The relationship between serum adiponectin and resistin levels, insulin resistance and colorectal adenomas.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The relationship between adipocytokines and the development of colorectal cancer is well-documented. Our aim was to assess the relationship among serum adiponectin and resistin levels, insulin resistance, and colorectal adenoma to evaluate whether these parameters can be used as biomarkers to predict the development of colorectal adenoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional case-control study conducted in 32 patients with colorectal adenoma and 30 control subjects. Serum adiponectin and resistin levels, body mass index values, waist and hip circumferences and Homeostasis Model Assessment scores were measured. RESULTS: Resistin levels were slightly higher and adiponectin was slightly lower in patients with colorectal adenoma compared with controls; however, the differences in both parameters failed to reach statistical significance. The body mass index values and waist circumference of the patient group were significantly higher than controls (p=0.003 and p=0.002, respectively). Fasting serum insulin levels and Homeostasis Model Assessment scores of patients with colorectal adenoma were significantly higher than those of controls (p=0.02 and p=0.02, respectively). There was no relation between the number of colorectal adenomas and serum adiponectin or resistin levels. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that obesity and insulin resistance may contribute to the development of colorectal adenoma and that serum adiponectin levels and insulin resistance may not have a substantial predictive value for colorectal adenoma.

Risk of endocrine pancreatic insufficiency in patients receiving adjuvant chemoradiation for resected gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant radiotherapy combined with 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapy has become the new standard after curative resection in high risk gastric cancer. Beside many complications due to surgery, the addition of chemotherapy and radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment may lead to both acute and late toxicities. Pancreatic tissue irradiation during this adjuvant treatment because of incidental and unavoidable inclusion of the organ within the radiation field may affect exocrine and endocrine functions of the organ. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-three patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were evaluated for adjuvant chemoradiotherapy after surgery. While 37 out of 53 patients were treated postoperatively due to either serosal or adjacent organ or lymph node involvement, 16 patients without these risk factors were followed up regularly without any additional treatment and they served as the control group. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c), insulin and C-peptide levels were measured in the control and study groups after the surgery and 6 months and 1 year later. RESULTS: At the baseline there was no difference in FBG, HbA1c, C-peptide and insulin levels between the control and the study groups. At the end of the study there was a statistically significant decline in insulin and C-peptide levels in the study group, (7.5 ± 6.0 vs 4.5 ± 4.4 IU/L, p: 0.002 and 2.3 ± 0.9 vs 1.56 ± 0.9 ng/ml, p: 0.001) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant radiotherapy in gastric cancer leads to a decrease in beta cell function and insulin secretion capacity of the pancreas with possible diabetes risk. Radiation-induced pancreatic injury and late effects of radiation on normal pancreatic tissue are unknown, but pancreas is more sensitive to radiation than known. This organ should be studied extensively in order to determine the tolerance doses and it should be contoured during abdominal radiotherapy planning as an organ at risk.

The size of the esophageal hiatus in gastroesophageal reflux pathophysiology: outcome of intraoperative measurements.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of the size of the esophageal hiatus on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) and acid reflux. METHODS: Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease who underwent Nissen fundoplication in 2006-2008 were included. All underwent esophageal manometry and 22 had 24-h pH monitoring. The area of the esophageal hiatus was calculated from a photograph shot during surgery. A hiatal index was calculated via division of hiatal area with body mass index (BMI). Correlation and logistic regression analysis were performed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients (average age 44, 14 males) were enrolled. The mean BMI, LESP, DeMeester score, hiatal area, and hiatal index were 27 +/- 3.9 kg/m(2), 11.7 +/- 6.6 mmHg, 43 +/- 34, 3.83 +/- 1.24 cm(2), and 0.143 +/- 0.048, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between hiatal area, hiatal index and LESP (-0.513, p = 0.005, r = -0.439, p = 0.019 respectively). Additionally there was a negative correlation between hiatal area and total LES length (r = -0.508, p = 0.013) and a significant positive correlation between hiatal area, hiatal index, and DeMeester scores (0.452, p = 0.035, 0.537, p = 0.01, respectively). Height and hiatal area were significant factors in multiple linear regression. CONCLUSIONS: The size of the esophageal hiatus significantly affects LESP and acid reflux, and hiatal index is a new value, which appears to reflect the amount of acid reflux. Total LES length is also shortened in patients with a large hiatus.

Chemical colitis due to glutaraldehyde: case series and review of the literature.

Chemical colitis can occur as a result of accidental contamination of endoscopes or by intentional/accidental administration of enemas containing various chemicals.We present three cases of glutaraldehyde induced colitis and review the cases in the literature. Glutaraldehyde induced colitis presents clinically with severe abdominal pain, bloody and mucoid diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and tenesmus 48-72 h after colonoscopy. Endoscopic findings are nonspecific and mimic ischemic colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and infectious colitis. The timing of symptoms and the knowledge that glutaraldehyde is a chemical irritant to colonic mucosa is important for the diagnosis. The treatment is mainly supportive but sometimes necessitates mesalamine, prednisolone, or metronidazole and the resolution is rapid. In endoscopy units, strict adherence to published disinfection protocols is very important and the cleaning, rinsing and drying protocols also deserve the same attention.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and CA 19-9 levels.

