Aumento de la lipocalina orosomucoide-1 (ORM1) en sujetos con hiperaldosteronismo primario / Increase of lipocalin ORM1 in primary aldosteronism

El hiperaldosteronismo primario (HAP) es la causa más común de hipertensión arterial secundaria. A pesar de la prevalencia del HAP (6-10%) y sus consecuencias, los mecanismos que median los efectos deletéreos renales y extrarenales originados por la aldosterona más allá de la hipertensión arterial (ej. inflamación renal, alteraciones cardiacas y disfunción vascular), siguen siendo poco conocidos. Estudios previos sugieren que el exceso de aldosterona aumentaría proteínas sensibles a la activación del receptor de mineralocorticoides (MR), como las lipocalinas LCN2 (NGAL) y ORM1. OBJETIVO: Determinar la concentración de las lipocalinas ORM1, NGAL y NGAL-MMP9 en sujetos HAP. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte transversal en sujetos adultos (similares en sexo, edad e IMC) separados en controles normotensos (CTL), hipertensos esenciales (HE) y con screening positivo de HAP (aldosterona ≥9 ng/dL y ARP < 1 ng/mL*h acorde a las guías internacionales de HAP). Se determinó la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD), aldosterona plasmática, actividad renina plasmática (ARP) y la relación aldosterona / actividad de renina plasmática (ARR). Se determinó la concentración de NGAL, NGAL-MMP9 y ORM1 en suero por ELISA. RESULTADOS: Detectamos mayores niveles de ORM1 en sujetos HAP. No se detectaron diferencias en NGAL ni NGAL-MMP9 entre los grupos. Detectamos una asociación positiva de ORM1 con ARP (rho= -0,407, p=0,012) y con ARR (rho= 0,380 p= 0,021). CONCLUSIÓN: La mayor concentración de ORM1 en sujetos HAP y las asociaciones de ORM1 con aldosterona, ARP y ARR, proponen a esta proteína como un potencial biomarcador de HAP y de utilidad en el desarrollo de algoritmos diagnósticos de HAP.

Primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. Despite the prevalence of PA (6-10%) and its consequences, the mechanisms that mediate the deleterious renal and extrarenal effects caused by aldosterone beyond arterial hypertension (eg renal inflammation, cardiac alterations and vascular dysfunction), remain barely known. Previous studies suggest that excess aldosterone would increase proteins sensitive to activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), such as lipocalins LCN2 (NGAL) and ORM1. AIM: To determine the concentration of the lipocalins ORM1, NGAL and NGAL-MMP9 in PA subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study in adult subjects (similar in sex, age and BMI) grouped as normotensive controls (CTL), essential hypertensive (HE) and subjects with positive PA screening (aldosterone ≥ 9 ng/dL and PRA <1 ng/mL*h, according to international PA guidelines). Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone renin ratio (ARR) were determined. The concentration of NGAL, NGAL-MMP9 and ORM1 in serum was determined by ELISA. RESULTS: We detected higher levels Recibido: 03-09-2021 of ORM1 in PA subjects. No differences in NGAL or NGAL-MMP9 were detected between the groups. We detected a positive association of ORM1 with ARP (rho = -0.407, p < 0.05) and with ARR (rho = 0.380 p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The high levels of ORM1 in PA subjects and the associations of ORM1 with aldosterone, ARP and ARR, suggest ORM1 is a potential biomarker of PA, and useful in the development of a diagnostic algorithm for PA.

Evidence-based guides in tracheostomy use in critical patients

Objetivos: Proporcionar guías de traqueostomía para el paciente crítico, basadas en la evidencia científica disponible, y facilitar la identificación de áreas en las cuales se requieren mayores estudios. Métodos: Un grupo de trabajo formado con representantes de 10 países pertenecientes a la Federación Panamericana e Ibérica de Sociedades de Medicina Crítica y Terapia Intensiva y a la Latin American Critical Care Trial Investigators Network(LACCTIN) desarrollaron estas recomendaciones basadas en el sistema Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Resultados: El grupo identificó 23 preguntas relevantes entre las 87 preguntas planteadas inicialmente. En la búsqueda inicial de la literatura se identificaron 333 estudios, de los cuales se escogieron un total de 226. El equipo de trabajo generó un total de 19 recomendaciones: 10 positivas (1B = 3, 2C = 3, 2D = 4) y 9 negativas (1B = 8, 2C = 1). En 6 ocasiones no se pudieron establecer recomendaciones. Conclusión: La traqueostomía percutánea se asocia a menor riesgo de infecciones en comparación con la traqueostomía quirúrgica. La traqueostomía precoz solo parece reducir la duración de la ventilación mecánica pero no la incidencia de neumonía, la duración de la estancia hospitalaria o la mortalidad a largo plazo. La evidencia no apoya el uso de broncoscopia de forma rutinaria ni el uso de máscara laríngea durante el procedimiento. Finalmente, el entrenamiento adecuado previo es tanto o más importante que la técnica utilizada para disminuir las complicaciones.(AU)

