Análisis de la mortalidad por cáncer en México utilizando los resultados del Global Burden of Disease 2021 / Analysis of cancer mortality in Mexico using the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study

Resumen Antecedentes: En México, las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer han experimentado cambios a lo largo de las últimas décadas. Objetivo: Analizar la evolución de las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer en México entre 1990 y 2021. Materiales y métodos: Del Global Burden of Disease (GBD) se obtuvieron las tasas de mortalidad de los 10 tipos de cáncer más predominantes en México, en el ámbito nacional y por estados, considerando distintos grupos etarios y el sexo. En el GBD se reasignan las causas mal clasificadas y se distribuyen entre los distintos cánceres; posteriormente se modelan y ajustan las causas al total de fallecimientos con un modelo de conjunto de causas de muerte y un corrector de causas, con lo cual se corrigen registros de mortalidad del INEGI. Resultados: La tasa de mortalidad por cáncer pasó de 117.87 en 1990 a 84.18 en 2021. En las mujeres, los cánceres de mama, cervicouterino, estómago y pulmón fueron los más frecuentes; en los hombres, de próstata, estómago, pulmón, colon y recto. Destacó la disminución de la mortalidad por cáncer en hombres y mujeres, en particular por cáncer de pulmón y cérvix uterino. Conclusiones: Los resultados ofrecen información para desarrollar políticas de salud y estrategias de prevención y control específicas para enfrentar el impacto del cáncer en México.

Abstract Background: In Mexico, cancer mortality rates have undergone changes over the past decades. Objective: To analyze the evolution of cancer mortality rates in Mexico between 1990 and 2021. Materials and methods: Based on the Global Burden of Disease study, the mortality rates for the 10 most prevalent types of cancer in Mexico were obtained, at the national and regional level and by states, considering different age groups and gender. Global Burden of Disease reassigns misclassified causes and distributes them among different types of cancer; subsequently, it models and adjusts the causes to the total number of deaths with a model of a set of causes of death and a cause corrector, which corrects INEGI’s mortality records. Results: The cancer mortality rate went from 117.87 in 1990 to 84.18 in 2021. In women, breast, cervical, stomach and lung cancers were the most frequent. In men, the most common were prostate, stomach, lung, and colon and rectum cancer. The decrease in cancer mortality for men and women stood out, particularly from lung and cervical cancer. Conclusions: The results provide information for the development of health policies and specific prevention and control strategies to address the impact of cancer in Mexico.

Insurance status and access to cervical cancer treatment in a specialized cancer center in Mexico.

To describe access to complete treatment in women with cervical cancer and state-sponsored insurance versus no insurance. We conducted a retrospective observational study. The source population consisted of women treated for cervical cancer from January 2000 to December 2015 in a tertiary care hospital. We included 411 women with state-sponsored insurance and 400 without insurance. We defined access to cervical cancer treatment as complete treatment (according NCCN/ESMO (National Comprehensive Cancer Network/European Society for Medical Oncology) standards) and timely initiation of treatment (less than 4 weeks). Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics were described and analyzed with logistic regression using complete treatment as the main outcome. A total of 811 subjects were included, the median age was 46 (IQR (Interquartile range) 42-50) years. Most of them were married (36.1%), unemployed (50.4%), and had completed primary school (44.0%). The most common clinical stages at diagnosis were II (38.2%) and III (24.7%). In the adjusted regression model, being married (OR (odds ratio): 4.3, 95% CI (confidence interval): 1.74-10.61) and having paid employment (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.59-4.90) or state-sponsored insurance (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.04-2.26) were positively associated with the possibility of having a complete treatment. Women with insurance were likely to be younger and receive timely treatment compared with uninsured women. Complete treatment was associated to insurance status and advanced stages of cervical cancer. State-sponsored insurance improves access to complete treatment. Government policies are needed to avoid social and economic inequity and provide better management of cervical cancer in our country.

Analysis of cancer mortality in Mexico using the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study.

BACKGROUND: In Mexico, cancer mortality rates have undergone changes over the past decades. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the evolution of cancer mortality rates in Mexico between 1990 and 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on the Global Burden of Disease study, the mortality rates for the 10 most prevalent types of cancer in Mexico were obtained, at the national and regional level and by states, considering different age groups and gender. Global Burden of Disease reassigns misclassified causes and distributes them among different types of cancer; subsequently, it models and adjusts the causes to the total number of deaths with a model of a set of causes of death and a cause corrector, which corrects INEGI's mortality records. RESULTS: The cancer mortality rate went from 117.87 in 1990 to 84.18 in 2021. In women, breast, cervical, stomach and lung cancers were the most frequent. In men, the most common were prostate, stomach, lung, and colon and rectum cancer. The decrease in cancer mortality for men and women stood out, particularly from lung and cervical cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide information for the development of health policies and specific prevention and control strategies to address the impact of cancer in Mexico.

