Management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in the Asia-Pacific region and Russia: Recommendations from an expert working group.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the nasal and paranasal tissues, characterized by the presence of bilateral nasal polyps. An expert panel of specialists from the Asian-Pacific region and Russia was convened to develop regional guidance on the management of CRSwNP through a consensus approach. The present article presents the chief observations and recommendations from this panel to provide guidance for clinicians in these areas. Etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms in CRSwNP are heterogeneous and complex. In many patients, CRSwNP is primarily driven by type 2 inflammation, although this may be less important in Asian populations. Frequent comorbidities include asthma and other inflammatory diseases such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)/aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease or atopic dermatitis. Clinical management of CRSwNP is challenging, and a multidisciplinary approach to evaluation and treatment is recommended. While many patients respond to medical treatment (topical irrigation and intranasal corticosteroids, and adjunctive short-term use of systemic corticosteroids), those with more severe/uncontrolled disease usually require endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), although outcomes can be unsatisfactory, requiring revision surgery. Biological therapies targeting underlying type 2 inflammation offer additional, effective treatment options in uncontrolled disease, either as an alternative to ESS or for those patients with persistent symptoms despite ESS.

Combining Transoral Nasopharyngeal Brush and Plasma Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in Detecting Locally Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sensitivities and specificities of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in the detection of locally recurrent or persistent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) through nasopharyngeal (NP) brush biopsy and plasma, respectively, and whether a combination of both would be superior to the individual tests. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study was conducted from September 2016 to June 2022. SETTING: A multicentre study at 3 tertiary referral centers in Hong Kong was conducted by the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with biopsy-confirmed locally recurrent NPC were recruited as study subjects. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to rule out regional recurrence. The control group consisted of 58 patients with a prior history of NPC who were now disease-free based on endoscopic and imaging findings. Patients underwent both the transoral NP brush (NP Screen®) and blood for plasma Epstein-Barr DNA levels. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of the combined modalities were 84.62% and 85.19%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 73.33% and the negative predictive value was 92.0%. CONCLUSION: The combination of NP brush biopsy and plasma EBV DNA is potentially an additional surveillance modality in detecting the local recurrence of NPC. Further study with a larger sample size would be required to validate the cutoff values.

International recommendations for plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA measurement in nasopharyngeal carcinoma in resource-constrained settings: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic.

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to constrain health-care staff and resources worldwide, despite the availability of effective vaccines. Aerosol-generating procedures such as endoscopy, a common investigation tool for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, are recognised as a likely cause of SARS-CoV-2 spread in hospitals. Plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA is considered the most accurate biomarker for the routine management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A consensus statement on whether plasma EBV DNA can minimise the need for or replace aerosol-generating procedures, imaging methods, and face-to-face consultations in managing nasopharyngeal carcinoma is urgently needed amid the current pandemic and potentially for future highly contagious airborne diseases or natural disasters. We completed a modified Delphi consensus process of three rounds with 33 international experts in otorhinolaryngology or head and neck surgery, radiation oncology, medical oncology, and clinical oncology with vast experience in managing nasopharyngeal carcinoma, representing 51 international professional societies and national clinical trial groups. These consensus recommendations aim to enhance consistency in clinical practice, reduce ambiguity in delivering care, and offer advice for clinicians worldwide who work in endemic and non-endemic regions of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, in the context of COVID-19 and other airborne pandemics, and in future unexpected settings of severe resource constraints and insufficiency of personal protective equipment.

Retrospective Review on Role of Neck Dissection in Laryngectomy of Patients With N0 Laryngeal Carcinoma.

