RESUMO
Insects display an immense diversity in melanin pigmentation, which is generated by the interplay between the regulatory genes (that provide general patterning information) and effector genes (that provide coloration of the pattern). However, recent studies encompassing several different orders (Hemiptera, Blattodea, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera) have shown that knockdowns of melanin producing genes alone can generate distinct region-specific patterns. This review surveys the most recent studies to further document the regional patterning of effector genes, and highlights the new advances and their implications for future research.
Assuntos
Padronização Corporal/genética , Insetos/genética , Melaninas/genética , Pigmentação/genética , Animais , Baratas/genética , Besouros/genética , Hemípteros/genética , Insetos/anatomia & histologia , Lepidópteros/genética , Melaninas/biossínteseRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Coronary artery disease and cancer often co-exist. Patients with cancer have been excluded by most major cardiology trials and registries and their management remains largely empiric. Cancer patients experience an approximately 10-times increased mortality compared to the general population. Conservative therapy of ACS in cancer therapy results in 1-year mortality of 74%. This review article aims to describe the mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes in cancer patients, their clinical presentation, and their management. RECENT FINDINGS: Newer studies have shed light on the mechanisms of ACS in cancer patients, which are different and related to the type of malignancy and its associated therapy. Medication-specific coronary effects (vasospasm, endothelial dysfunction, spontaneous thrombosis, accelerated atherosclerosis), radiation vasculitis, cancer cell coronary embolism, and coronary compression from thoracic malignancies are unique ACS mechanisms in cancer patients. Close collaboration between oncologists and cardiologists for thoughtful patient selection and decision making strategies is necessary to provide optimal medical care.
Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/terapia , Neoplasias/fisiopatologia , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , PrognósticoRESUMO
Radiation therapy is an important component of cancer treatment, and today, it is applied to approximately 50% of malignancies, including valvular, myocardial, pericardial, coronary or peripheral vascular disease, and arrhythmias. An increased clinical suspicion and knowledge of those mechanisms is important to initiate appropriate screening for the optimal diagnosis and treatment. As the number of cancer survivors has been steadily increasing over the last decades, cardio-oncology, an evolving subspecialty of cardiology, will soon play a pivotal role in raising awareness of the increased cardiovascular risk and formulate strategies to optimally manage patients in this unique population.