ANTECEDENTES: En México, las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer han experimentado cambios a lo largo de las últimas décadas. OBJETIVO: Analizar la evolución de las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer en México entre 1990 y 2021. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Del Global Burden of Disease (GBD) se obtuvieron las tasas de mortalidad de los 10 tipos de cáncer más predominantes en México, en el ámbito nacional y por estados, considerando distintos grupos etarios y el sexo. En el GBD se reasignan las causas mal clasificadas y se distribuyen entre los distintos cánceres; posteriormente se modelan y ajustan las causas al total de fallecimientos con un modelo de conjunto de causas de muerte y un corrector de causas, con lo cual se corrigen registros de mortalidad del INEGI. RESULTADOS: La tasa de mortalidad por cáncer pasó de 117.87 en 1990 a 84.18 en 2021. En las mujeres, los cánceres de mama, cervicouterino, estómago y pulmón fueron los más frecuentes; en los hombres, de próstata, estómago, pulmón, colon y recto. Destacó la disminución de la mortalidad por cáncer en hombres y mujeres, en particular por cáncer de pulmón y cérvix uterino. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados ofrecen información para desarrollar políticas de salud y estrategias de prevención y control específicas para enfrentar el impacto del cáncer en México.

Lung cancer mortality trends in Mexico, 1998-2018: the impact of the General Law on Tobacco Control.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe trends in lung cancer (LC) mortality and trends in tobacco use. METHODS: This is an ecological time-series study to determine mortality trends due to lung cancer resulting from tobacco consumption, based on secondary open-access sources, such as the National Surveys. Smoking prevalence, tobacco use trends, mortality rates, and percentage were determined by LC. The mortality trend from LC was calculated, and a linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of the General Law for Tobacco Control. RESULTS: The prevalence of tobacco use decreased steadily between 1988 and 2015, particularly in men. Mortality rates and percentage decreased between 1998 and 2018. During this period, the mortality rate decreased from 6.3 to 5.4 per 100,000 population (-0.032/100,000 each year, p<0.001), with a net decrease of 0.9 per 100,000. We observe increases in mortality in women in the central and southeastern regions. Of 32 states, 18 showed a tendency to loss (p<0.005). The rate of change for men was -0.24, with a total reduction of 2.17 before the introduction of the laws and -0.32 after their introduction, a total reduction of 3.24 (p<0.005). Women showed no reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality rates showed a limited decrease. Strategies need to be strengthened, mainly in the central and southeastern regions, and to focus on the control of tobacco use by women.

Lung cancer mortality trends in Mexico, 1998-2018: the impact of the General Law on Tobacco Control / Tendências de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão no México, 1998-2018: o impacto da Lei Geral de Controle do Tabaco

ABSTRACT: Objective: The aim of this study was to describe trends in lung cancer (LC) mortality and trends in tobacco use. Methods: This is an ecological time-series study to determine mortality trends due to lung cancer resulting from tobacco consumption, based on secondary open-access sources, such as the National Surveys. Smoking prevalence, tobacco use trends, mortality rates, and percentage were determined by LC. The mortality trend from LC was calculated, and a linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of the General Law for Tobacco Control. Results: The prevalence of tobacco use decreased steadily between 1988 and 2015, particularly in men. Mortality rates and percentage decreased between 1998 and 2018. During this period, the mortality rate decreased from 6.3 to 5.4 per 100,000 population (−0.032/100,000 each year, p<0.001), with a net decrease of 0.9 per 100,000. We observe increases in mortality in women in the central and southeastern regions. Of 32 states, 18 showed a tendency to loss (p<0.005). The rate of change for men was −0.24, with a total reduction of 2.17 before the introduction of the laws and −0.32 after their introduction, a total reduction of 3.24 (p<0.005). Women showed no reduction. Conclusions: Mortality rates showed a limited decrease. Strategies need to be strengthened, mainly in the central and southeastern regions, and to focus on the control of tobacco use by women.

