Bioactive Compound Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Phytelephas tenuicaulis and Other Amazonian Fruits.

The Amazon region is home to many plant species, many of which have not been studied. The objective was to evaluate the physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of Phytelephas tenuicalis (tintiuk), Grias neuberthii (apai), Euterpe oleracea (acai), and Mauritia flexuosa (brown moriche). Physicochemical analyses were carried out on fresh fruit from local markets. Bioactive compounds (carotenoids, phenolics, vitamin C, and organic acids) were quantified in the freeze-dried pulp by rapid-resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC), and antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS and DPPH assays. The results showed high soluble solids (10.7 °Brix) and ascorbic acid (67.3 mg/100 g DW) in tintiuk; ß-carotene (63.4 mg/100 g DW) and malic acid (19.6 g/100 g DW) in brown moriche; quercetin (944.2 mg/100 g DW) and antioxidant activity by ABTS (6.7 mmol ET/100 g DW) in apai; and citric acid (2.1 g/100 g DW) in acai. These results indicate interesting bioactive properties that could increase the consumption of these fruits nationally and internationally, benefiting local farmers and stimulating the development of new products in functional food, medicine, and cosmetics.

Lidocaine infusion for malignant visceral pain: case report.

BACKGROUND: Visceral pain accounts for nearly 28% of cancer-related pain, and its effective management poses significant challenges. The diverse pathways of neurotransmission, neurotransmitters, channels, and receptors suggest the need for individualized analgesic therapy. Our objective is to explore a therapeutic alternative for managing malignant visceral pain in advanced cancer. CASES: In this report, we present two patients with malignant bowel obstruction and severe visceral pain, despite receiving opioid treatment, necessitating an alternative approach. Surgical interventions were considered but promptly ruled out. Paracentesis was performed as necessary. Pain management was initiated using a combination of opioids and co-analgesics. However, both patients required opioid dose escalation without achieving adequate pain control or tolerating the associated side effects. Consequently, a lidocaine infusion was administered to alleviate pain. OUTCOME: Following 24-48 hours of lidocaine infusion, both patients achieved satisfactory symptom control, enabling a reduction in opioid doses and improvement in intestinal transit. No side effects were reported during the treatment. DISCUSSION: Lidocaine infusions may be beneficial for pain management in patients with malignant bowel obstruction and visceral pain. The extent of pain control achieved in comparison to other therapeutics remains challenging to ascertain. We posit that lidocaine infusions, with their potential impact on visceral hypersensitivity, can enhance pain control and facilitate the recovery of bowel transit. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings.

Unlocking the potential of snake venom-based molecules against the malaria, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis triad.

Malaria, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease are vector-borne protozoal infections with a disproportionately high impact on the most fragile societies in the world, and despite malaria-focused research gained momentum in the past two decades, both trypanosomiases and leishmaniases remain neglected tropical diseases. Affordable effective drugs remain the mainstay of tackling this burden, but toxicicty, inneficiency against later stage disease, and drug resistance issues are serious shortcomings. One strategy to overcome these hurdles is to get new therapeutics or inspiration in nature. Indeed, snake venoms have been recognized as valuable sources of biomacromolecules, like peptides and proteins, with antiprotozoal activity. This review highlights major snake venom components active against at least one of the three aforementioned diseases, which include phospholipases A2, metalloproteases, L-amino acid oxidases, lectins, and oligopeptides. The relevance of this repertoire of biomacromolecules and the bottlenecks in their clinical translation are discussed considering approaches that should increase the success rate in this arduous task. Overall, this review underlines how venom-derived biomacromolecules could lead to pioneering antiprotozoal treatments and how the drug landscape for neglected diseases may be revolutionized by a closer look at venoms. Further investigations on poorly studied venoms is needed and could add new therapeutics to the pipeline.

Comparison of direct costs associated with the use of balanced general anesthesia and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) techniques / Comparación de los costos directos asociados al uso de técnicas de anestesia general balanceada y anestesia total intravenosa (TIVA)

Abstract Introduction: Healthcare costs are increasing against the backdrop of scarce resources. Surgical procedures are an important part of healthcare spending, and the cost of anesthetic techniques is relevant as part of the total cost of care and it is a potential target for expenditure optimization. Although important economic differences have been reported internationally for general anesthesia options, there are no publications in Colombia that compare current costs and allow for informed and financially responsible decision-making. Objective: To quantify and compare direct costs associated with the various general anesthesia options most frequently used at the present time. Methods: Cost minimization analysis based on a theoretical model of balanced general anesthesia using isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane in combination with remifentanil, and TIVA (propofol and remifentanil). Initial results were obtained using a deterministic simulation method and a sensitivity analysis was performed using a Monte Carlo simulation. Results: The average total cost per case for the different anesthetic techniques was COP 126381 for sevoflurane, COP 97706 for isoflurane, COP 288605 for desflurane and COP 222 960 for TIVA. Conclusions: Balanced general anesthesia with desflurane is the most costly alternative, 1.2 times more expensive than TIVA, and 2 and 3 times more costly than balanced anesthesia with sevoflurane and isoflurane, respectively. TIVA ranks second with a cost 1.8 times higher than balanced anesthesia with sevoflurane and 2.5 times higher than balanced anesthesia with isoflurane.