Objectives: The primary objective is to evaluate the incidence of occult nodal metastasis in patients undergoing total laryngectomy with cN0 disease. Other objectives are to compare the survival between different treatments of the neck, identify possible associated risk factors, and evaluate the effectiveness of elective neck dissection in this population with regards to oncological outcomes. Study Design: Retrospective review. Setting: Tertiary hospitals in Hong Kong. Methods: Retrospective study was performed on patients who underwent total laryngectomy from 2008 to 2017 in New Territories West and Hong Kong West Clusters of the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong as primary or salvage treatment for cN0 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx. Incidence of neck dissection, incidence of nodal involvement, possible predictors, and oncological outcomes were analyzed. Results: Seventy-seven patients were included, of whom 61 underwent either ipsilateral or bilateral neck dissection. Most (90.1%) of the patients with total laryngectomy done had locally advanced disease. Overall occult nodal metastasis rate was 20.6%, and only 3.8% of them had contralateral nodal metastasis. Occult nodal metastasis was significantly less in salvage laryngectomy (P = .045), while midline involvement and pT3/4 disease seem to be predictors for contralateral nodal metastasis. Conclusion: There is significantly lower incidence of occult nodal metastasis in cN0 laryngeal SCC in the salvage setting, and occult contralateral nodal metastasis is not common in the cohort. Neck dissection during a salvage laryngectomy for cN0 disease could be avoided while contralateral neck dissection might be considered in cases of locally advanced disease with midline involvement.

SMARCB1 (INI-1)-Deficient Sinonasal Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Treatment Outcomes.

(1) Background: SMARCB1 (INI-1)-deficient sinonasal carcinoma is a rare sinonasal malignancy; since its discovery and description in 2014, less than 200 cases have been identified. It is almost impossible to perform randomized-controlled trials on novel therapy to improve treatment outcomes in view of its rarity. We performed a systematic review of all the published case reports/series and included our patients for survival analysis. (2) Methods: In this systematic review, we searched from PubMed-MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Google Scholar for individual patient data to identify and retrieve all reported SMARCB1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma. Clarification on treatment details and the most updated survival outcomes from all authors of the published case reports/series were attempted. Survival analysis for overall survival (OS) and identification of OS prognostic factors were performed. This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022306671). (3) Results: A total of 67 publications were identified from the systematic review and literature search. After excluding other ineligible and duplicated publications, 192 patients reported were considered appropriate for further review. After excluding duplicates and patients with incomplete pretreatment details and survival outcomes, 120 patients were identified to have a complete set of data including baseline demographics, treatment details, and survival outcomes. Together with 8 patients treated in our institution, 128 patients were included into survival analysis. After a median follow up of 17.5 months (range 0.3-149.0), 50 (46.3%) patients died. The 1-year, 2-year and 3-year OS rates were 84.3% (95% CI % 77.6-91.0), 62.9% (95% CI 53.1-72.7), and 51.8% (95% CI 40.8-62.8), respectively, and the median OS was 39.0 months (95% CI 28.5-49.5). Males (p = 0.029) and T4b disease (p = 0.013) were significant OS prognostic factors in univariable analysis, while only T4b disease (p = 0.017) remained significant in multivariable analysis. (4) Conclusions: SMARCB1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma is an extremely aggressive sinonasal malignancy with a dismal prognosis. Early diagnosis and a multimodality treatment strategy are essential for a better treatment and survival outcome.

Deep Learning Predicts the Malignant-Transformation-Free Survival of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders.

Machine-intelligence platforms for the prediction of the probability of malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders are required as adjunctive decision-making platforms in contemporary clinical practice. This study utilized time-to-event learning models to predict malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia and oral lichenoid lesions. A total of 1098 patients with oral white lesions from two institutions were included in this study. In all, 26 features available from electronic health records were used to train four learning algorithms-Cox-Time, DeepHit, DeepSurv, random survival forest (RSF)-and one standard statistical method-Cox proportional hazards model. Discriminatory performance, calibration of survival estimates, and model stability were assessed using a concordance index (c-index), integrated Brier score (IBS), and standard deviation of the averaged c-index and IBS following training cross-validation. This study found that DeepSurv (c-index: 0.95, IBS: 0.04) and RSF (c-index: 0.91, IBS: 0.03) were the two outperforming models based on discrimination and calibration following internal validation. However, DeepSurv was more stable than RSF upon cross-validation. External validation confirmed the utility of DeepSurv for discrimination (c-index-0.82 vs. 0.73) and RSF for individual survival estimates (0.18 vs. 0.03). We deployed the DeepSurv model to encourage incipient application in clinical practice. Overall, time-to-event models are successful in predicting the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia and oral lichenoid lesions.