RESUMO: Objetivos: Descrever tendências na mortalidade por câncer de pulmão e no uso do tabaco. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo ecológico de séries temporais para determinar a tendência de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão de acordo com o consumo de tabaco, com base em fontes secundárias de acesso aberto, como as Pesquisas Nacionais. Prevalência de tabagismo, tendências de uso de tabaco, porcentagem e taxas de mortalidade foram determinadas pelo câncer de pulmão. A tendência de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão foi calculada e uma análise de regressão linear foi realizada para avaliar o impacto da lei geral para o controle do tabagismo. Resultados: A prevalência do uso de tabaco diminuiu continuamente entre 1988 e 2015, principalmente em homens. As taxas e percentuais de mortalidade diminuíram entre 1998 e 2018. Durante esse período, a taxa de mortalidade diminuiu de 6,3 para 5,4 por 100 mil habitantes (-0,032 por 100 mil a cada ano, p<0,001), com redução líquida de 0,9 por 100 mil. Observamos aumentos na mortalidade de mulheres nas regiões Centro e Sudeste. Dos 32 estados, 18 apresentaram tendência à perda (p<0,005). A taxa de mudança para os homens foi de -0,24, com redução total de 2,17 antes da introdução das leis e -0,32 após a sua introdução — redução total de 3,24 (p<0,005). As mulheres não apresentaram redução. Conclusões: As taxas de mortalidade mostraram redução limitada. Estratégias precisam ser fortalecidas, principalmente nas regiões Centro e Sudeste, e deve-se enfocar o controle do uso do tabaco pelas mulheres.

Trends in breast-conserving surgery in Mexico after the implementation of a public health insurance system.

Although breast conserving surgery is the standard of care for patients with localized breast cancer in high-income countries, little is known about its use in developing countries, where disparities in access to treatment may lead to an increased use of mastectomy. We examined the use of breast conserving surgery at a Mexican cancer center after the implementation of a public insurance program aimed at providing coverage for previously uninsured patients. Between 2006 and 2016, 4519 women received surgical treatment for breast cancer, of which 39% had early-stage disease. The proportion of patients treated with breast conserving surgery increased from 10% in the 2006-2009 period to 33% in the 2013-2016 period, with most of this increase occurring among women with early-stage disease (17-52%). Improving access to care and reducing the financial burden of breast cancer in developing countries may lead to an increased use of breast conserving surgery.

Psychophysiological stress response of newly-diagnosed breast cancer patients with and without risk of metabolic syndrome / Respuesta psicofisiológica al estrés de pacientes con cáncer de mama de diagnóstico reciente, con y sin riesgo de síndrome metabólico

Abstract Introduction Little is known about how metabolic comorbidity affects stress response during breast cancer (BRCa) after a recent diagnosis. Objective To evaluate the physiological and psychological differences between the BRCa-RSxM groups and those with BRCa alone, and the influence of psychological variables and comorbidity in terms of stress response. Method Comparative non-experimental causal-descriptive study. Fifty patients recently diagnosed with BRCa (25 with BRCa and 25 with BRCa-RSxM) in a convenience sample participated. Frontal muscle activity and skin conductance were recorded in response to stressful conditions. Quality of life, perceived stress, and coping strategies scales were used. Results The presence of comorbidity (p = .001; p = .02), perceived stress (p = .004; p = .03), and social quality of life (p = .01; p = .01) influenced muscle activation and conductance during the emotional stressor (ES). Putting the stressful situation into perspective as a cognitive coping strategy was related to a decrease in activation (p = .04). An increase in physiological activation during the cognitive stressor (CS) was influenced by comorbidity (p = .05) and quality of social life (p = .01; p = .01). In turn, a decrease was influenced by the increase in age (p = .02). Discussion Physiological vulnerability, coping strategies (behavioral and cognitive), and prior learning influenced the resulting reaction during the stressful situation. Conclusion A metabolic disease, as a prelude to an oncological, may cause physiological vulnerability to respond adequately to stressful conditions.

