Etiology and the challenge of diagnostic testing of community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality in pediatric population. The etiology of pneumonia in this population is variable and changes according to age and disease severity and where the study is conducted. Our aim was to determine the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children aged 1 month to 17 years admitted to 13 Colombian hospitals. METHODS: Prospective cohort study. Hospitalized children with radiologically confirmed CAP and ≤ 15 days of symptoms were included and followed together with a control group. Induced sputum (IS) was submitted for stains and cultures for pyogenic bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and multiplex PCR (mPCR) for bacteria and viruses; urinary antigens for pneumococcus and Legionella pneumophila; nasopharyngeal swabs for viruses, and paired serology for atypical bacteria and viruses. Additional cultures were taken at the discretion of primary care pediatricians. RESULTS: Among 525 children with CAP, 71.6% had non-severe pneumonia; 24.8% severe and 3.6% very severe pneumonia, and no fatal cases. At least one microorganism was identified in 84% of children and 61% were of mixed etiology; 72% had at least one respiratory virus, 28% pyogenic bacteria and 21% atypical bacteria. Respiratory syncytial virus, Parainfluenza, Rhinovirus, Influenza, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Adenovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the most common etiologies of CAP. Respiratory syncytial virus was more frequent in children under 2 years and in severe pneumonia. Tuberculosis was diagnosed in 2.3% of children. IS was the most useful specimen to identify the etiology (33.6%), and blood cultures were positive in 3.6%. The concordance between all available diagnostic tests was low. A high percentage of healthy children were colonized by S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, or were infected by Parainfluenza, Rhinovirus, Influenza and Adenovirus. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory viruses are the most frequent etiology of CAP in children and adolescents, in particular in those under 5 years. This study shows the challenges in making an etiologic diagnosis of CAP in pediatric population because of the poor concordance between tests and the high percentage of multiple microorganisms in healthy children. IS is useful for CAP diagnosis in pediatric population.

Is It Possible to Differentiate Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia and Colonization in the Immunocompromised Patients with Pneumonia?

Respiratory sample staining is a standard tool used to diagnose Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PjP). Although molecular tests are more sensitive, their interpretation can be difficult due to the potential of colonization. We aimed to validate a Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pj) real-time PCR (qPCR) assay in bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and oropharyngeal washes (OW). We included 158 immunosuppressed patients with pneumonia, 35 lung cancer patients who underwent BAL, and 20 healthy individuals. We used a SYBR green qPCR assay to look for a 103 bp fragment of the Pj mtLSU rRNA gene in BAL and OW. We calculated the qPCR cut-off as well as the analytical and diagnostic characteristics. The qPCR was positive in 67.8% of BAL samples from the immunocompromised patients. The established cut-off for discriminating between disease and colonization was Ct 24.53 for BAL samples. In the immunosuppressed group, qPCR detected all 25 microscopy-positive PjP cases, plus three additional cases. Pj colonization in the immunocompromised group was 66.2%, while in the cancer group, colonization rates were 48%. qPCR was ineffective at diagnosing PjP in the OW samples. This new qPCR allowed for reliable diagnosis of PjP, and differentiation between PjP disease and colonization in BAL of immunocompromised patients with pneumonia.

Cambios a lo largo del tiempo en la distribución de los complejos de clones dominantes de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina en Medellín, Colombia / Changes over time in the distribution of dominant clonal complexes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Medellín, Colombia

Introducción. Parte del éxito de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SARM) como patógeno se debe a la rápida diseminación de linajes pandémicos con perfiles variables de virulencia y sensibilidad antimicrobiana. En Colombia se han identificado clones asociados al hospital como el pediátrico (CC5-ST5-SCC mec IV), el brasilero (CC8-ST239-SCC mec III) y el chileno/cordobés (CC5-ST5-SCC mec I). Asimismo, se describió el USA300 (CC8-ST8-SCC mec IV), tradicionalmente asociado a la comunidad, causante de infecciones hospitalarias . Objetivo. Describir el comportamiento en el tiempo de los clones de SARM provenientes de un hospital universitario de Medellín en aislamientos recolectados con una década de diferencia. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 398 aislamientos de SARM, 67 recolectados en 1994 y 331 recolectados entre 2008 y 2010. La identificación y la sensibilidad a la meticilina se confirmaron mediante los genes nuc y mec A. La caracterización molecular incluyó la tipificación de spa , SCC mec , la electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado ( Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis, PFGE), y la tipificación por secuenciación de locus múltiples ( Multilocus Sequence Typing , MLST). Resultados. Al analizar los aislamientos de SARM de 1994 se encontró que pertenecían a un único linaje, el CC5-SCC mec IV, mientras que los aislamientos de 2008 a 2010 presentaron dos linajes dominantes: el CC8-SCC mec IVc, con cepas de los tipos spa t008 y t1610, estrechamente relacionadas con el clon USA 300, y el CC5-SCC mec I, con las de tipo spa t149, relacionadas con el clon chileno; no se detectaron cepas del linaje encontrado en 1994. Conclusiones. En este estudio se demuestra una dinámica en el tiempo de las cepas de S. aureus , y se señala la importancia de la vigilancia local y la difusión de los resultados, sobre todo en países como el nuestro, donde SARM es prevalente y la comprensión de su epidemiología es limitada.