AIM: To prospectively investigate serum CA 19-9 levels in type 2 diabetic patients in comparison with age- and gender-matched control subjects. METHODS: We recorded duration of diabetes and examined fasting glucose levels, HbA1c levels and serum CA 19-9 levels in 76 type 2 diabetic patients and 76 controls. Abdominal CT was performed in order to eliminate abdominal malignancy in the diabetic and control groups. RESULTS: The average CA 19-9 level was 46.0 +/- 22.4 U/mL for diabetic patients whereas it was 9.97 +/- 7.1 U/mL for the control group (P < 0.001). Regression analysis showed a positive correlation between diabetes and CA 19-9 independent from age, gender, glucose level and HbA1c level (t = 8.8, P < 001). Two of the diabetic patients were excluded from the study because of abdominal malignancy shown by CT at the initial evaluation. For all patients, abdominal CT showed no pancreatic abnormalities. CONCLUSION: CA 19-9 is a tumor-associated antigen, which is elevated in pancreatic, upper gastrointestinal tract, ovarian hepatocellular, and colorectal cancers, as well as in inflammatory conditions of the hepatobiliary system, biliary obstruction and in thyroid diseases. Diabetes has been claimed to be a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, which is increasing its incidence and has one of the lowest survival rates of all cancers. CA 19-9 is used in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer but is also a marker of pancreatic tissue damage that might be caused by diabetes. We propose that a higher cut-off value of CA 19-9 should be used in diabetics to differentiate benign and malignant pancreatic disease, and subtle elevations of CA 19-9 in diabetics should be considered as the indication of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction.

Laparoscopic repair of a gastric volvulus occurring as a long-term complication of left pneumonectomy: report of a case.

Gastric volvulus is an extremely rare late complication of pneumonectomy. We report the case of a 61-year-old man who presented with a 1-year history of progressive intolerance of solids and weight loss 33 years after a left pneumonectomy. Preoperative examinations showed a mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus. We performed a laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication and anterior gastropexy, following which his symptoms disappeared.

Endoscopic scoring of late gastrointestinal mucosal damage after adjuvant radiochemotherapy.

AIM: To evaluate late effects of chemoradiation on gastrointestinal mucosa with an endoscopic scoring system and compare it to a clinical scoring system. METHODS: Twenty-four patients going to receive chemoradiation after gastric surgery underwent endoscopy four wk after surgery and one year after the chemoradiation finished. Upper gastrointestinal findings were recorded according to a system proposed by World Organisation for Digestive Endoscopy (OMED) and clinical scoring was done with RTOG-EORTC radiation morbidity scoring systems. RESULTS: There was no significant endoscopic difference in gastric and intestinal mucosa after chemoradiation (P > 0.05) and there was no association between endoscopic scores and clinical scores. Endoscopic changes were minimal. CONCLUSION: Late effects after chemoradiation in operated patients with gastric cancers can be evaluated with an endoscopic scoring system objectively and this system is superior to clinical scoring systems.

Is adiponectin level a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nondiabetic male patients?

AIM: Adiponectin is a hepatic insulin sensitizer and also an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor. We studied its levels in nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and compared with control group. METHODS: Thirty-five patients who had elevated serum aminotransferase levels with bright liver and 34 healthy volunteers without liver disease were evaluated. Age, gender and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, adiponectin, proinsulin and lipid profile were measured. A standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with insulin response was performed and the index of insulin resistance was calculated according to the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) method. RESULTS: According to the OGTT results, none of the participants had diabetes. Serum adiponectin levels were statistically significantly lower in patients with NAFLD than in control group (8.14+/-3.4 microg/mL vs 12.4+/-9.4 microg/mL, respectively, P<0.01). A statistically significant correlation was found between adiponectin and BMI (r : -0.33, P<0.01), HOMA (r : -0.26, P<0.05), proinsulin (r : -0.32, P<0.01), AST (r : -0.25, P<0.05), ALT (r : -0.26, P<0.05) or GGT (r : -0.22, P<0.05). In multiple regression analysis models, adiponectin levels were the only predictor of NAFLD in males, whereas in female group it was the BMI. CONCLUSION: Low adiponectin level might be a predictor of NAFLD especially in male nondiabetics.

Encapsulating peritonitis and familial Mediterranean fever.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between encapsulating peritonitis and familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). METHODS: The patient had a history of type 2 diabetes and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed one year ago for cholelithiasis. Eleven months after the operation she developed massive ascites. Biochemical evaluation revealed hyperglycemia, mild Fe deficiency anemia, hypoalbuminemia and a CA-125 level of 2 700 IU. Ascitic evaluation showed characteristics of exudation with a cell count of 580/mm(3). Abdominal CT showed omental thickening and massive ascites. At exploratory laparotomy there was generalized thickening of the peritoneum and a laparoscopic clip encapsulated by fibrous tissue was found adherent to the uterus. Biopsies were negative for malignancy and a prophylactic total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy were performed. RESULTS: The histopathological evaluation was compatible with chronic nonspecific findings and mild mesothelial proliferation and chronic inflammation at the uterine serosa and liver biopsy showed inactive cirrhosis. CONCLUSION: The patient was evaluated as sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis induced by the laparoscopic clip acting as a foreign body. Due to the fact that the patient had FMF the immune response was probably exaggerated.