Novel approach to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission during trans-oral robotic surgery.

This study describes a novel approach in the reduction of SARS-CoV-2 transmission during trans-oral robotic surgery (TORS). Eight patients underwent TORS between 01 February 2020 and 07 September 2020. A sterile plastic sheet draped over sterile supports with water-tight seal around each cannula was used to create a sterile working space within which the robotic arms could freely move during operation. This set-up acts as an additional physical barrier against droplet and aerosol transmission. Operative diagnosis; droplet count and distribution on plastic sheet and face shields of console and assistant surgeons, and scrub nurse were documented. TORS tumour excision was performed for patients with suspected tonsillar tumour (n = 3) and tongue base tumour (n = 2). TORS tonsillectomy and tongue base mucosectomy was performed for cervical nodal metastatic carcinoma of unknown origin (n = 3). Droplet contamination was noted on all plastic drapes (n = 8). Droplet contamination was most severe over the central surface at 97.2% (91.7-100.0%), with the highest droplet count along the centre-most column where it overlies the site of operation in the oral cavity 33.3% (n = 31). Droplet count decreased towards the periphery. Contamination rate was 2.8% (0.0-8.3%) over the right lateral surface. There was no droplet contamination over the vertex and left lateral surface of plastic drapes. No droplet contamination was noted on face shields of all parties. The use of sterile plastic drapes with water-tight seal around each robotic cannula can help reduce viral transmission to healthcare providers during TORS.

Extracranial/Intracranial Vascular Bypass in the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer - Related Carotid Blowout Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: To investigate the endovascular intervention or extracranial/intracranial (EC/IC) vascular bypass in the management of patients with head and neck cancer-related carotid blowout syndrome (CBS). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of clinical data of patients with head and neck cancer-related CBS treated by endovascular intervention and/or EC/IC vascular bypass, analysis of its bleeding control, neurological complications, and survival results. RESULTS: Thrity-seven patients were included. Twenty-five were associated with external carotid artery (ECA); twelve were associated with internal or common carotid artery (ICA/CCA). All patients with ECA hemorrhage were treated with endovascular embolization. Of the 12 patients with ICA/CCA hemorrhage, 9 underwent EC/IC bypass, 1 underwent endovascular embolization, and 3 underwent endovascular stenting. For patients with ECA-related CBS, the median survival was 6 months, and the 90-day, 1-year, and 2-year survival rates were 67.1%, 44.7%, and 33.6%, respectively; the estimated rebleeding risk at 1-month, 6-month, and 2-year was 7.1%, 20.0%, and 31.6%, respectively. For patients with ICA/CCA-related CBS, the median survival was 22.5 months, and the 90-day, 1-year, and 2-year survival rates were 92.3%, 71.8%, and 41.0%, respectively; the estimated rebleeding risk at 1 month, 6 months, and 2 years is 7.7%,15.4%, and 15.4%, respectively. ICA/CCA-related CBS patients have significantly longer survival time and lower risk of rebleeding, which may be related to the more use of EC/IC vascular bypass as a definite treatment. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with ICA/CCA-related CBS, if there is more stable hemodynamics, longer expected survival, EC/IC vascular bypass is preferred. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:1548-1556, 2021.