OBJECTIVES: Provide evidence based guidelines for tracheostomy in critically ill adult patients and identify areas needing further research. METHODS: A task force composed of representatives of 10 member countries of the Pan-American and Iberic Federation of Societies of Critical and Intensive Therapy Medicine and of the Latin American Critical Care Trial Investigators Network developed recommendations based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. RESULTS: The group identified 23 relevant questions among 87 issues that were initially identified. In the initial search, 333 relevant publications were identified of which 226 publications were chosen. The task force generated a total of 19 recommendations: 10 positive (1B=3, 2C=3, 2D=4) and 9 negative (1B=8, 2C=1). A recommendation was not possible in six questions. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous techniques are associated with a lower risk of infections compared to surgical tracheostomy. Early tracheostomy only seems to reduce the duration of ventilator use but not the incidence of pneumonia, the length of stay, or the long-term mortality rate. The evidence does not support the use of routine bronchoscopy guidance or laryngeal masks during the procedure. Finally, proper prior training is as important or even a more significant factor in reducing complications than the technique used.(AU)

Evidence-based guides in tracheostomy use in critical patients. / Guías basadas en la evidencia para el uso de traqueostomía en el paciente crítico.

OBJECTIVES: Provide evidence based guidelines for tracheostomy in critically ill adult patients and identify areas needing further research. METHODS: A task force composed of representatives of 10 member countries of the Pan-American and Iberic Federation of Societies of Critical and Intensive Therapy Medicine and of the Latin American Critical Care Trial Investigators Network developed recommendations based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. RESULTS: The group identified 23 relevant questions among 87 issues that were initially identified. In the initial search, 333 relevant publications were identified of which 226 publications were chosen. The task force generated a total of 19 recommendations: 10 positive (1B=3, 2C=3, 2D=4) and 9 negative (1B=8, 2C=1). A recommendation was not possible in six questions. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous techniques are associated with a lower risk of infections compared to surgical tracheostomy. Early tracheostomy only seems to reduce the duration of ventilator use but not the incidence of pneumonia, the length of stay, or the long-term mortality rate. The evidence does not support the use of routine bronchoscopy guidance or laryngeal masks during the procedure. Finally, proper prior training is as important or even a more significant factor in reducing complications than the technique used.

Comparación de los modelos pronósticos APACHE II y Score Salvador en sepsis abdominal / Comparison of APACHE II and Score Salvador models of prediction in abdominal sepsis

La evolución y pronóstico de la sepsis abdominal están determinados por la rapidez con que se efectúa el diagnóstico, intervención apropiada y la eficacia y oportunidad del tratamiento antibiótico. Los estudios clínicos han identificado algunos factores de mal pronóstico, entre los cuales se encuentran el puntaje APACHE II elevado. Nosotros realizamos un estudio retrospectivo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital del Salvador, comparando el Score Apache II con un Score local, denominado Score del Salvador, en los pacientes con diagnóstico de sepsis abdominal. Resultados: Hubo 2.158 ingresos en la UCI del Hospital del Salvador, correspondiendo a 7,6% (n =164) de los casos a sepsis abdominal. Las principales causas de infección abdominal fueron perforación intestinal, colangitis, obstrucción intestinal y pancreatitis aguda. La comparación de las curvas receptor-operador del Score del Salvador y el índice pronóstico Apache II, evidencia que no existen diferencias significativas en el área bajo la curva de ambos índices pronósticos en pacientes con sepsis abdominal. Conclusión: Ambos índices pronósticos fueron comparables plenamente. Dado el escaso número de pacientes enrolados y la gravedad de ellos el valor predictivo es limitado lo que sugiere necesario aumentar el tamaño de la muestra y diversificar la gravedad.

The evolution and presage of the abdominal sepsis are determined by the speed with which it is made the diagnosis, appropriate intervention and the effectiveness and opportunity of the antibiotic treatment. The clinical studies have identified some factors of bad presage, among which are the high score APACHE II. We carry out a retrospective study in the Intensive Care Unit of the Salvador’s Hospital, comparing the Apache Score II with a local score, denominated Score of the Salvador to the patients with the diagnose of abdominal sepsis. Results: There were 2.158 revenues in the ICU of the Salvador’s Hospital, corresponding 7,6% (n =164) of the cases to abdominal sepsis. The main causes of abdominal infection were intestinal perforation, colangitis, intestinal obstruction, and sharp pancreatitis. The comparison of the curves receiver-operator of the Salvador’s Score and the index Apache II, it evidences that significant differences don’t exist in the area under the curve of both index in patient with abdominal sepsis. Conclusion: Both scores were comparable fully. Given the scarce number of signed up patients and the graveness of them, the predictive value is limited what suggests necessary to increase the size of the sample and to diversify the graveness.