A clinical dilemma: abdominal tuberculosis.

AIM: To evaluate the clinical, radiological and microbiological properties of abdominal tuberculosis (TB) and to discuss methods needed to get the diagnosis. METHODS: Thirty-one patients diagnosed as abdominal TB between March 1998 and December 2001 at the Gastroenterology Department of Kartal State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey were evaluated prospectively. Complete physical examination, medical and family history, blood count erythrocyte sedimentation rate, routine biochemical tests, Mantoux skin test, chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasonography (USG) were performed in all cases, whereas microbiological examination of ascites, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, colonoscopy or barium enema, abdominal tomography, mediastinoscopy, laparoscopy or laparotomy were done when needed. RESULTS: The median age of patients (14 females,17 males) was 34.2 years (range 15-65 years). The most frequent symptoms were abdominal pain and weight loss. Eleven patients had active pulmonary TB. The most common abdominal USG findings were ascites and hepatomegaly. Ascitic fluid analysis performed in 13 patients was found to be exudative and acid resistant bacilli were present in smear and cultured only in one patient with BacTec (3.2 %). Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy yielded nonspecific findings in 16 patients. Colonoscopy performed in 20 patients showed ulcers in 9 (45 %), nodules in 2 (10 %) and, stricture, polypoid lesions, granulomatous findings in terminal ileum and rectal fistula each in one patient (5 %). Laparoscopy on 4 patients showed dilated bowel loops, thickening in the mesentery, multiple ulcers and tubercles on the peritoneum. Patients with abdominal TB were divided into three groups according to the type of involvement. Fifteen patients (48 %) had intestinal TB, 11 patients (35.2 %) had tuberculous peritonitis and 5 (16.8 %) tuberculous lymphadenitis. The diagnosis of abdominal TB was confirmed microbiologically in 5 (16 %) and histo-pathologically in 19 patients (60.8 %). The remaining nine patients (28.8 %) had been diagnosed by a positive response to antituberculous treatment. CONCLUSION: Neither clinical signs, laboratory, radiological and endoscopic methods nor bacteriological and histopathological findings provide a gold standard by themselves in the diagnosis of abdominal TB. However, an algorithm of these diagnostic methods leads to considerably higher precision in the diagnosis of this insidious disease which primarily necessitate a clinical awareness of this serious health problem.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori.

AIM: To study the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in a group of type 2 diabetes and compared it with an age and sex matched non-diabetic group. METHODS: 40 diabetic patients (21 females, 19 males; 56+/-7 years) and 40 non-diabetic dyspeptic patients (20 females, 20 males; 54+/-9 years) were evaluated. Diabetic patients with dyspeptic complaints were referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopies; 2 corpus and 2 antral gastric biopsy specimens were performed on each patient. Patients with positive Hp results on histopathological examination comprised the study group. Non-diabetic dyspeptic patients seen at the Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic and with the same biopsy and treatment protocol formed the control group. A triple therapy with amoxycillin (1 g b.i.d), clarithromycin (500 mg b.i.d) and omeprazole (20 mg b.i.d.) was given to both groups for 10 days. Cure was defined as the absence of Hp infection assessed by corpus and antrum biopsies in control upper gastrointestinal endoscopies performed 6 weeks after completing the antimicrobial therapy. RESULTS: The eradication rate was 50 % in the diabetic group versus 85 % in the non-diabetic control group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Type 2 diabetic patients showed a significantly lower eradication rate than controls which may be due to changes in microvasculature of the stomach and to frequent antibiotic usage because of recurrent bacterial infections with the development of resistant strains.

Sedation with intranasal midazolam in adults undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

The use of intranasal (IN) midazolam in adults for sedation in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy has been evaluated in a controlled clinical study. Eighty-one patients with a mean age of 37.02 +/- 12.50 years who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for various reasons were included in the study. Three groups were formed according to the sedation regimen. In the first group (n = 30), patients received IN midazolam. In the second group (n = 28) intravenous (IV) midazolam was given for sedation, and the third group of patients (n = 23) received placebo before the procedures. Patients were monitored (using a pulse oximeter with an interval of 5 minutes until the 45th minute after the procedure) for arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Efficacy of sedation, amnesia, side effects, and patients' preferences were evaluated. Superior results regarding the efficacy of sedation has been documented with the use of IV midazolam (p < 0.001), and this was the preferred route for drug application according to the patients' answers (p < 0.01). However, regarding amnesia, IN midazolam was found to be almost equally effective as IV midazolam (p < 0.05); moreover, IN route of drug application caused significantly fewer side effects than did the IV form (p < 0.001 ). Intranasal application of midazolam for gastrointestinal endoscopy appeared to be an interesting alternative to the IV route, the usage of which might be limited because of its potentially serious side effects. In contrast to the IV application of midazolam, the IN route may not even necessitate the monitoring of the patient during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.