Diferencias en procesamiento cerebral visual temprano en niños con trastorno del déficit de atención / Differences in early visual cerebral processing in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorders with predominance of no attention

Para evaluar los procesos atencionales a estímulos visuales que no requieren repuesta motora, se llevó a cabo un estudio con potenciales evocados a 17 niños con trastornos del déficit de atención/ hiperactividad (TDAH-I) con predominio inatento y a 15 controles de edades entre 7 y 11 años. Se analizó la latencia y localización de fuentes de los potenciales evocados visuales tempranos P100 y N100 durante la realización de una tarea oddball visual (20% rayas horizontales y 80% verticales) en que las rayas verticales no exigían respuesta motora. Los resultados indican que los niños con TDAH-I procesan la información visual que no requiere respuesta motora con un mayor aumento de la actividad cerebral y mediante la vía temporal ventral mientras que el grupo control lo hace mediante la vía parietal dorsal. Este proceso neurobiológico de procesamiento de la información visual vía temporal ventral de los niños con TDAH-I podría deberse a alteraciones en los procesos emocionales que influyen directamente en el reconocimiento visual o a un déficit en el control de los procesos atencionales por parte de la vía parietal dorsal.

To evaluate attentional processes to visual stimuli that do not require motor response, a study with evoked potentials was carried out on 17 children with attention deficit disorder predominantly inattentive (ADDH-I) and 15 controls between the ages of 7 and 11 years. The latency and localization of sources of the early visual evoked potentials P100 and N100 were analyzed during the performance of a visual oddball task (20% horizontal and 80% vertical lines) where the vertical lines did not require motor response. The results indicate that ADDH-I group process visual information that does not require motor response with a greater increase in brain activity and through the ventral temporal pathway, while the control group does so by means of the dorsal parietal stream. This neurobiological process of visual information processing by ventral temporal pathway of ADDH-I group could be due to alterations in emotional processes that directly influence visual recognition or as consequence of deficit in the control of attentional processes by the dorsal parietal pathway.

Lidocaine Administration Controls MicroRNAs Alterations Observed After Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

BACKGROUND: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is associated with morbidity and mortality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as regulators of IRI, and they are involved in the pathogenesis of organ rejection. Lidocaine has proven anti-inflammatory activity in several tissues but its modulation of miRNAs has not been investigated. This work aims to investigate the involvement of miRNAs in lung IRI in a lung auto-transplantation model and to investigate the effect of lidocaine. METHODS: Three groups (sham, control, and Lidocaine), each comprising 6 pigs, underwent a lung autotransplantation. All groups received the same anesthesia. In addition, animals of lidocaine group received a continuous intravenous administration of lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg/h) during surgery. Lung biopsies were taken before pulmonary artery clamp, before reperfusion, 30 minutes postreperfusion (Rp-30), and 60 minutes postreperfusion (Rp-60). Samples were analyzed for different miRNAs (miR-122, miR-145, miR-146a, miR-182, miR-107, miR-192, miR-16, miR-21, miR-126, miR-127, miR142-5p, miR152, miR155, miR-223, and let7) via the use of reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results were normalized with miR-103. RESULTS: The expression of miR-127 and miR-16 did not increase after IRI. Let-7d, miR-21, miR-107, miR-126, miR-145, miR-146a, miR-182, and miR-192 significantly increased at the Rp-60 (control versus sham P < .001). miR-142-5p, miR-152, miR-155, and miR 223 significantly increased at the Rp-30 (control versus sham P < .001) and at the Rp-60 (control versus. sham P < .001). The administration of lidocaine was able to attenuate these alterations in a significant way (control versus Lidocaine P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Lung IRI caused dysregulation miRNA. The administration of lidocaine reduced significantly miRNAs alterations.

Use of the cross-correlation component of the multiscale structural similarity metric (R* metric) for the evaluation of medical images.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present work is to analyze the potential of the cross-correlation component of the multiscale structural similarity metric (R*) to predict human performance in detail detection tasks closely related with diagnostic x-ray images. To check the effectiveness of R*, the authors have initially applied this metric to a contrast detail detection task. METHODS: Threshold contrast visibility using the R* metric was determined for two sets of images of a contrast-detail phantom (CDMAM). Results from R* and human observers were compared as far as the contrast threshold was concerned. A comparison between the R* metric and two algorithms currently used to evaluate CDMAM images was also performed. RESULTS: Similar trends for the CDMAM detection task of human observers and R* were found in this study. Threshold contrast visibility values using R* are statistically indistinguishable from those obtained by human observers (F-test statistics: p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results using R* show that it could be used to mimic human observers for certain tasks, such as the determination of contrast detail curves in the presence of uniform random noise backgrounds. The R* metric could also outperform other metrics and algorithms currently used to evaluate CDMAM images and can automate this evaluation task.