Adaptación a la realidad de Latinoamérica de la Guía Clínica NASPGHAN/ESPGHAN 2016 sobre Diagnóstico, Prevención y Tratamiento de Infección por Helicobacter pylori en Pediatría / Adaptation to the reality of Latin America of the NASPGHAN/ESPGHAN 2016 Guidelines on the Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Pediatrics

Resumen: Introducción: Las últimas guías clínicas conjuntas de NASPGHAN y ESPGHAN en relación a la infección por H. pylori publicadas el año 2016, contienen 20 afirmaciones que han sido cuestionadas en la práctica respecto a su aplicabilidad en Latinoamérica (LA); en particular en relación a la preven ción del cáncer gástrico. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis crítico de la literatura, con especial énfasis en datos de LA y se estableció el nivel de evidencia y nivel de recomendación de las afirmaciones mas controversiales de las Guías Conjuntas. Se realizaron 2 rondas de votación de acuerdo a la técnica Delfi de consenso y se utilizó escala de Likert (de 0 a 4) para establecer el "grado de acuerdo" entre un grupo de expertos de SLAGHNP. Resultados: Existen pocos estudios en relación a diagnóstico, efectividad de tratamiento y susceptibilidad a antibióticos de H. pylori en pacientes pediátricos de LA. En base a estos estudios, extrapolaciones de estudios de adultos y la experiencia clínica del panel de expertos participantes, se realizan las siguientes recomendaciones. Recomendamos la toma de biopsias para test rápido de ureasa e histología (y muestras para cultivo o técnicas moleculares, cuando estén disponibles) durante la endoscopia digestiva alta sólo si en caso de confirmar la infección por H. pylori, se indicará tratamiento de erradicación. Recomendamos que centros regionales seleccio nados realicen estudios de sensibilidad/resistencia antimicrobiana para H. pylori y así actúen como centros de referencia para toda LA. En caso de falla de erradicación de H. pylori con tratamiento de primera línea, recomendamos tratamiento empírico con terapia cuádruple con inhibidor de bomba de protones, amoxicilina, metronidazol y bismuto por 14 días. En caso de falla de erradicación con el esquema de segunda línea, se recomienda indicar un tratamiento individualizado considerando la edad del paciente, el esquema indicado previamente y la sensibilidad antibiótica de la cepa, lo que implica realizar una nueva endoscopía con extracción de muestra para cultivo y antibiograma o es tudio molecular de resistencia. En niños sintomáticos referidos a endoscopía que tengan antecedente de familiar de primer o segundo grado con cáncer gástrico, se recomienda considerar la búsqueda de H. pylori mediante técnica directa durante la endoscopia (y erradicarlo cuando es detectado). Con clusiones: La evidencia apoya mayoritariamente los conceptos generales de las Guías NASPGHAN/ ESPGHAN 2016, pero es necesario adaptarlas a la realidad de LA, con énfasis en el desarrollo de centros regionales para el estudio de sensibilidad a antibióticos y mejorar la correcta selección del tratamiento de erradicación. En niños sintomáticos con antecedente familiar de primer o segundo grado de cáncer gástrico, se debe considerar la búsqueda y erradicación de H. pylori.

Abstract: Introduction: The latest joint H. pylori NASPGHAN and ESPGHAN clinical guidelines published in 2016, contain 20 statements that have been questioned in practice regarding their applicability in Latin America (LA); in particular in relation to gastric cancer prevention. Methods: We conduc ted a critical analysis of the literature, with special emphasis on LA data and established the level of evidence and level of recommendation of the most controversial claims in the Joint Guidelines. Two rounds of voting were conducted according to the Delphi consensus technique and a Likert scale (from 0 to 4) was used to establish the "degree of agreement" among a panel of SLAGHNP ex perts. Results: There are few studies regarding diagnosis, treatment effectiveness and susceptibility to antibiotics of H. pylori in pediatric patients of LA. Based on these studies, extrapolations from adult studies, and the clinical experience of the participating expert panel, the following recom mendations are made. We recommend taking biopsies for rapid urease and histology testing (and samples for culture or molecular techniques, when available) during upper endoscopy only if in case of confirmed H. pylori infection, eradication treatment will be indicated. We recommend that selected regional centers conduct antimicrobial sensitivity/resistance studies for H. pylori and thus act as reference centers for all LA. In case of failure to eradicate H. pylori with first-line treatment, we recommend empirical treatment with quadruple therapy with proton pump inhibitor, amoxi cillin, metronidazole, and bismuth for 14 days. In case of eradication failure with the second line scheme, it is recommended to indicate an individualized treatment considering the age of the pa tient, the previously indicated scheme and the antibiotic sensitivity of the strain, which implies performing a new endoscopy with sample extraction for culture and antibiogram or molecular resistance study. In symptomatic children referred to endoscopy who have a history of first or se cond degree family members with gastric cancer, it is recommended to consider the search for H. pylori by direct technique during endoscopy (and eradicate it when detected). Conclusions: The evidence supports most of the general concepts of the NASPGHAN/ESPGHAN 2016 Guidelines, but it is necessary to adapt them to the reality of LA, with emphasis on the development of regional centers for the study of antibiotic sensitivity and to improve the correct selection of the eradication treatment. In symptomatic children with a family history of first or second degree gastric cancer, the search for and eradication of H. pylori should be considered.