Value of oesophagoscopy and bronchoscopy in diagnosis of synchronous malignancies in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Routine screening of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) for synchronous malignancies using oesophagoscopy and bronchoscopy had been controversial. The aim of this study is therefore to find out the rate of synchronous malignancies in patients with primary HNSCCs, the risk factors for its occurrence and the effectiveness of oesophagoscopy and bronchoscopy from a 10-year experience in a single centre. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records was conducted from July 2008 to June 2018 in a tertiary referral centre in Hong Kong. All patients with newly diagnosed HNSCCs were screened with oesophagoscopy and bronchoscopy at the time of diagnosis and therefore all patients were included in the study. The incidence of synchronous malignancies along the aerodigestive tract and the yield of oesophagoscopy and bronchoscopy were studied. RESULTS: Of the 702 patients included in the study, the overall rate of synchronous malignancies was 8.3% (58/702), with the rate of synchronous oesophageal and lung malignancies being 5.8% (41/702) and 0.85% (6/702) respectively. Fourteen out of the 41 oesophageal malignancies were only detectable with oesophagoscopy. Only one of the synchronous lung malignancies was detectable by bronchoscopy. Risk factors for synchronous malignancies include male gender, smokers, drinkers and primary hypopharyngeal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Oesophagoscopy is essential for detecting synchronous oesophageal malignancies in patients with HNSCCs especially in male patients, smokers and drinkers, and it is most valuable in primary hypopharyngeal cancer patients among all primary subsites. Bronchoscopy had a low yield for synchronous lung malignancies and can be potentially replaced by imaging techniques.

Olfactory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: Observational Cohort Study and Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) has been reported in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there are knowledge gaps about the severity, prevalence, etiology, and duration of OD in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: Olfactory function was assessed in all participants using questionnaires and the butanol threshold test (BTT). Patients with COVID-19 and abnormal olfaction were further evaluated using the smell identification test (SIT), sinus imaging, and nasoendoscopy. Selected patients received nasal biopsies. Systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed items from January 1, 2020 to April 23, 2020 were searched. Studies that reported clinical data on olfactory disturbances in COVID-19 patients were analyzed. RESULTS: We included 18 COVID-19 patients and 18 controls. Among COVID-19 patients, 12 of 18 (67%) reported olfactory symptoms and OD was confirmed in 6 patients by BTT and SIT. Olfactory dysfunction was the only symptom in 2 patients. Mean BTT score of patients was worse than controls (P = .004, difference in means = 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.6-2.9). Sinusitis and olfactory cleft obstruction were absent in most patients. Immunohistochemical analysis of nasal biopsy revealed the presence of infiltrative CD68+ macrophages harboring severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen in the stroma. Olfactory dysfunction persisted in 2 patients despite clinical recovery. Systematic review showed that the prevalence of olfactory disturbances in COVID-19 ranged from 5% to 98%. Most studies did not assess olfaction quantitatively. CONCLUSIONS: Olfactory dysfunction is common in COVID-19 and may be the only symptom. Coronavirus disease 2019-related OD can be severe and prolonged. Mucosal infiltration by CD68+ macrophages expressing SARS-CoV-2 viral antigen may contribute to COVID-19-related OD.

Detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded microRNAs in plasma of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) latently infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) expresses 40 EBV BART microRNAs (miRNAs). Difference in diagnostic efficacy of these miRNAs on NPC detection was observed. Here, we performed a comprehensive evaluation on the efficacy of these miRNAs. METHODS: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed on plasma nucleic acid isolated from patients with NPC and noncancer donors. RESULTS: For primary NPC, BART2-5P, BART6-3P, BART7-3P, BART7-5P, BART9-5P, BART11-3P, BART17-5P, and BART19-5P were significantly elevated. For recurrent NPC, plasma levels of BART2-3P, BART2-5P, BART5-3P, BART5-5P, BART6-3P, BART8-3P, BART9-5P, BART17-5P, BART19-3P, and BART20-3P were significantly increased. Area under curve (AUC) analysis showed that BART19-5P had the best performance to identify NPC which was serologically EBV DNA undetectable. For recurrent NPC, BART8-3P and BART10-3P had highest AUC value for identifying cancer in EBV DNA undetectable plasma. CONCLUSION: Our data supported the use of circulating EBV miRNAs in NPC and recurrent NPC detection.

MicroRNA-138-5p controls sensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma to radiation by targeting EIF4EBP1.