Resumen Introducción: Los costos de la atención en salud son crecientes y se enfrentan a un escenario de recursos escasos. La realización de procedimientos quirúrgicos hace parte importante de la atención y del gasto en salud, el costo de las técnicas anestésicas utilizadas es relevante en el costo total de la atención y es un objetivo potencial para la optimización del gasto. Aunque a escala internacional se han reportado diferencias económicas importantes entre las alternativas para anestesia general, en Colombia no se cuenta con publicaciones que comparen los costos actuales y permitan una toma de decisiones informada y responsable económicamente. Objetivo: Cuantificar y comparar los costos directos para Colombia de las diferentes alternativas para anestesia general usadas con más frecuencia en la actualidad. Métodos: Análisis de minimización de costos basado en un modelo teórico de anestesia general balanceada con isoflurano, sevoflurano, desflurano en combinación con remifentanilo y TIVA (propofol y remifentanilo). Se obtuvieron resultados iniciales utilizando una simulación con un método determinista y se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad con una simulación de Montecarlo. Resultados: El costo total promedio por caso para las diferentes técnicas anestésicas fue de COP 126.381 para sevoflurano, COP 97.706 para isoflurano, COP 288.605 para desflurano y COP 222.960 para TIVA. Conclusiones: La anestesia general balanceada con desflurano es la alternativa de mayor costo, es 1,2 veces más costosa que la TIVA, y 2 y 3 veces más que la balanceada con sevoflurano e isoflurano, respectivamente. La TIVA ocupa el segundo lugar con un costo 1,8 veces superior a la balanceada con sevoflurano y 2,5 veces a la balanceada con isoflurano.

Consenso Colombiano para la prevención, diagnóstico y manejo de condiciones trombóticas en pacientes adultos con COVID-19: aplicando el Marco de la Evidencia a la Decisión (EtD) GRADE / Colombian consensus for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic conditions in adult patients with COVID-19: applying GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) Frameworks

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract Recent studies have reported the occurrence of thrombotic phenomena or coagulopathy in patients with COVID-19. There are divergent positions regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these phenomena, and current clinical practice is based solely on deductions by extension from retrospective studies, case series, observational studies, and international guidelines developed prior to the pandemic. In this context, the aim was to generate a group of recommendations on the prevention, diagnosis and management of thrombotic complications associated with COVID-19. Methods: A rapid guidance was carried out applying the GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks and an iterative participation system, with statistical and qualitative analysis. Results: 31 clinical recommendations were generated focused on: a) Coagulation tests in symptomatic adults with suspected infection or confirmed SARS CoV-2 infection; b) Thromboprophylaxis in adults diagnosed with COVID-19 (Risk scales, thromboprophylaxis for outpatient, in-hospital management, and duration of thromboprophylaxis after discharge from hospitalization), c) Diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic complications, and d) Management of people with previous indication of anticoagulant agents. Conclusions: Recommendations of this consensus guide clinical decision-making regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of thrombotic phenomena in patients with COVID-19, and represent an agreement that will help decrease the dispersion in clinical practices according to the challenge imposed by the pandemic.

Cost-benefit relationship of keeping dantrolene stocks from the point of view of healthcare institutions / Relación costo-efectividad del abastecimiento de dantroleno desde el punto de vista del prestador de servicios de salud

Abstract Introduction: Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an acute syndrome triggered by certain anesthetic medications. Dantrolene is the only specific treatment for MH crises. Without treatment, lethality may be as high as 80%. In Colombia, it is not mandatory to keep dantrolene supplies in stock. Objective: To establish the cost-benefit ratio, from the perspective of healthcare institutions, of keeping dantrolene supplies in stock in the operating theater. Methods: Using a decision tree, a Monte Carlo simulation was run with 10,000 scenarios to determine the median annual cost of keeping full or partial stocks (36 or 12 vials x 20 mg, respectively) of dantrolene. For the option of not keeping supplies in stock, the cost threshold was calculated where the expected value of both alternatives of the decision tree is equalized. Indifference curves were constructed for complete and partial supplies. Results: The median annual cost was estimated at 6.6 million Colombian pesos (COP) for full dantrolene supplies, and at COP 2.2 million for partial supplies. The median economic consequence threshold for 1 death due to the unavailability of dantrolene was estimated at COP 18.5 million for full supplies, and at COP 57.0 million for partial supplies. Conclusion: If, as a result of the unavailability of dantrolene, the economic consequences of a death due to MH exceed the threshold of COP 57.0 or COP 18.5 million, the purchase of full or partial stocks, respectively, is justified.