Oxygen and mechanical ventilation impede the functional properties of resident lung mesenchymal stromal cells.

Resident/endogenous mesenchymal stromal cells function to promote the normal development, growth, and repair of tissues. Following premature birth, the effects of routine neonatal care (e.g. oxygen support and mechanical ventilation) on the biological properties of lung endogenous mesenchymal stromal cells is (L-MSCs) is poorly understood. New Zealand white preterm rabbits were randomized into the following groups: (i) sacrificed at birth (Fetal), (ii) spontaneously breathing with 50% O2 for 4 hours (SB), or (iii) mechanical ventilation with 50% O2 for 4h (MV). At time of necropsy, L-MSCs were isolated, characterized, and compared. L-MSCs isolated from the MV group had decreased differentiation capacity, ability to form stem cell colonies, and expressed less vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA. Compared to Fetal L-MSCs, 98 and 458 genes were differentially expressed in the L-MSCs derived from the SB and MV groups, respectively. Gene ontology analysis revealed these genes were involved in key regulatory processes including cell cycle, cell division, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, the L-MSCs from the SB and MV groups had smaller mitochondria, nuclear changes, and distended endoplasmic reticula. Short-term hyperoxia/mechanical ventilation after birth alters the biological properties of L-MSCs and stimulates genomic changes that may impact their reparative potential.

[Adaptation to the reality of Latin America of the NASPGHAN/ESPGHAN 2016 Guidelines on the Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Pediatrics]. / Adaptación a la realidad de Latinoamérica de la Guía Clínica NASPGHAN/ESPGHAN 2016 sobre Diagnóstico, Prevención y Tratamiento de Infección por Helicobacter pylori en Pediatría.

INTRODUCTION: The latest joint H. pylori NASPGHAN and ESPGHAN clinical guidelines published in 2016, contain 20 statements that have been questioned in practice regarding their applicability in Latin America (LA); in particular in relation to gastric cancer prevention. METHODS: We conduc ted a critical analysis of the literature, with special emphasis on LA data and established the level of evidence and level of recommendation of the most controversial claims in the Joint Guidelines. Two rounds of voting were conducted according to the Delphi consensus technique and a Likert scale (from 0 to 4) was used to establish the "degree of agreement" among a panel of SLAGHNP ex perts. RESULTS: There are few studies regarding diagnosis, treatment effectiveness and susceptibility to antibiotics of H. pylori in pediatric patients of LA. Based on these studies, extrapolations from adult studies, and the clinical experience of the participating expert panel, the following recom mendations are made. We recommend taking biopsies for rapid urease and histology testing (and samples for culture or molecular techniques, when available) during upper endoscopy only if in case of confirmed H. pylori infection, eradication treatment will be indicated. We recommend that selected regional centers conduct antimicrobial sensitivity/resistance studies for H. pylori and thus act as reference centers for all LA. In case of failure to eradicate H. pylori with first-line treatment, we recommend empirical treatment with quadruple therapy with proton pump inhibitor, amoxi cillin, metronidazole, and bismuth for 14 days. In case of eradication failure with the second line scheme, it is recommended to indicate an individualized treatment considering the age of the pa tient, the previously indicated scheme and the antibiotic sensitivity of the strain, which implies performing a new endoscopy with sample extraction for culture and antibiogram or molecular resistance study. In symptomatic children referred to endoscopy who have a history of first or se cond degree family members with gastric cancer, it is recommended to consider the search for H. pylori by direct technique during endoscopy (and eradicate it when detected). CONCLUSIONS: The evidence supports most of the general concepts of the NASPGHAN/ESPGHAN 2016 Guidelines, but it is necessary to adapt them to the reality of LA, with emphasis on the development of regional centers for the study of antibiotic sensitivity and to improve the correct selection of the eradication treatment. In symptomatic children with a family history of first or second degree gastric cancer, the search for and eradication of H. pylori should be considered.

