The In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Effect of Edible Oils: A Review on Cell Interactions.

Consumption of edible oils is a significant part of the dietary pattern in the developed and developing world. Marine and vegetable oils are assumed to be part of a healthy food pattern, especially if one takes into account their potential role in protecting against inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome due to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids and minor bioactive compounds. Exploring the potential effect of edible fats and oils on health and chronic diseases is an emerging field worldwide. This study reviews the current knowledge of the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo effect of edible oils in contact with various cell types and aims to demonstrate which nutritional and bioactive components of a variety of edible oils present biocompatibility, antimicrobial properties, antitumor activity, anti-angiogenic activity, and antioxidant activity. Through this review, a wide variety of cell interactions with edible oils and their potential to counteract oxidative stress in pathological conditions are presented as well. Moreover, the gaps in current knowledge are also highlighted, and future perspectives on edible oils and their health benefits and potential to counteract a wide variety of diseases through possible molecular mechanisms are also discussed.

Oil from Mullet Roe Byproducts: Effect of Oil Extraction Method on Human Erythrocytes and Platelets.

Background: The valorization of byproducts to obtain high nutritional value foods is of utmost importance for our planet where the population is booming. Among these products are oils rich in ω-3 fatty acids produced from fishery byproducts. Recently, mullet roe oil from roe byproducts was produced that was rich in the ω-3 fatty acids eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Oils are customarily characterized for their composition and degree of oxidation but little is known of their biological effects, especially the effect of the extraction method. Methods: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of freshly extracted mullet roe oil from mullet roe byproducts and the effect of the extraction method on human red blood cells (hRBCs) and platelets. To this end, the hemocompatibility (cytotoxicity), oxidative effects, and erythrocyte membrane changes were examined after 1 and 24 h of incubation. Antiplatelet effects were also assessed in vitro. Results: The expeller press oil extraction method and alcalase-assisted extraction produced the most biocompatible oils, as shown by hemocompatibility measurements and the absence of erythrocyte membrane alterations. Solvent extracts and protease-assisted extraction oils resulted in the rupture of red blood cells at different examined dilutions, creating hemolysis. Conclusions: It seems that the proper functioning of oil-erythrocyte interactions cannot be explained solely by ROS. Further investigations combining chemical analysis with oil-cell interactions could be used as an input to design high nutritional value oils using green extraction technologies. All samples exhibited promising antiplatelet and antiblood clotting effects in vitro.

The Potential Impact of Blood System on Dietary Habits and Smoking.

The 'Blood-Type' diet advises individuals to eat according to their ABO blood group to improve their health and decrease the risk of chronic diseases. However, the food preferences of individuals with different blood groups have not been examined. The aim of our study was to investigate, in healthy regular blood donors (rBDs), the associations of smoke, alcohol, caffeine, vitamin and fat intake with their different blood groups and if ABO groups could be a potential predictor tool for disease prevention. A total of 329 volunteers were divided into four groups according to their ABO types: Group 1 (A) comprised 141 rBDs; Group 2 (B), 65 rBDs; Group 3 (O), 96 rBDs; and Group 4, 27 rBDs. Additionally, they were divided into two groups according to their rhesus types and their preferences for smoke, too. Dietary intake was assessed using 3-day food recall and the Food Processor computer program for nutrient analysis. Alcohol, caffeine, sugar and Vitamin D consumption were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the O group. The A group presented statistically significantly (p < 0.05) greater preferences for cholesterol intake and a higher trend for smoking (25%) habits compared with all the other groups, whereas Group B preferred more fatty foods. The blood group AB appeared to be the most controlled food intake group. Regarding the rhesus comparisons, alcohol; caffeine; and Vitamin C, D, E and K consumptions were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in rhesus-positive individuals than their rhesus-negative counterparts. For the non-smoker group, compared with the smokers, a higher consumption of Vitamin D and fibers was found. In conclusion, in the present study, statistically significant correlations of the ABO and rhesus system with some dietary parameters were found, indicating a consequent influence of these preferences on the progression of different diseases.

