Barriers of Access to Opioid Medicines within the Context of Palliative Care in Latin America: The Perception of Health Professionals.

Background: Different sets of barriers have been identified to explain the difficulties in the access and availability of opioid analgesics in palliative care, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, including Latin America. Objective: To validate a structured questionnaire for the access to opioid medicines and to investigate the perception of health professionals regarding access barriers to opioid analgesics in 17 countries of the Latin American Region. Design: Survey to identify the domains and barriers of access to opioid medicines according to health professionals, including physicians, nurses, and pharmacists affiliated to institutions that provide palliative care in Latin America between August 2019 and October 2020. Results: We analyzed responses from 426 health professionals. The median age was 44 years old (ranging from 23 to 73 years) with an average experience in palliative care of 10 years (range: 1-35), 71.8% were women, and 49.8% were affiliated to specialized health care facilities of urban areas (94.6%). The main barriers perceived to be extremely relevant by the respondents were "belief that patients can develop addiction" and "financial limitations of patients" for the patient's domain and the "appropriate education, instruction, and training of professionals" for health professional's domain. Conclusions: It is necessary to develop strategies to strengthen less-developed health systems of the region to review legal frameworks, ensure integrated palliative care systems, and deploy multidisciplinary strategies for sensitizing, training, and raising the awareness of patients, caregivers and, particularly, health professionals regarding appropriate prescription and rational use of opioid analgesics.

Regulación de la venta de productos médicos por Internet: experiencias y estrategias para Latinoamérica / Regulation of the online sale of medical products: experiences and strategies for Latin America / Regulamentação da venda de produtos médicos pela internet: experiências e estratégias para a América Latina

RESUMEN El objetivo de este informe especial es presentar los avances en Latinoamérica sobre la regulación de la venta de productos médicos a través de internet y ofrecer orientación a las Autoridades Reguladoras Nacionales (ARN) en la planificación y ejecución de estrategias para la regulación y fiscalización del comercio electrónico de productos médicos. Se presentan los avances regulatorios y de programas, e iniciativas efectuadas por cuatro países de América Latina para el control de la venta de productos médicos a través de Internet, incluyendo revisiones complementarias de la literatura y de programas para el control del comercio electrónico de agencias de referencia. A partir de esta revisión, se proponen las siguientes líneas estratégicas: fortalecimiento del marco regulatorio y normativo; fortalecimiento de la capacidad fiscalizadora; colaboración con autoridades y otros actores clave nacionales e internacionales; y comunicación y sensibilización con la comunidad y los profesionales de salud. Cada una de estas estrategias deben ir acompañadas con acciones específicas, que pueden servir como orientaciones para las ARN de las Américas, y de países con contextos similares para el fortalecimiento de sus marcos regulatorios y la protección de los pacientes y consumidores.

ABSTRACT The objective of this special report is to present the advances in Latin America on regulation of the online sale of medical products and to offer guidance to national regulatory authorities (NRAs) on planning and implementing strategies to regulate and oversee the e-commerce of medical products. The regulatory advances and the programs and initiatives implemented in four Latin American countries to control the online sale of medical products are presented, including complementary reviews of the literature and reviews of e-commerce control programs of agencies of reference. Based on this review, the following strategies are proposed: strengthening the regulatory and policy framework; strengthening the capacity for oversight; collaboration with national and international authorities and other key players; and communication and awareness-raising with the community and health care professionals. Each of these strategies should be accompanied by specific actions that can serve as guidelines for NRAs in the Americas and in countries with similar contexts, to strengthen their regulatory frameworks and patient and consumer protections.

RESUMO O objetivo deste relatório especial é apresentar os avanços na regulamentação da comercialização de produtos médicos pela internet na América Latina e oferecer orientações às Autoridades Reguladoras Nacionais (ARN) sobre planejamento e execução de estratégias de regulamentação e fiscalização do comércio eletrônico de produtos médicos. São apresentados avanços regulatórios e programáticos, bem como iniciativas realizadas por quatro países latino-americanos para controlar a venda de produtos médicos pela internet, incluindo revisões complementares da literatura e programas de controle do comércio eletrônico por agências reguladoras de referência. Com base nesta revisão, propõem-se as seguintes linhas estratégicas: fortalecimento do marco regulatório e normativo; fortalecimento da capacidade de fiscalização; colaboração com autoridades e outros atores-chave nacionais e internacionais; e comunicação e sensibilização da comunidade em geral e dos profissionais de saúde. Cada uma dessas estratégias deve ser acompanhada de ações específicas, que podem servir de diretrizes para as ARN das Américas - e de países com contextos semelhantes - para fortalecer seus marcos regulatórios e a proteção de pacientes e consumidores.