Factores de riesgo psicosocial que afectan a los profesionales en enfermería / Psychosocial risk factors that affect nursing professionals / Fatores de risco psicossociais que afetam os profissionais de enfermagem

Objetivo: revisar la evidencia científica sobre los factores de riesgo psicosocial que afectan a los profesionales en enfermería que laboran en servicios asistenciales: exigencias cuantitativas, ritmo de trabajo, doble presencia y demandas emocionales. Metodo: se realizó una revisión de artículos científicos publicados entre el 2007 y el 2018 en las bases de datos Medline, PubMed, Scien - ceDirect, Scopus, OVID Nursing, Springer, Taylor and Francis y otros recursos electrónicos como SciELO y Lilacs, mediante los descriptores: enfermería, salud laboral, condiciones de trabajo, estrés laboral y carga de trabajo. Se seleccionaron 74 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: las exigencias cuantitativas y la intensificación del ritmo de trabajo aumentan la sobrecarga laboral, por la atención a un gran número de pacientes y la realización de funciones ajenas al ejercicio del cuidado directo. Las demandas emocionales se originan en la acción del cuidado y en la permanente confrontación con el sufrimiento, el dolor y la muerte. La compaginación entre el trabajo asalariado y el doméstico, así como el desempeño en dos o más empleos y el trabajo por turnos son frecuentes en la profesión. Conclusiones: el profesional en enfermería se expone en gran medida a los factores de riesgo psicosocial: exigencias cuantitativas, ritmo de trabajo, doble presencia y demandas emocionales. Estos pueden afectar negativamente su salud física y mental, así como la calidad del cuidado otorgado.

Objective: Review the scientific evidence on psychosocial risk factors: quantitative, work rate, double presence and emotional demands on nursing professionals in healthcare services. Mate - rial and method: A review of scientific articles was carried out from 2007 to 2018 in Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, OVID Nursing, Springer, Taylor and Francis and other electronic databases such as SciELO and Lilacs, through the descriptors: nursing, occupational health, working conditions, work stress, and workload. We selected 74 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Results: Quantitative demands and the intensifica - tion of the rhythm of work increase the nurse's work overload due large quantity of patients and functions unrelated to the exercise of direct care. The emotional demands originate during caretaking actions and in the permanent confrontation with suffering, pain and death. The combination of salaried and domestic work, as well as undertaking two or more jobs and shift work, are frequent aspects in nursing professionals. Conclusions: The nursing professional is exposed to psycho - social risk factors: quantitative, work pace, double presence and emotional demands, which can negatively affect their physical and mental health, as well as the quality of the care provided.

Objetivo: revisar as evidências científicas sobre fatores de risco psicossocial: exigências quantitativas, ritmo de trabalho, dupla presença e demandas emocionais em profissionais de enfer - magem de serviços de saúde. Material e método: uma revisão de artigos científicos foi realizada de 2007 a 2018 nas bases de dados: Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, OVID Nursing, Springer, Taylor and Francis e outros recursos eletrônicos como SciELO e Lilacs, através dos descritores: enfermagem, saúde ocupacional, condições de trabalho, estresse laboral e carga de trabalho. Foram selecionados 74 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Resultados: as demandas quantitativas e a intensificação do ritmo de trabalho aumentam a sobrecarga de trabalho, por causa da atenção a um grande número de pacientes e funções não relacionadas ao exercício do cuidado direto. As demandas emocionais se originam na ação do cuidado e no confronto permanente com o sofrimento, a dor e a morte. A conciliação entre trabalho assalariado e doméstico, bem como o desempenho em dois ou mais postos de trabalho e turnos de trabalho, são aspectos frequentes nos profissionais de enfermagem. Conclusão: o profissional de enfermagem é exposto em grande parte a fatores de risco psicossocial: quantitativo, ritmo de trabalho, presença dupla e demandas emocionais, o que pode afetar negativamente sua saúde física e mental, bem como a qualidade do cuidado concedido.