Experiencia del manejo de potenciales donantes cadáver en una UCI polivalente / Experience in the management of cadaver donors in an intensive care unit

Estudiamos a los pacientes que ingresaron con diagnóstico de muerte encéfalica a nuestra unidad entre 9/95 y 12/99: 24 pacientes, 18 varones (75 por ciento) y 6 mujeres (25 por ciento), con una mediana de edad de 33,5 años. El equipo de procuración de órganos no estaba involucrado en las decisiones terapéuticas. El diagnóstico de muerte encefálica fue certificado por un neurólogo ajeno a la procuración ante la ausencia persistente de funciones cerebrales por una etiología bien definida, descartando hipotermia, intoxicación por drogas, encefalopatía metabólica y shock. Las causas de muerte cerebral fueron: accidentes en 14 (10 del tránsito), 5 violencia, 3 accidente cerebro-vascular (ACV) y 2 trauma de cráneo (TEC) por mecanismo ignorado. Se logró la donación en 14 pacientes (58,3 por ciento), ambos riñones en todos y sólo en la mitad, otros órganos. Todos necesitaron ventilación mecánica y reanimación con volumen, 22 drogas vasoactivas y 6 transfusiones. Complicaciones fueron: hipotensión en poliuria en 19, 22, trastornos electrolíticos en 12, hipotermia en 11, oliguria en 7 y sangrado en 1. Concluimos que el porcentaje de potenciales donantes (PD) en los que se concretó la donación es similar a lo descrito en la literatura y el 16,6 por ciento de rechazo por familiares resulta inferior a lo descrito. Consideramos que este alto grado de consentimiento está influenciado por un sistema de procuración organizado y un equipo experimentado; soporte de PD con daño neurológico severo es una actividad que consume tiempo y recursos en una UCI, los que deberían considerarse en los programas de trasplante, y el número total de trasplantes podría incrementarse con la procuración de múltiples órganos de un mismo donante

[Immunophenotype. Clinical and laboratory features of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Chile. Study of 500 children and 131 adults]. / Inmunofenotipo. características clínicas y laboratorio de la leucemia linfoblástica aguda en chile. Estudio de 500 niños y 131 adultos.

We describe the clinical features and immunophenotype of 500 children and 131 adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), diagnosed between 1984 and 1993. Cases were classified, according to immunophenotype in B-cell ALL with three subtypes (pro-B or null, common and B) and T-cell ALL. Among children, common ALL accounted for 74% of cases and pro-B all was more common in children of less than one year (14%). B ALL was observed in 2% of children. Ten percent of children, mostly males, had T-cell ALL. The third part of these children had high leukocyte counts and a mediastinal mass. Children from Mapuche origin, compared with Caucasian children had a lower proportion of common ALL (36 and 74% respectively) and a higher proportions of T-cell ALL (41 and 10% respectively). Among adults common ALL was the most common phenotype (72%) followed by T-cell ALL (15%), pro-B ALL (11%) and B-cell ALL (2%). There was a lower incidence of children with common ALL with positive cytoplasmic immunoglobulin compared to North American or European studies (2 and 15-33% respectively) and a higher proportion of adults with common ALL compared with pro-B cell ALL, in contrast to European studies that show a higher proportion of patients with pro-B cell ALL. No other immunophenotypic, clinical or laboratory differences were observed with ALL from developed countries. It is concluded that the immunophenotyping of ALL allows a more precise diagnosis of this disease.

[Kidney traumatism in general surgery (65 cases)]. / Traumatismes du rein en chirurgie générale (65 cas).

From September 1989 to September 1994, 65 patients, 15 females and 50 males, with a mean age of 32 +/- 14 years were admitted in the emergency unit for renal trauma. In 38.5% of cases multiple trauma was present. Lesional mechanism was most frequently contusions (49.2%) and deceleration injuries (43.1%). Gross hematuria or microscopic hematuria were presents in 72.3% of cases. The sensibility of systematic abdominal echography was 100% in case of perirenal hematoma and 65% in case of parenchymatous lesions. Only 23 patients were operated (35.3%) because of low blood pressure. None secondary operation was necessary in abstention group. Global mortality was 7.7%. Postoperative morbidity was 20% and specific morbidity in abstention group was 10.7%.

[Complications of colonic diverticulosis and emergency surgery. Prospective study of 56 cases]. / Complications de la diverticulose colique et chirurgie d'urgence. Etude prospective sur 56 cas.

Fifty six patients, 26 men (69.7 +/- 11.2 years) and 30 women (77.4 +/- 9.2 years) were admitted in the emergency unit for diverticulosis sigmoiditis. In 75% of cases an other pathology was associated. Excepted 11 extended peritonisis, 7 criterae of operation were required to operate on 17 men and 18 women (mean age = 73.7 +/- 12.5 years) in a delay less than 8 days. Reasons were: 12 occlusive forms, 9 peri-sigmoidis abcedations, 3 hemorrhages. Surgical procedures were: 11 Hartmann procedures, 21 resections with anatomosis of the sigmoid colon with 10 non protected and 3 subtotal colectomy. Postoperative mortality was been 11.4%. The global rate of complications was 28.5 and the mean hospital stay was 18.8 +/- 6.3 days. Application of operative criteriae is usefull to shorter significantly the delay of operation and then the length of evolution of the intraperitoneal infection site.