoscopic cholecystectomy especially in patients with high risk for postoperative nausea and vomiting.

[Opioid-free total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, dexmedetomidine and lidocaine infusions for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study]. / Anestesia venosa total livre de opioides, com infusões de propofol, dexmedetomidina e lidocaína para colecistectomia laparoscópica: estudo prospectivo, randomizado e duplo-cego.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intraoperative use of opioids may be associated with postoperative hyperalgesia and increased analgesic consumption. Side effects due to perioperative use of opioids, such as postoperative nausea and vomiting may delay discharge. We hypothesized that total intravenous anesthesia consisting of lidocaine and dexmedetomidine as an opioid substitute may be an alternative technique for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and would be associated with lower fentanyl requirements in the postoperative period and less incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. METHODS: 80 Anesthesiologists I-II adults were scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups to have either opioid-free anesthesia with dexmedetomidine, lidocaine, and propofol infusions (Group DL) or opioid-based anesthesia with remifentanil, and propofol infusions (Group RF). All patients received a standard multimodal analgesia regimen. A patient controlled analgesia device was set to deliver IV fentanyl for 6h after surgery. The primary outcome variable was postoperative fentanyl consumption. RESULTS: Fentanyl consumption at postoperative 2nd hour was statistically significantly less in Group DL, compared with Group RF, which were 75±59µg and 120±94µg respectively, while it was comparable at postoperative 6th hour. During anesthesia, there were more hypotensive events in Group RF, while there were more hypertensive events in Group DL, which were both statistically significant. Despite higher recovery times, Group DL had significantly lower pain scores, rescue analgesic and ondansetron need. CONCLUSION: Opioid-free anesthesia with dexmedetomidine, lidocaine and propofol infusions may be an alternative technique for laparoscopic cholecystectomy especially in patients with high risk for postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Remifentanil-based total intravenous anesthesia for pediatric rigid bronchoscopy: comparison of adjuvant propofol and ketamine.

OBJECTIVE: Laryngoscopy and stimuli inside the trachea cause an intense sympatho-adrenal response. Remifentanil seems to be the optimal opioid for rigid bronchoscopy due to its potent and short-acting properties. The purpose of this study was to compare bolus propofol and ketamine as an adjuvant to remifentanil-based total intravenous anesthesia for pediatric rigid bronchoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty children under 12 years of age who had been scheduled for a rigid bronchoscopy were included in this study. After midazolam premedication, a 1 µg/kg/min remifentanil infusion was started, and patients were randomly allocated to receive either propofol (Group P) or ketamine (Group K) as well as mivacurium for muscle relaxation. Anesthesia was maintained with a 1 µg/kg/min remifentanil infusion and bolus doses of propofol or ketamine. After the rigid bronchoscopy, 0.05 µg/kg/min of remifentanil was maintained until extubation. Hemodynamic parameters, emergence characteristics, and adverse events were evaluated. RESULTS: The demographic variables were comparable between the two groups. The decrease in mean arterial pressure from baseline values to the lowest values during rigid bronchoscopy was greater in Group P (p = 0.049), while the reduction in the other parameters and the incidence of adverse events were comparable between the two groups. The need for assisted or controlled mask ventilation after extubation was higher in Group K. CONCLUSION: Remifentanil-based total intravenous anesthesia with propofol or ketamine as an adjuvant drug along with controlled ventilation is a viable technique for pediatric rigid bronchoscopy. Ketamine does not provide a definite advantage over propofol with respect to hemodynamic stability during rigid bronchoscopy, while propofol seems more suitable during the recovery period.

Remifentanil-based total intravenous anesthesia for pediatric rigid bronchoscopy: comparison of adjuvant propofol and ketamine

OBJECTIVE: Laryngoscopy and stimuli inside the trachea cause an intense sympatho-adrenal response. Remifentanil seems to be the optimal opioid for rigid bronchoscopy due to its potent and short-acting properties. The purpose of this study was to compare bolus propofol and ketamine as an adjuvant to remifentanil-based total intravenous anesthesia for pediatric rigid bronchoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty children under 12 years of age who had been scheduled for a rigid bronchoscopy were included in this study. After midazolam premedication, a 1 µg/kg/min remifentanil infusion was started, and patients were randomly allocated to receive either propofol (Group P) or ketamine (Group K) as well as mivacurium for muscle relaxation. Anesthesia was maintained with a 1 µg/kg/min remifentanil infusion and bolus doses of propofol or ketamine. After the rigid bronchoscopy, 0.05 µg/kg/min of remifentanil was maintained until extubation. Hemodynamic parameters, emergence characteristics, and adverse events were evaluated. RESULTS: The demographic variables were comparable between the two groups. The decrease in mean arterial pressure from baseline values to the lowest values during rigid bronchoscopy was greater in Group P (p = 0.049), while the reduction in the other parameters and the incidence of adverse events were comparable between the two groups. The need for assisted or controlled mask ventilation after extubation was higher in Group K. CONCLUSION: Remifentanil-based total intravenous anesthesia with propofol or ketamine as an adjuvant drug along with controlled ventilation is a viable technique for pediatric rigid bronchoscopy. Ketamine does not provide a definite advantage over propofol with respect to hemodynamic stability during rigid bronchoscopy, while propofol seems more suitable during the recovery period. .