Estudio multicéntrico sobre la epidemiologia de la Esofagitis Eosinofílica Pediátrica en América Latina / Multicenter study on the epidemiology of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis in latinamerica

Objetivo: Evaluar las características epidemiológicas de un grupo de pacientes pediátricos con esofagitis eosinofílica (EEo) y las modalidades de tratamiento empleadas en Latinoamérica. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio multicéntrico, observacional, transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta a 36 Centros de Gastroenterología y Endoscopia Pediátrica de 10 países latinoamericanos con la finalidad de obtener información socio-demográfica y datos sobre el tratamiento utilizado para el manejo de los casos evaluados durante el periodo 2014-2016. Resultados: 372 casos de EEo pediátrica fueron evaluados durante el periodo 2014-2016 y 108 casos (29%) correspondieron al trimestre Abril-Junio 2016. 46,72% de los casos pertenecían al grupo de edad escolar y 71,8% consultaron por disfagia. 87,2% de los pacientes fueron manejados con dieta, 55,3% esteroides deglutidos (12,8% en monoterapia) y 6% recibió montelukast. No hubo reporte de pacientes en terapia con agentes biológicos. Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren un predominio del sexo masculino con una mayor incidencia de la enfermedad en la edad escolar y la adolescencia. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes son disfagia, vómitos y síntomas de reflujo gastroesofágico. El tratamiento más indicado por los especialistas en América Latina es la dieta seguido del uso de esteroides deglutidos. Los IBP también son ampliamente utilizados como terapia coadyuvante. Un estudio de prevalencia a nivel continental es necesario para evaluar el comportamiento de la enfermedad en diferentes regiones de América Latina.

Aims: To evaluate epidemiological features of pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis in Latinamerica and therapeutical options indicated by pediatric gastroenterologists in our continent. Patients and methods: multicenter, observational, transversal study. 36 Centers of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Endoscopy from 10 latinamerican countries participated giving clinical and sociodemographic information about pediatric patients with EoE diagnosed and treated during the last two years (study period). Results: 372 cases of pediatric EoE were evaluated during period 2014-2016 (108 cases were evaluated during trimester April-June 2016). 46,72% of cases were school age children, with dysphagia been the main clinical symptom in 71,8% of patients. 87,2% of patients received diet as a main indication of treatment, 55,3% received swallowed steroids (12,8% as monotherapy) and 6% were treated with montelukast among others. There were no reports of patients under treatment with biological drugs. Conclusions: epidemiological features of our study group suggest a higher prevalence of pediatric EoE in male school age children and adolescents. Most frecuent clinical symptoms are dysphagia, vomiting and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Treatment is based mainly on diet and swallowed steroids. A continental prevalence study is necessary to evaluate the behavior of the disease in different regions of Latinamerica.

NewB for newbies: a randomized control trial training housestaff to perform neonatal intubation with direct and videolaryngoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Competency rates in neonatal intubation among pediatric residents are low and currently not meeting ACGME/AAP standards. AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare standard bedside teaching of neonatal endotracheal intubation to a computer module, as well as introduce residents to the emerging technology of videolaryngoscopy. METHODS: The study population consisted of The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Pediatric interns/residents and PGY-1 Anesthesia interns rotating through the NICU. Prior to participating in the study, the residents completed a survey addressing past experiences with intubation, comfort level, and prior use of direct and videolaryngoscopy. Participants then performed timed trials of both direct and videolaryngoscopy on the SimNewB(®). They had up to three attempts to successfully intubate, with up to 30 s on each attempt. After randomization, participants received one of the following teaching interventions: standard, computer module, or both. This was followed by a second intubation trial and survey completion. RESULTS: Thirty residents were enrolled in the study. There was significant improvement in time to successful intubation in both methods after any teaching intervention (direct 22.0 ± 13.4 s vs 14.7 ± 5.9 s, P = 0.002 and videolaryngoscopy 42.2 ± 29.3 s vs 26.8 ± 18.6 s, P = 0.003). No differences were found between the types of teaching. Residents were faster at intubating with direct laryngoscopy compared to videolaryngoscopy before and after teaching. By the end of the study, only 33% of residents preferred using videolaryngoscopy over direct laryngoscopy, but 76% felt videolaryngoscopy was better to teach intubation. CONCLUSIONS: Both standard teaching and computer module teaching of neonatal intubation on a mannequin model results in improved time to successful intubation and overall improved resident confidence with intubation equipment and technique. Although intubation times were lower with direct laryngoscopy compared to videolaryngoscopy, the participating residents felt that videolaryngoscopy is an important educational tool.