Radiation therapy is the standard treatment for primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). MicroRNA regulates cancer responsiveness to radiation therapy by controlling the genes involved in radiation responses. Recent studies suggested that downregulation of microRNA-138-5p was clinically significant in NPC. Here, we evaluated the effect of miR-138-5p on radiosensitivity of NPC cells and explored the underlying mechanisms by identifying its target gene that impacted sensitivity to radiation. Our results revealed that overexpression of miR-138-5p reduced the ability to form colonies, inhibited proliferation, and enhanced radiation-induced DNA damage and autophagy in NPC cells upon radiation treatment. By integrating predicted targets with the transcripts downregulated by miR-138-5p, EIF4EBP1 was identified to be a target gene of miR-138-5p. Results from luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-138-5p downregulated the expression of EIF4EBP1 by binding to the 3'-UTR. Silence of EIF4EBP1 enhanced radiosensitivity of NPC cells as evidenced by reduced ability to form colonies after radiation exposure. In summary, our results indicated that miR-138-5p enhanced radiosensitivity of NPC cells by targeting EIF4EBP1. Further studies are warranted to investigate the potential use of miR-138-5p in the clinical management and treatment prediction of NPC patients.

Use of transoral nasopharyngeal brush biopsy for Epstein-Barr virus DNA detection of local recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of transoral nasopharyngeal brush biopsies and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA detection system in surveillance of local recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed to compare the nasopharyngeal epithelial EBV DNA levels of patients with recurrent NPC and the control group of postirradiated patients with NPC disease in remission. RESULTS: Fourteen patients with recurrent NPC and 15 postirradiated patients in disease remission were recruited for transoral brush biopsies. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean EBV detection level (EDL) of the recurrence group (EDL = 2.38) and the control group (EDL = 0.17; p < .0001). There was no significant correlation between the EDL and the recurrence of T classification disease. CONCLUSION: The transoral brush biopsy and qPCR EBV DNA detection system may provide an additional surveillance strategy for recurrence of NPC. Further study is required to validate its sensitivity, specificity, and cost-effectiveness. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1301-E1304, 2016.

Indocyanine green fluorescence mapping of sentinel lymph node in patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma after previous radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to present the feasibility of indocyanine green (ICG) mapping of sentinel lymph node in recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). M1ETHODS: Peritumoral injection of 5-mg ICG solution and real-time mapping of the sentinel lymph nodes in the neck was performed during surgery. The sentinel lymph node identified was excised and sent separately for laboratory analysis. Selective neck dissection was then performed. The number and level of the sentinel lymph nodes, their signal-to-background ratio, and the histopathology of the sentinel lymph nodes and the neck dissection specimens were studied. RESULTS: A total of 5 patients were recruited into this study, of which 9 sentinel lymph nodes were identified. The majority of them were located in level II. The mean detection time after ICG injection was 288 seconds. The sentinel lymph nodes in 3 patients tested positive for malignancy. None of the selective neck dissection specimens harbored microscopic tumor deposits. CONCLUSION: ICG mapping of sentinel lymph nodes in locally recurrent NPC is potentially feasible. It offers a better nodal staging in patients with clinically N0 disease status.

Morbidities after maxillary swing nasopharyngectomy for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the complications after maxillary swing nasopharyngectomy. METHODS: Salvage nasopharyngectomy was performed for 338 patients during 1990 to 2012. Patient and tumor characteristics, perioperative and intraoperative information, and long-term morbidities were analyzed. RESULTS: There were significantly more patients with locally advanced tumors (rT3 and rT4) operated during the recent study period (2002-2012). However, the mean operative time and blood loss was significantly lower than in the earlier period (1990-2001). There was no hospital mortality. There was a significant reduction in the postoperative trismus and palatal fistula formation. Patients with locally advanced tumor, particularly those who required adjuvant chemoradiation, had a higher chance of facial numbness, nasal blockage, and swallowing problems after surgery. CONCLUSION: Salvage nasopharyngectomy via the maxillary swing approach is safe with acceptable long-term morbidities. Prevention of complications associated with surgery, particularly for patients with locally advanced tumors, is crucial to ensure the best outcome of surgery.