The effects of different oxygen concentrations on recruitment maneuver during general anesthesia for laparoscopic surgery.

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE: Recruitment maneuvers (RMs), which aim to ventilate the collaborated alveolus by temporarily increasing the transpulmonary pressure, have positive effects in relation to respiration, mainly oxygenation. Although many studies have defined the pressure values used during RM and the application period, our knowledge of the effects of different oxygen concentrations is limited. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of different oxygen concentrations during RM on the arterial oxygenation and respiration mechanics in laparoscopic cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were recruited into the study. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. RM with a 30% oxygen concentration was performed in patients within the first group (group I, n=16), whereas patients in the second group (group II, n=16) received RM with 100% oxygen. To study respiratory mechanics, dynamic compliance (Cdyn), airway resistance (Raw), and peak inspiratory pressure were measured at 3 different times: 5 minutes after anesthesia induction, 5 minutes after the abdomen was insufflated, and 5 minutes after the abdomen was desufflated. Arterial blood gases were measured during surgery and 30 minutes after surgery (postoperative). RESULTS: The average postoperative partial arterial oxygen pressure values of the patients in groups I and II were 121 and 98 mm Hg, respectively. The difference between the groups was statistically significant. In addition, the decrease in compliance from induction values after desufflation in group II was statistically significant. DISCUSSION: On the basis of our results, maintaining oxygen concentrations below 100% during RM may be more beneficial in terms of respiratory mechanics and gas exchange.

Inadvertent venous air embolism during cesarean section: collapsible intravenous fluid bags without self-sealing outlet have risks. Case report.

The anesthesiologist must be aware of the causes, diagnosis and treatment of venous air embolism and adopt the practice patterns to prevent its occurrence. Although venous air embolism is a known complication of cesarean section, we describe an unusual inattention that causes iatrogenic near fatal venous air embolism during a cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. One of the reasons for using self-collapsible intravenous (IV) infusion bags instead of conventional glass or plastic bottles is to take precaution against air embolism. We also demonstrated the risk of air embolism for two kinds of plastic collapsible intravenous fluid bags: polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polypropylene-based. Fluid bags without self-sealing outlets pose a risk for air embolism if the closed system is broken down, while the flexibility of the bag limits the amount of air entry. PVC-based bags, which have more flexibility, have significantly less risk of air entry when IV administration set is disconnected from the outlet. Using a pressure bag for rapid infusion can be dangerous without checking and emptying all air from the IV bag.

Embolia gasosa venosa inadvertida durante cesariana: bolsas retráteis ​​para líquidos intravenosos sem saídas autovedantes oferecem riscos. Relato de caso / Inadvertent venous air embolism during cesarean section: collapsible intravenous fluid bags without self-sealing outlet have risks. Case report / Embolia gaseosa venosa inadvertida durante cesárea: bolsas retráctiles para líquidos intravenosos sin salida de autosellado ofrecen riesgos. Relato de caso

O anestesiologista deve estar ciente das causas, do diagnóstico e do tratamento de embolia venosa e adotar padrões de prática para prevenir sua ocorrência. Embora a embolia gasosa seja uma complicação conhecida da cesariana, descrevemos um caso raro de desatenção que causou embolia gasosa iatrogênica quase fatal durante uma cesariana sob raquianestesia. uma das razões para o uso de bolsas autorretráteis para infusão em vez dos frascos convencionais de vidro ou plástico é a precaução contra embolia gasosa. Também demonstramos o risco de embolia venosa com o uso de dois tipos de bolsas plásticas retráteis (à base de cloreto de polivinil [PVC] e de polipropileno) para líquidos intravenosos. As bolsas para líquidos sem saídas autovedantes apresentam risco de embolia gasosa se o sistema de fechamento estiver quebrado, enquanto a flexibilidade da bolsa limita a quantidade de entrada de ar. bolsas à base de pvc, que têm mais flexibilidade, apresentam risco significativamente menor de entrada de ar quando o equipo de administração intravenosa (IV) é desconectado da saída. usar uma bolsa pressurizada para infusão rápida sem verificar e esvaziar todo o ar da bolsa IV pode ser perigoso.

The anesthesiologist must be aware of the causes, diagnosis and treatment of venous air embolism and adopt the practice patterns to prevent its occurrence. Although venous air embolism is a known complication of cesarean section, we describe an unusual inattention that causes iatrogenic near fatal venous air embolism during a cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. One of the reasons for using self-collapsible intravenous (IV) infusion bags instead of conventional glass or plastic bottles is to take precaution against air embolism. We also demonstrated the risk of air embolism for two kinds of plastic collapsible intravenous fluid bags: polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polypropylene-based. Fluid bags without self-sealing outlets pose a risk for air embolism if the closed system is broken down, while the flexibility of the bag limits the amount of air entry. PVC-based bags, which have more flexibility, have signifi cantly less risk of air entry when IV administration set is disconnected from the outlet. Using a pressure bag for rapid infusion can be dangerous without checking and emptying all air from the IV bag.