Alimentación del paciente con diarrea aguda

El manejo nutricional es un aspecto importante del tratamiento del niño con diarrea aguda. Se ha demostrado que: el ayuno, la desnutrición y la alteración de la microbiota intestinal, disminuyen: masa intestinal, actividad enzimática y tasa de recambio celular. Los objetivos fundamentales están dirigidos a evitar mayor deterioro de la salud y la evolución de la enfermedad hacia la cronicidad. Está demostrado lo beneficioso de continuar la alimentación durante el proceso diarreico, unida a la terapia de rehidratación oral, ya que disminuye el déficit de proteína y energía, evita el catabolismo, estimula la función intestinal y permite el mantenimiento de enzimas digestivas, ejerciendo efecto trófico sobre la mucosa del intestino delgado para reducir las pérdidas fecales y disminuir la hipotrofia funcional y anatómica asociada con el "reposo del intestino". La realimentación debe ser gradual, oportuna, precoz, completa y adecuada, a fin de ofrecer el aporte necesario de calorías, proteínas, lípidos y carbohidratos. El niño debe continuar con lactancia materna, en caso de recibir fórmula láctea, no se requiere su dilución ni el uso de fórmulas especiales. Se recomiendan: alimentos absorbentes o astringentes que contienen polisacáridos con propiedades coloidales como pectina y dextrina que disminuyen número de deposiciones y aumentan su consistencia; evitar consumo de alimentos ricos en fibra insoluble; consumir fuente proteica de alto valor biológico e hipoalergénica; administrar los vegetales y frutas en sopas espesas, puré, jugos o compotas naturales, y fortificarlos con harina de maíz o arroz sin agregado de azúcar.

Nutritional management is an important aspect of the treatment of children with acute diarrhea. It has been shown that fasting, malnutrition, and alteration of the intestinal microbiota, decrease: intestinal mass, enzyme activity and cell turnover rate. The fundamental objectives are directed to avoid further deterioration of the health and the progression of the disease towards chronicity. Benefits of continuation of feeding during diarrhoea, coupled with oral rehydration therapy has been demonstrated, since it decreases the deficit of protein and energy, prevents catabolism, stimulates intestinal function and allows the maintenance of digestive enzymes exerting trophic effect on the mucosa of the small intestine, which in turn reduces fecal losses, functional and anatomical hypotrophy associated with the "rest of the intestine". Refeeding should be gradual, timely, early, complete and adequate, in order to provide the necessary contribution of calories, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. The child should continue breastfeeding. In case of receiving milk formula, this requires no dilution or special formulas. Recommended: absorbent or astringent foods that contain polysaccharide with colloidal properties such as pectin and dextrin which decrease number of bowel movements and increase its consistency; avoid consumption of foods high in insoluble fibre; protein source of high biological value and hypoallergenic type; preparation of vegetables and fruit as thick soups, puree, juice or natural jams, and fortify them with corn or rice flours without added sugar.

TGF-ß2, a protective intestinal cytokine, is abundant in maternal human milk and human-derived fortifiers but not in donor human milk.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared cytokines (in particular transforming growth factor [TGF]-ß2) and lactoferrin in maternal human milk (MHM), human-derived milk fortifier (HDMF), and donor human milk (DHM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: MHM was randomly collected from breastfeeding mothers who had no infectious illness at the time of milk expression. HDMF and DHM were products derived from human milk processed by Holder pasteurization. MHM samples were collected at different times (early/late) and gestations (preterm/term). Lactoferrin was analyzed by western blotting, and cytokines were quantified using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Significance was determined using analysis of variance. RESULTS: In the 164 samples analyzed, TGF-ß2 concentrations in HDMF and preterm MHM (at all collection times) were fivefold higher than in DHM (p<0.05). Early preterm MHM had levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-18, 11-fold higher than DHM (p<0.05). IL-6 in DHM was 0.3% of the content found in MHM. IL-18 was fourfold higher in early MHM versus late MHM regardless of gestational age (p<0.05). Lactoferrin concentration in DHM was 6% of that found in MHM. CONCLUSIONS: Pasteurization decreases concentrations of most cytokines and lactoferrin in DHM. TGF-ß2, a protective intestinal cytokine, has comparable concentrations in HDMF to MHM despite pasteurization.

Smad7 inhibits autocrine expression of TGF-ß2 in intestinal epithelial cells in baboon necrotizing enterocolitis.

Preterm infants may be at risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) due to deficiency of transforming growth factor-ß 2 (TGF-ß(2)) in the developing intestine. We hypothesized that low epithelial TGF-ß(2) expression in preterm intestine and during NEC results from diminished autocrine induction of TGF-ß(2) in these cells. Premature baboons delivered at 67% gestation were treated per current norms for human preterm infants. NEC was diagnosed by clinical and radiological findings. Inflammatory cytokines, TGF-ß(2), Smad7, Ski, and strawberry notch N (SnoN)/Ski-like oncoprotein (SKIL) was measured using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblots, and immunohistochemistry. Smad7 effects were examined in transfected IEC6 intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Findings were validated in archived human tissue samples of NEC. NEC was recorded in seven premature baboons. Consistent with existing human data, premature baboon intestine expressed less TGF-ß(2) than term intestine. TGF-ß(2) expression was regulated in epithelial cells in an autocrine fashion, which was interrupted in the premature intestine and during NEC due to increased expression of Smad7. LPS increased Smad7 binding to the TGF-ß(2) promoter and was associated with dimethylation of the lysine H3K9, a marker of transcriptional silencing, on the nucleosome of TGF-ß(2). Increased Smad7 expression in preterm intestine was correlated with the deficiency of SnoN/SKIL, a repressor of the Smad7 promoter. Smad7 inhibits autocrine expression of TGF-ß(2) in intestinal epithelial cells in the normal premature intestine and during NEC. Increased Smad7 expression in the developing intestine may be due to a developmental deficiency of the SnoN/SKIL oncoprotein.