Resumen Introducción Es poco lo que se sabe acerca de cómo afecta a una comorbilidad metabólica a la respuesta al estrés durante el cáncer de mama (CaMa) tras un diagnóstico reciente Objetivo Evaluar las diferencias fisiológicas y psicológicas entre los grupos de CaMa-RSxM y sólo con CaMa, y la influencia de las variables psicológicas y la comorbilidad en cuanto a la respuesta al estrés. Método Estudio no experimental descriptivo-causal comparativo. Participaron 50 pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de CaMa (25 en CaMa y 25 en CaMa-RSxM) en un muestreo por conveniencia. Se registraron la actividad muscular frontal y la conductancia de la piel frente a condiciones estresantes. Se aplicaron escalas de calidad de vida, estrés percibido y estrategias de afrontamiento. Resultados La presencia de la comorbilidad (p = .001; p = .02), estrés percibido (p = .004; p = .03) y la calidad de vida social (p = .01; p = .01) influyeron en la activación muscular y la conductancia durante el estresor emocional (EE). Poner en perspectiva la situación estresante como estrategia cognitiva de afrontamiento se relacionó con una disminución de la activación (p = .04). El aumento de activación fisiológica durante el estresor cognitivo (EC) estuvo influido por la comorbilidad (p = .05) y la calidad de vida social (p = .01; p = .01); a su vez, la disminución lo estuvo por el aumento en los años de edad (p = .02). Discusión La vulnerabilidad fisiológica, las estrategias de afrontamiento (conductuales y cognitivas) y el aprendizaje previo influyeron en la reacción resultante surgida durante la situación estresante. Conclusión Una enfermedad metabólica, como antesala de una oncológica, puede ocasionar vulnerabilidad fisiológica para responder adecuadamente a condiciones estresantes.

[Prognostic factors in patients with breast cancer and brain metastasis as the first site of recurrence]. / Factores pronósticos en pacientes con cáncer de mama y metástasis cerebral como primer sitio de recurrencia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic factors (clinicalpathological characteristics and treatments) in patients with breast cancer and metastasis to central nervous system (CNS) as the first site of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Kaplan-Meier method and life tables were used to estimate overall survival time over a retrospective cohort of 125 breast cancer patients treated at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) during 2007-2015, who presented metastasis to the CNS as the first site of extension of the disease. The cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the prognosis factors. RESULTS: The median overall survival time was 14.2 months (IC95%: 11.83-26.93). Patients with triple negative (TN), according to inmunohistochemistry analysis classification, had lower survival times (p=0.0004) and had a risk of dying two times (p=0.037) higher than patients with a different immunophenotype (HR: 2.77. 95%CI: 1.10-6.99). The degree of intermediate SBR increases the risk of dying in patients with metastasis (HR 2.76, 95% CI: 1.17-6.51). CONCLUSIONS: CNS metastasis continues to be a poor prognostic factor that reduces survival and affects quality of life. It is recommended to monitor the early presence of clinical neurological manifestations during follow-up for prompt treatment. TN patients have worse prognosis and HER2+ a better control.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar los factores pronósticos (características clínico-patológicas y tratamientos) en las pacientes con cáncer de mama y metástasis al sistema nervioso central (SNC) como primer sitio de afección. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Cohorte retrospectiva, formada por 125 pacientes con cáncer de mama atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología durante 2007-2015, quienes presentaron afección en el SNC como primer sitio de metástasis. A través del método Kaplan-Meier y tablas de vida se estimó la supervivencia global. El modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox fue utilizado para determinar los factores pronósticos. RESULTADOS: La mediana de supervivencia global fue de 14.2 meses (IC95% 11.8-26.9). Pacientes clasificadas por inmunohistoquímica como triple negativo (TN) presentaron tiempos de supervivencia más cortos (p<0.004) y con dos veces más riesgo de fallecer, en comparación con los otros inmunofenotipos (HR= 2.77; IC95% 1.10-6.99); asimismo, se identificó que un grado intermedio en la escala Scarff-Bloom-Richardson incrementa el riesgo de morir en pacientes con metástasis (HR=2.76; IC95% 1.17-6.51). CONCLUSIONES: La metástasis al SNC continúa siendo un factor de mal pronóstico que reduce la supervivencia y afecta la calidad de vida. Se recomienda vigilar puntualmente la presencia de manifestaciones clínicas neurológicas durante el seguimiento, para una rápida intervención. Las pacientes TN tienen peor pronóstico, y las HER2+ (es decir, con resultado positivo para el receptor 2 del factor de crecimiento humano epidérmico), mejor control a mediano plazo.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older women with breast cancer in Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Although the epidemiology of breast cancer in older women has been widely described before, little is known about the clinical characteristics and prognosis of older patients living in developing countries. Here, we studied older women with breast cancer treated at a public cancer center in Mexico City, and compared their outcomes with their younger counterparts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a database of 5488 women treated for breast cancer at a single institution. We compared clinical characteristics, treatment and survival between women aged <65 and ≥65 years of age. Survival analyses were performed for each molecular subtype. RESULTS: 851 women (15.5%) were ≥65 years of age, of which 45% presented with Stages III-IV disease. Compared with their younger counterparts, older women had lower grade disease, a larger proportion of hormone receptor positive tumors, and were less likely to receive both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. At 5 years, no differences in both disease free and overall survival were found between younger and older women in a multivariate model including stage, grade, tumor subtype and treatment received. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with reports from high-income countries, older women with breast cancer in developing nations present with more advanced disease requiring more aggressive treatment. Strategies aimed at earlier detection, improved access to care, and downstaging among older adults are greatly needed in Mexico and in the rest of the developing world.