Management of pseudoaneurysms of the internal carotid artery in postirradiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Massive epistaxis due to ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is an often fatal complication of radiation treatment for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We review the clinical characteristics and predictors of survival in patients suffering from this serious complication after radiotherapy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: Clinical records and radiological investigations of postirradiated NPC patients with ICA pseudoaneurysm diagnosed with digital subtraction angiography in Queen Mary Hospital from January 2003 to December 2012 were reviewed. Risk factors analyzed for survival included gender, size of initial tumor, history of second course of radiotherapy, history of previous maxillary swing nasopharyngectomy, presence of persistent disease, successful initial hemostasis, successful airway control, and endovascular treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-six were included in the analysis. Twenty-three patients underwent endovascular treatment, and 20 (87%) had successful control of the bleeding. Eighteen (69%) patients survived. Univariate analysis showed that successful temporary control of bleeding and airway control were associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS: Prompt bleeding control and airway management is necessary to improve survival. Endovascular treatment is a good definitive treatment option with a high success rate.

Evaluating the incidence, clinical significance and predictors for vocal cord palsy and incidental laryngopharyngeal conditions before elective thyroidectomy: is there a case for routine laryngoscopic examination?

BACKGROUND: Routine preoperative laryngeal examination remains controversial. We aimed to assess the utility of preoperative routine flexible laryngoscopy (FL) by looking at the incidence, clinical significance and predictors for preoperative vocal cord paresis (VCP) and incidental laryngopharyngeal conditions (LPC) in our consecutive cohort. METHODS: A total of 302 patients underwent laryngeal examination by an independent otorhinolaryngologist and were specifically asked about voice/swallowing symptoms suggestive of VCP 1 day before surgery. As well as vocal cord (VC) mobility, the naso-pharynx and larynx were examined using FL. Any VCP and/or LPC was recorded. VCP was defined as reduced or absent movement in one or more VC. An LPC was considered clinically significant if the ensuing thyroidectomy was changed or deferred. RESULTS: Seven (2.3 %) patients had preoperative VCP, while an additional seven patients had an incidental LPC. Of the seven VCPs, five were caused by previous thyroidectomy, while two were caused by a benign goitre. The incidence of asymptomatic VCP in a previously non-operated cohort was 1/245 (0.41 %). Voice/swallowing symptoms (p = 0.033) and previous thyroidectomy (p < 0.001) were the two significant predictors for VCP. The seven incidental LPCs were vallecular cyst (n = 1), VC scar and polyp (n = 2), nasopharyngeal cyst and polyp (n = 3) and redundant arytenoid mucosa (n = 1); however, as they were benign, all seven patients proceeded to thyroidectomy as planned. CONCLUSIONS: Given the low incidence (0.41 %) of asymptomatic VCP in a previously non-operated cohort and that none of the seven LPCs were considered clinically significant, routine preoperative laryngoscopic examination should be reserved for those with previous thyroidectomy and/or voice/swallowing symptoms.

Secondary head and neck cancer in patients with history of hematological malignancy.

BACKGROUND: Head and neck cancer is a common second cancer in patients with a history of hematological malignancies. The purpose of this study was present the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of this group of patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of all patients who had a history of hematological malignancy and developed head and neck cancer in a 10-year period. RESULTS: The cohort had 10 patients; median age was 45.8 years. Most patients were nonsmokers and nondrinkers. Seven patients had chronic graft-versus-host disease. The median interval between the completion of treatment of hematological malignancy and the development of head and neck cancers was 8.79 years (range, 2.33-26.83 years). Six patients were alive and disease-free, 3 developed local recurrence, and 3 had metachronous head and neck cancers. CONCLUSION: The risk factors and etiology of head and neck cancers in patients with hematological malignancy may be different from the ordinary population.