Absceso retrofaringeo por perforación esofágica con espina de pescado, a propósito de un caso / Retropharyngeal abscess by esophageal perforation with a fish bone, apropos of a case

La ingestión accidental o voluntaria de cuerpos extraños orgánicos o inorgánicos, redondeados, romos o puntiagudos, es la segunda causa de endoscopia digestiva superior de urgencia. Puede ocasionar complicaciones, más los puntiagudos, produciendo perforación esofágica, secundariamente absceso retro-faríngeo, fístula aorta-esofágica o mediastinitis. Se presenta caso de lactante de 17 meses de edad, quien presentó odinofagia y sialorrea posterior a ingesta de pescado. En radiografía se evidenció imagen radio opaca proyectada al nivel de esófago cervical y en estudio endoscópico edema de partes blandas, imagen erosiva en esfínter esofágico superior y ausencia de cuerpo extraño. En nueva radiología se observó imagen similar a la inicial por lo que se realizó tomografía de cuello confirmando imagen de cuerpo extraño en espacio para-esofágico izquierdo. Se realizó cervicotomia con hallazgo de edema en plano muco-cutáneo, pus retro faríngeo, y espina de pescado en cara posterior de esófago. Durante período postoperatorio mostró descompensación hemodinámica y ventilatoria, shock séptico, y fístula faringo-cutánea manejada conservadoramente. Se inició vía oral posterior a realización de radiología de esófago, que resultó normal, egresa en aparentes buenas condiciones. Conclusión: la no visualización del cuerpo extraño en estudio endoscópico no descarta la posibilidad de penetración esofágica seguido de absceso, fístula o mediastinitis

The voluntary or accidental ingestion of foreign bodies organic or inorganic, rounded, blunt or sharp, is the second cause of upper endoscopy of urgency. It may cause complications, more sharp, producing esophageal perforation, secondarily retro-pharynx abscess, aorta-esophageal fistula or mediastinitis. Case of 17month-old infant, who presents odynophagia and drooling after intake of fish, is presented. In x-ray image opaque radio projected at the level of the cervical esophagus and endoscopic study of soft tissue edema, erosive image in upper esophageal sphincter and absence of foreign body was evident. New radiology noted similar to the initial image by what took place CT of neck confirming foreign body in left para-esophageal space image. He was cervicotomia with finding of edema at mucous-cutaneous level, pharyngeal retro pus, and fish bone on back side of esophagus. During postoperative period are decompensation hemodynamic and ventilatory, septic shock, and pharynx-cutaneous fistula managed conservatively. Starts by mouth after realization of esophagus radiology, which was normal, it emerges in apparent good condition. Conclusion: the visualization of the foreign body in endoscopic study does not rule out the possibility of esophageal penetration followed by abscess, fistula or mediastinitis

Abscesos hepáticos en pacientes pediátricos: estudio multicéntrico / Liver abscesses in pediatric patients: multicenter study

El absceso hepático (AH) sigue siendo causa de alta mortalidad y morbilidad en el mundo relacionadas con las condiciones sociodemográficas de los países en desarrollo. Analizar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, diagnósticas y terapéuticas de los AH en pacientes pediátricos en nueve centros asistenciales del país. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, donde se revisaron las historias clínicas en pacientes menores de 17 años de edad con diagnóstico de AH ingresados entre Enero-1998 a Mayo-2011. Se incluyeron 161 pacientes: predominaron los masculinos 59,01% (95/161), preescolares 42,24% (68/161), procedencia tipo urbana: 68,33% (110/161). Tiempo promedio de enfermedad prehospitalaria: 10 días y de hospitalización: 22 días. Los principales hallazgos fueron: fiebre: 96,27% (155/161), dolor abdominal 88,19% (142/161), leucocitosis: 91,30% (147/161) con neutrofilia 86,34% (139/161), comorbilidades por migración errática por Ascaris lumbricoides 19,88% (32/161), desnutrición 15,13% (23/152), AH único: 77,64% (125/161), lóbulo derecho: 82,61% (133/161), tipo piógeno 62,9% (56/89). El 96,89% recibieron Metronidazol (156/161) asociado en su mayoría con cefalosporina de tercera generación más aminoglicósido 24,22% (39/161). Se les realizó drenaje del AH 28,57% (46/161). La Mortalidad fue: 1,86%. Los hallazgos clínicos-epidemiológicos y estudios imagenológicos permiten establecer el diagnóstico preciso e instaurar la antibioticoterapia ideal, reduciendo significativamente su morbilidad y mortalidad