Factores pronósticos en pacientes con cáncer de mama y metástasis cerebral como primer sitio de recurrencia / Prognostic factors in patients with breast cáncer and brain metastasis as the first site of recurrence

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar los factores pronósticos (características clínico-patológicas y tratamientos) en las pacientes con cáncer de mama y metástasis al sistema nervioso central (SNC) como primer sitio de afección. Material y métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva, formada por 125 pacientes con cáncer de mama atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología durante 2007-2015, quienes presentaron afección en el SNC como primer sitio de metástasis. A través del método Kaplan-Meier y tablas de vida se estimó la supervivencia global. El modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox fue utilizado para determinar los factores pronósticos. Resultados: La mediana de supervivencia global fue de 14.2 meses (IC95% 11.8-26.9). Pacientes clasificadas por inmunohistoquímica como triple negativo (TN) presentaron tiempos de supervivencia más cortos (p<0.004) y con dos veces más riesgo de fallecer, en comparación con los otros inmunofenotipos (HR= 2.77; IC95% 1.10-6.99); asimismo, se identificó que un grado intermedio en la escala Scarff-Bloom-Richardson incrementa el riesgo de morir en pacientes con metástasis (HR=2.76; IC95% 1.17-6.51). Conclusiones: La metástasis al SNC continúa siendo un factor de mal pronóstico que reduce la supervivencia y afecta la calidad de vida. Se recomienda vigilar puntualmente la presencia de manifestaciones clínicas neurológicas durante el seguimiento, para una rápida intervención. Las pacientes TN tienen peor pronóstico, y las HER2+ (es decir, con resultado positivo para el receptor 2 del factor de crecimiento humano epidérmico), mejor control a mediano plazo.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the prognostic factors (clinical-pathological characteristics and treatments) in patients with breast cancer and metastasis to central nervous system (CNS) as the first site of the disease. Materials and methods: Kaplan-Meier method and life tables were used to estimate overall survival time over a retrospective cohort of 125 breast cancer patients treated at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) during 2007-2015, who presented metastasis to the CNS as the first site of extension of the disease. The cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the prognosis factors. Result: The median overall survival time was 14.2 months (IC95%: 11.83-26.93). Patients with triple negative (TN), according to inmunohistochemistry analysis classification, had lower survival times (p=0.0004) and had a risk of dying two times (p=0.037) higher than patients with a different immunophenotype (HR: 2.77. 95%CI: 1.10-6.99). The degree of intermediate SBR increases the risk of dying in patients with metastasis (HR 2.76, 95% CI: 1.17-6.51). Conclusion: CNS metastasis continues to be a poor prognostic factor that reduces survival and affects quality of life. It is recommended to monitor the early presence of clinical neurological manifestations during follow-up for prompt treatment. TN patients have worse prognosis and HER2+ a better control.

Cancer Trends in Mexico: Essential Data for the Creation and Follow-Up of Public Policies.

Purpose Cancer in a country like Mexico is a challenge for the current health system and for public health. However, the statistics about cancer in Mexico are scarce, so epidemiologic surveillance needs to be improved. The objectives of this article were to describe the extent of cancer and to estimate the national burden of cancer through 2020. Materials and Methods To meet this objective, an analysis of secondary official sources was performed. The cancer cases through 2020 were estimated on the basis of trends in mortality and the projection of incident cases reported by GLOBOCAN. Results In 2013, cancer was the cause of 12.84% of all deaths in Mexico. It is projected that the prevalence of cancer will be 904,581 by 2017 and will reach 1,262,861 by early in the next decade (ie, 2020). Conclusion Available data for cancer are incomplete. The development and implementation of population-based cancer registries in Mexico are essential. Assessment of the future outlook of cancer in Mexico will provide awareness of future challenges and can help health systems prepare to face them.