Introduction: Part of the success of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a pathogen responds to the rapid spread of pandemic lineages with diverse virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. In Colombia, several healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) clones have been found, including the pediatric clone (CC5-ST5-SCC mec IV), the Brazilian clone (CC8-ST239-SCC mec III), and the Chilean/Cordobés clone (CC5-ST5-SCC mec I). Moreover, the community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) clone USA300 has been reported as causing hospital-acquired infections. Objective: To describe the changes over time in the distribution of MRSA clones from a university hospital in Medellín collected at two time points a decade apart. Materials and methods: A total of 398 MRSA strains were analyzed. Of these, 67 strains were collected in 1994, while the remaining 331 strains were collected between 2008 and 2010. Species identification and methicillin resistance were confirmed by detection of nuc and mec A genes, respectively. Molecular characterization included spa typing, SCC mec typing, PFGE and MLST. Results: Analysis of the MRSA strains collected in 1994 revealed that they belonged to a single clone, the CC5-SCC mec IV, whereas among the isolates from 2008-2010, two dominant clones were identified: CC8-SCC mec IVc, which included spa types t008 and t1610 and is closely related to the USA 300 clone, and CC5-SCC mec I ( spa type t149), related to the Chilean clone. The ST5-SCC mec IV clone from 1994 was not detected. Conclusions: This study identifies temporal dynamics in MRSA clone diversity, and highlights the importance of local surveillance and dissemination of results, especially in countries like Colombia where MRSA is prevalent and knowledge regarding its epidemiology is still insufficient.

Enterococo resistente a vancomicina en un hospital universitario: características clínicas y epidemiológicas de 100 casos, 1998-2003 / Vancomycin resistent Enterococcus in a teaching hospital: clinical and epidemiological features of 100 cases, 1998-2003

Introducción: el enterococo resistente a vancomicina (ERV) se ha convertido en una causa importante de infección Nosocomial, especialmente en unidades de cuidado intensivo y unidades hematooncológicas. Se hace entonces necesario conocer la dinámica epidemiológica en cada institución con el fin de implementar medidas de control. El propósito de este estudio fue caracterizar desde el punto de vista epidemiológico, microbiológico y clínico, 100 pacientes con ERV en un hospital universitario, en el período comprendido entre junio de 1998 y marzo de 2003. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo en 100 pacientes con aislamiento de ERV en sitio diferente a materia fecal, hospitalizados durante el período de estudio. El proceso microbiológico se hizo por método automatizado Vitek (Biomerieux) y en algunos casos por método manual, difusión en disco. Los datos de las variables fueron tomados directamente por los investigadores a medida que se iban presentando los casos; la información se organizó y se tabuló en una base de datos en Epi Info 6.04, a partir de la cual se hizo el análisis. A lo largo del estudio implementaron varias medidas de control. Resultados: la edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 45 años. ERV se aisló con más frecuencia en secreciones purulentas de cavidad abdominal o herida quirúrgica (36 por ciento), orina (30 por ciento), y sangre (19 por ciento). La especie más frecuente fue E. faecium (87 por ciento), con fenotipo VanA. Los posibles factores de riesgo fueron el uso previo de antibióticos, la hospitalización en UCI, los días estancias, las cirugías previas, y la neutropenia. La respuesta al tratamiento fue buena y aparantemente las medidas de control han permitido mantener la endemia a niveles aceptables dada la complejidad del hospital. Conclusiones: ERV afecta con más frecuencia a pacientes crónicamente enfermos, con estancia prolongada, hospitalizados en UCI, con uso previo de antibióticos y con cirugía abdominal. Estos hallazgos son similares a los informados por otros autores en la literatura

Neumonía de resolución lenta / Slow resolution pneumonia

Resumen: Se trata de una mujer de 46 años, preciamente sana, quien despues ed varios meses de evolución de una neumonida basal derecha y multiples tratamientos con antibioticos, todos sin respuesta, acudio a la consulta de infectiologia. Sus sintomas se iniciaros 4 meses antes, cuando consultó al médico por congestion nasal, rinorrea mucoporulenta, cefalea de predominio frontal, otalgia, tos húmeda con expectoración mucoporulenta escasa y voz nasal