Liver abscess (AH) remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world related to the sociodemographic conditions of developing countries. To analyze the epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and treatment of AH in pediatric patients in nine centers throughout the country. A descriptive, retrospective, which reviewed the medical records for patients under 17 years of age diagnosed with AH admitted between January 1998 to May-2011. Results: We included 161 patients: male predominance of 59.01% (95/161), preschool 42.24% (68/161), urban-type origin: 68.33% (110/161). Average time of prehospital illness: 10 days, and hospitalization: 22 days. The main findings were: fever: 96.27% (155/161), abdominal pain 88.19% (142/161), leukocytosis: 91.30% (147/161) with neutrophilia 86.34% (139/161), comorbidities by erratic migration Ascaris lumbricoides 19.88% (32/161), malnutrition 15.13% (23/152), AH only: 77.64% (125/161), right lobe: 82.61% (133/161), pyogenic type 62.9% (56/89). The 96.89% received metronidazole (156/161) associated mostly with third-generation cephalosporin, aminoglycoside 24.22% (39/161). Underwent drainage of AH 28.57% (46/161). Mortality was: 1.86%. The clinical-epidemiological and imaging studies allow us to establish accurate diagnosis and institute the perfect antibiotic, significantly reducing morbidity and mortality

Linfoma malt gástrico: presentación de un caso y revision de literatura / Gastric malt lymphoma: case report and literature review

Escolar masculino de 9 años, con mielomeningocele corregido e hidrocefalia, enfermedad actual de 3 años de evolución, caracterizada por epigastralgia intermitente, recibe tratamiento sin mejoría. Dos días antes del ingreso se asocian vómitos, hematemesis y fiebre. Al examen físico, signos de desnutrición crónica, anemia, hepatomegalia y dolor en epigastrio. Se realiza endoscopia digestiva superior, revela reflujo gastroesofágico, tumoración gástrica ulcerada y duodenitis inespecífica; se realizan ecosonograma abdominal, Rx esófago-estomago-duodeno contrastado y tomografía abdominal, donde se evidenció tumor en antro pilórico de 6 por 7 cm, estenosante y distensión gástrica. Recibe hemoderivados, por anemia aguda. Se realiza laparotomía exploradora, se evidencia gran tumoración friable, se extraen muestras para biopsia gástrica que reveló fragmento fibroadiposo con inflamación crónica y granulosa, reacción gigantocelular de tipo Langhans y tipo cuerpo extraño, necrosis y reagudización focal, las biopsias de ganglios, hígado y epiplón revelaron signos de inflamación crónica multifocal. Hemocultivos negativos, Anticore y Antigeno de superficie VHB negativos, PCR para CMV, estudio para BK y hongos negativos, examen de heces Blastocystis hominis, títulos de IgG contra Helicobacter pylori positivo 1.61 U/L, se inicio terapia con Metronidazol, Claritromicina y Omeprazol VEV, con remisión del tumor gástrico, todo lo cual sugiere Linfoma MALT gástrico o MALTOMA...

Masculine student of 9 years, with mielomeningocele correted and hydrocephaly, present disease of 3 years of evolution, characterized by intermittent epigastralgia, receives treatment without improvement. Two days before the entrance vomits, hematemesis and fever are associated. To the physical examination, signs of chronic undernourishment, anemia, hepatomegalia and pain in epigastrio. Superior digestive endoscopia is made, reveals gastroesfágico ebb tide, ulcerada gastric tumoración and unspecific duodenitis; ecosonograma abdominal, Rx resisted esophagus-stomach-duodeno and tomography abdominal are made, where it demonstrated tumor in pyloric caven of 6 by 7 cm, estenosante and gastric distension. It receives hemoderivados by acute anemia. Exploratory laparotomía is made, demonstrated great coldable tumoración, samples for gastric biopsy are extracted that revealed fibroadiposo fragment with chronic and granular inflammation, reaction to gigantocelular of Langhans type and type strange body, necrosis and focal reagudización, the biopsies of ganflia, liver and epiplón revealed signs of multifocal chronic inflammation. Hemocultivos negative, Anticore and Antigeno of surface VHB negative, negative PCR for CMV, study for BK and fungi, examination Blastocystis hominis and Giardia lamblia positive, titles of IgG and biopsy Helicobacter pylori positive , beginning therapy with Metronidazol, Clarotromicina and Omeprazol VEV, remission of the gastric tumor, which suggests gastric Linfoma MALT or MALTOMA...