El anestesiólogo debe de estar consciente de las causas, del diagnóstico y del tratamiento de la embolia venosa, y adoptar los estándares de práctica para prevenir su aparecimiento. Aunque la embolia gaseosa sea una complicación conocida de la cesárea, describimos aquí un caso raro de falta de atención que causó embolia gaseosa iatrogénica casi fatal durante una cesárea bajo raquianestesia. Una de las razones para el uso de bolsas autoretráctiles para infusión en vez de los frascos convencionales de vidrio o plástico, es la precaución contra la embolia gaseosa. También demostramos riesgo de embolia venosa con el uso de dos tipos de bolsas plásticas retráctiles (a base de cloruro de polivinil [PVC] y de polipropileno) para líquidos intravenosos. Las bolsas para líquidos sin salidas de autosellado, tienen un riesgo de embolia gaseosa si el sistema de cierre está roto, mientras la flexibilidad de la bolsa limita la cantidad de entrada de aire. Bolsas hechas a base de PVC, y que tienen más flexibilidad, también tienen un riesgo signifi cativamente menor de entrada de aire cuando el equipo de administración intravenosa (IV) se apaga en la salida. Usar una bolsa de presión para la infusión rápida sin verifi car y vaciar todo el aire de la bolsa IV puede ser peligroso.

Laparoscopic correction of right transverse colostomy prolapse.

Colostomy prolapse is a frequently seen complication of transverse colostomy. In one child with recurrent stoma prolapse, we performed a loop-to-loop fixation and peritoneal tethering laparoscopically. No prolapse had recurred at follow-up. Laparoscopic repair of transverse colostomy prolapse seems to be a less invasive method than other techniques.

Anesthetic management of the SRS™ Endoscopic Stapling System for gastro-esophageal reflux disease.

The SRS(TM) Endoscopic Stapling System (Medigus, Tel Aviv, Israel) is a new tool capable of creating a totally endoscopic fundoplication, combined with an endoscope, endoscopic ultrasound and a surgical stapler. SRS(TM) endoscopic stapling for gastro-esophageal reflux disease is a minimally invasive, outpatient procedure, which requires general anesthesia with positive-pressure ventilation. Keeping the patient on positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may minimize the pressure gradient between the esophagus and the mediastinum, as well as help to prevent air from leaking around the screws and causing pneumomediastinum. In addition, in patients with hiatal hernia, higher PEEP levels may be required to increase intra-thoracic pressure and to force the stomach to slide into the abdomen for ease of endoscopy. We advise smoother emergence from anesthesia, taking precautions for retching, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), while coughing and gagging during extubation and PONV may affect the success of the procedure. Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil seems to be a good choice for these reasons.

Clinical outcome of patients in a start-up congenital heart surgery program in Turkey.

This study summarizes the clinical outcome data of a start-up congenital heart surgery program in Turkey. Between December 2009 and February 2012, 616 operations have been performed in 132 newborns (22%), 260 infants (42%), and 224 children/adolescents (36%). Risk adjustment analysis was performed using the risk adjustment in congenital heart surgery (RACHS-1) risk assessment model. There were 66 mortalities (10.7%). According to the RACHS-1 categories, there were 51 cases in level I (8.2%) with no mortality (0%), 250 in level II (40.6%) with 11 (4.4%) mortalities, 199 in level III (32.3%) with 33 (16.5%) mortalities, 53 in level IV (8.6%) with 10 (18.8%) mortalities, 14 in level V and VI (2.2%) with 11 (78.5%) mortalities, and 49 cases (7.9%) out of the RACHS-1 categories with one (2.0%) mortality. Mortality was higher in neonates compared to infants, and in infants compared to children/adolescents. Mortality was higher in palliative procedures compared to corrective procedures. The data demonstrate that a start-up program with a relatively loaded surgical volume may achieve acceptable clinical results with a good teamwork. Collaboration of anesthesiologists, perfusionists, pediatric cardiologists, intensivists, and cardiovascular surgeons is necessary to provide a better outcome in congenital heart surgery.

Inadvertent venous air embolism during cesarean section: Collapsible intravenous fluid bags without self-sealing outlet have risks. Case report.

The anesthesiologist must be aware of the causes, diagnosis and treatment of venous air embolism and adopt the practice patterns to prevent its occurrence. Although venous air embolism is a known complication of cesarean section, we describe an unusual inattention that causes iatrogenic near fatal venous air embolism during a cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. One of the reasons for using self-collapsible intravenous (IV) infusion bags instead of conventional glass or plastic bottles is to take precaution against air embolism. We also demonstrated the risk of air embolism for two kinds of plastic collapsible intravenous fluid bags: polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polypropylene-based. Fluid bags without self-sealing outlets pose a risk for air embolism if the closed system is broken down, while the flexibility of the bag limits the amount of air entry. PVC-based bags, which have more flexibility, have significantly less risk of air entry when IV administration set is disconnected from the outlet. Using a pressure bag for rapid infusion can be dangerous without checking and emptying all air from the IV bag.