Relationship between dietary fats and serum antioxidants with atheromatic index in regular blood donors.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Nutritional choices, which include dietary fatty acids (FA), vitamins and sugars, have an important significant impact on the development of atheromatic index levels. Controversial opinions exist in the literature regarding the role of different fat types and their association with atheromatic index. We investigated the relationship between dietary intake with different atheromatic index groups of volunteer regular blood donors (rBDs) recognizing them as a healthy population excluding drug and supplements intake and we correlated their values with serum total antioxidant status (sTAS). MATERIAL & METHODS: 150 individuals used in this study were divided in 3 groups according to their atheromatic index (AI = Total cholesterol/HDL) (AI): Group 1 (AI < 3.5) comprised of 50 rBDs, Group 2 (AI 3.5-4.49) of 52 rBDs and Group 3 of 48 rBDs (AI > 4.5). Dietary intake was assessed using the 3 day food recall and the Food Processor, computer program for nutrient analysis. sTAS was measured in all samples and correlated with atheromatic index too. RESULTS: Our study showed that rBDs with low dietary intake of all vitamins, Ω3 fatty acids, trans fatty acids and dietary cholesterol presented an increased atheromatic index. On the other hand rBDs with high dietary intake of saturated fat, total fats, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats and sugar showed increased atheromatic index. In addition, groups with the higher atheromatic index presented statistically significant higher total antioxidant status. Trans FA are also positively associated with sTAS and on the other hand dietary cholesterol is negatively associated with sTAS and positively in groups B and C. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study showed that dietary intake of different types of fatty acids should be used separately as atheromatic index predictors. Moreover, sTAS is correlated with dietary intake of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, Cholesterol, Trans FA and sugar. Finally, the measurement of each fatty acid would be of great value for the screening of lipid metabolism disorders in atheromatic index control.

Effect of ion doping in silica-based nanoparticles on the hemolytic and oxidative activity in contact with human erythrocytes.

AIM: The aim of this study was the synthesis of ion doped silica-based nanoparticles and the evaluation of their toxic effect on erythrocytes. MATERIALS & METHODS: Their synthesis was performed using the sol-gel method, by the progressive addition of calcium, magnesium and copper ions on pure silica nanoparticles. The toxicity evaluation was based on hemolysis, lipid peroxidation, ROS, H2O2 species and antioxidant enzyme production. RESULTS: The addition of Mg and Cu in the SNs presented better hemocompatibility by protecting erythrocytes from oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: Ion doping with magnesium in the investigated calcium silicate system induces a protective effect in erythrocyte membrane in compare with pure silica nanoparticles.

Correlation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Hematological Parameters in Blood Cancer Patients from Sardinia, Italy.

Background: Over the last few decades, there has been a dramatic increase in hematological malignancies (HMs) in the population of Sardinia. It is accepted that oxidative stress biomarkers have been demonstrated to be prognostically important in various neoplastic diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate serum vitamin E, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in 80 Sardinian patients with different HMs [acute myeloid leukemia (AML)(n=20), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) (n=20), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (n=20) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (n=20)] on the day of their diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Samples from all participants were obtained after an overnight fast (at least 10 hours). This study was approved and conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients and controls provided written, informed consent before entering the study. All study participants' medical history and their medication were documented upon enrolling. Results: Lower levels of TAC and Vitamin E were observed in most of the studied groups compared to healthy controls (0.41-0.49 mmol/L vs. 0.56 mmol/L) (19.55-28.55 µmol/L vs. 34.51 µmol/L). Moreover, higher average MDA levels were observed in HL and NHL patients compared to healthy controls (16.6 ng/ml-17.8 ng/ml vs. 7.4 ng/ml). Additionally, the ROS values of all studied groups were found elevated. Serum TAC showed significant negative correlations with MDA values (R= -0.51; P<0.001). Statistical significance was observed in all hematological parameters, producing either positive or negative correlation with at least one OS biomarker. Conclusion: The present data suggest that Sardinian patients with HL and NHL on the day of their diagnosis presented the highest OS in comparison to AML and healthy subjects. Moreover, MDS patients presented high OS status. Likewise, our results also indicated that changes in their hematological indices are eminent of their oxidative and antioxidative status.

Effect of ethanol/TEOS ratios and amount of ammonia on the properties of copper-doped calcium silicate nanoceramics.

Calcium magnesium silicate glasses could be suggested for the synthesis of scaffolds for hard tissue regeneration, as they present a high residual glassy phase, high hardness values and hydroxyapatite-forming ability. The use of trace elements in the human body, such as Cu, could improve the biological performance of such glasses, as Cu is known to play a significant role in angiogenesis. Nano-bioceramics are preferable compared to their micro-scale counterparts, because of their increased surface area, which improves both mechanical properties and apatite-forming ability due to the increased nucleation sites provided, their high diffusion rates, reduced sintering time or temperature, and high mechanical properties. The aim of the present work was the evaluation of the effect of different ratios of Ethanol/TEOS and total amount of the inserted ammonia to the particle size, morphology and bioactive, hemolytic and antibacterial behavior of nanoparticles in the quaternary system SiO2-CaO-MgO-CuO. Different ratios of Ethanol/TEOS and ammonia amount affected the size and morphology of bioactive nanopowders. The optimum materials were synthesized with the highest ethanol/TEOS ratio and ammonia amount as verified by the enhanced apatite-forming ability and antibacterial and non-hemolytic properties.