Induction of serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 (SGK1) by cAMP regulates increases in alpha-ENaC.

Alpha-ENaC expression and activity is regulated by a variety of hormones including beta-adrenergic agonists via the second messenger cAMP. We evaluated the early intermediate pathways involved in the up-regulation of SGK1 by DbcAMP and whether SGK1 is a prerequisite for induction of alpha-ENaC expression. Submandibular gland epithelial (SMG-C6) cells treated with DbcAMP (1 mM) induced both SGK1 mRNA and protein expression. DbcAMP-stimulated SGK1 mRNA expression was decreased by actinomycin D and mRNA and protein expressions were attenuated by PKA inhibitors (H-89 and KT5720). Inhibition of PI3-K with either LY294002 or dominant negative PI3-K reduced DbcAMP-stimulated SGK1 protein and mRNA levels, attenuated the phosphorylation of CREB (a cAMP-activated transcription factor) and decreased alpha-ENaC protein levels and Na(+) transport. In addition, the combination of PKA inhibitors with dominant negative PI3-K synergistically inhibited DbcAMP-induced Na(+) transport. Inhibition of SGK1 expression by siRNA decreased but did not obliterate DbcAMP-induced alpha-ENaC expression. Thus, in a cell line which endogenously exhibits minimal alpha-ENaC expression, induction of SGK1 by DbcAMP occurs via the PI3-K and PKA pathways. Increased alpha-ENaC levels and function are partly dependent upon the early induction of SGK1 expression.

El secuestro: su repercusion en las creencias y en la estructura de relaciones en un grupo de familias antioqueñas / Kidnap and effects in Antioquia's family

Se investigó en forma multidimensional el secuestro, acto sociopolítico del conflicto armado interno en Colombia, y su impacto en las relaciones y paradigmas de 32 familias de Antioquia, departamento que ocupa el primer puesto en el país y en el mundo con respecto a esta situación. Tales relaciones y paradigmas se evaluaron en un periodo supuestamente critico, cuatro a nueve meses después de la liberación. El objetivo fue describir las interacciones y las creencias de familias afectadas con un secuestro y su asociación con la alteración del equilibrio y la necesidad terapéutica individual y familiar. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron entrevista colaborativa-reflexiva, escala de visión del mundo y genograma. Los resultados señalaron que las familias definieron la unión como esencial a su identidad y como creencia proyectada a dos pilares culturales, el dinero y la religiosidad. La estructura de relaciones era muy cercana y después del cautiverio la pareja fue más simétrica, el padre se unió a los hijos y la jerarquía fue democrática. Lo religioso-práctico y la habilidad negociadora se fortalecieron. Por último, la credibilidad en el Estado disminuyó, pues sintieron que éste los abandonó. La mayoría enfrentó exitosamente el secuestro, pero el 85 por ciento lo connotó de manera negativa. El 28 por ciento presentó algún subsistema tensionado: pérdidas, explosión de vulnerabilidades y encierro. Se dieron dos asociaciones significativas: las relaciones con conflicto o distanciamiento y el tratamiento familiar y un escaso compromiso con la vida y el individual

Neoplasia cervical intraepitelial III en Solca Machala: análisis del control de tratamiento de 48 pacientes 1983-1993 / Intraepithelial cervical Neoplasia III in Solca Machala: analysis of the control of processiong of 48 patients 1983-1993

Expone que de 106 pacientes diagnosticados de NICIII por biopsia, desde 1983 a 1993 en Solca de Machala, con el fin de conocer la efectividad del tratamiento empleado realizamos el análisis de 48 pacientes que fueron controladas durante dicho período. 38 pacientes, (79,16xciento) fueron conizadas, 7,(14,58xciento) histerectomizadas y 3,(6,25xciento) recibieron electrocauterización. Fueron controladas por 2 años 29,(60,42xciento) y 10 años 13,(28,08). Se encontró persistencia y recidiva de lesión en 7,(14,58xciento) entre las que se encontró 2 con cáncer invasor en la pieza, pero 47,(97,92xciento) estan libres de patología. Creemos que de acuerdo a las condiciones de nuestro medio, la conización es el método más confiable para tratar las pacientes con NICIII siempre con seguimiento riguroso...