Resumen Introducción: La hipertermnia maligna (HM) es un síndrome agudo desencadenado por algunos medicamentos anestésicos. El dantroleno es el único tratamiento específico para las crisis de HM. Sin tratamiento puede tener una letalidad cercana al 80%. En Colombia, el abastecimiento de dantroleno no es obligatorio. Objetivo: Establecer la relación costo-efectividad, desde el punto de vista de las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud, de mantener un abastecimiento de dantroleno en quirófanos. Métodos: Mediante un árbol de decisiones se realizó una simulación Monte Carlo con 10 mil escenarios para determinar la mediana del costo anual de un abastecimiento completo o parcial (36 o 12 viales de 20 mg, respectivamente) de dantroleno. Para la alternativa de no tener abastecimiento, se calculó el umbral de costo, donde se iguala el valor esperado de ambas alternativas del árbol de decisiones. Se construyeron curvas de indiferencia para el abastecimiento completo y parcial. Resultados: La mediana del costo anual del abastecimiento completo de dantroleno se estimó en $6.6 millones de pesos colombianos (COP), y el del abastecimiento parcial en $2.2 millones COP. La mediana del umbral de consecuencias económicas por una muerte sin disponibilidad de dantroleno se estimó en 18.5 millones COP para el abastecimiento completo, y en 57.0 millones COP para el abastecimiento parcial. Conclusión: Si por no disponer de dantroleno las consecuencias económicas de una muerte por HM superan el umbral de $57.0 o $18.5 millones COP, se justifica la compra de un abastecimiento completo o parcial, respectivamente.

Prácticas de ansiólisis preoperatoria en pacientes pediátricos: prevalencia, limitantes y otros factores relacionados / Preoperative anxiolysis practices in pediatric patients: prevalence, limitations and other related factors

Resumen: Introducción: La ansiedad perioperatoria en niños se asocia con desenlaces postoperatorios como pesadillas, caminar nocturno, enuresis de nueva aparición, terrores nocturnos, episodios de irritabilidad inadecuada y trastorno de ansiedad por separación. La ansiólisis perioperatoria permite disminuir la generación de esos desenlaces; sin embargo, su prevalencia es desconocida en Colombia. Objetivo: Describir la práctica de ansiólisis perioperatoria en población pediátrica, llevada a cabo por anestesiólogos en Colombia. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, mediante encuestas electrónicas autodiligenciadas se exploraron variables demográficas, conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la conducta y la prevención de la ansiedad perioperatoria en niños. Se excluyeron registros incompletos para el análisis de variables asociadas y se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad para determinar el impacto de la exclusión de respuestas incompletas en los resultados. El envío de las encuestas estuvo a cargo de la Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 220 encuestas completas, en su mayoría de Bogotá, Valle del Cauca y Antioquia. La prevalencia de ansiólisis perioperatoria fue de 86.8%, su práctica no se relacionó con la presencia de formación de subespecialidad. Limitantes como «falta de fomento institucional¼ (p = 0.000 OR = 1.69), «no disponibilidad de fármacos ansiolíticos ideales¼ (p = 0.000 OR = 3.52) y «temor a los eventos adversos asociados con algunos fármacos ansiolíticos¼ (p = 0.013 OR = 5.47) se relacionaron con la no realización de ansiólisis perioperatoria en niños, así como un menor puntaje. Conclusión: Existen diferentes factores, que limitan la realización de ansiólisis perioperatoria en niños, potencialmente modificables con políticas nacionales, institucionales y profesionales.

Abstract. Introduction: Perioperative anxiety in children is associated with postoperative outcomes such as, nightmares, sleep-walking, new onset enuresis, night terrors, separation anxiety disorder and tantrums. Perioperative anxiolysis allows to diminish the presentation of these outcomes, however, it's prevalence its unknown in Colombia. Aim: To describe the practice of perioperative anxiolysis in pediatric populations, carried out by Colombian anesthesiologists. Material and methods: A descriptive study was carried out, self-completed electronic surveys explored demographic variables, knowledge, attitudes and practices about management and prevention of perioperative anxiety in children. Incomplete records were excluded for analysis. A sensitivity analysis was done to determine the impact of the exclusion of incomplete records. Colombian Anesthesiology Society was in charge of sending the surveys. Results: Two-hundred and twenty (220) complete records were obtained, mostly from Bogotá, Valle del Cauca and Antioquia. The prevalence of perioperative anxiolysis was 86.8%, its practice was not related with any subspecialty. Barriers such as «Lack of institutional promotion¼ (p = 0.000 OR = 1.69), «Unavailability of ideal anxiolytic medicines¼ (p = 0.000 OR = 3.52) and «Fear of drug-related adverse reactions¼ (p = 0.013 OR = 5.47) were identified in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Different factors limit the execution of perioperative anxiolysis in children, all of them potentially modifiable with national, institutional and professional policies.

Developmental nicotine exposure affects larval brain size and the adult dopaminergic system of Drosophila melanogaster.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women may be exposed to nicotine if they smoke or use tobacco products, nicotine replacement therapy, or via e-cigarettes. Prenatal nicotine exposure has been shown to have deleterious effects on the nervous system in mammals including changes in brain size and in the dopaminergic system. The genetic and molecular mechanisms for these changes are not well understood. A Drosophila melanogaster model for these effects of nicotine exposure could contribute to faster identification of genes and molecular pathways underlying these effects. The purpose of this study was to determine if developmental nicotine exposure affects the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster, focusing on changes to brain size and the dopaminergic system at two developmental stages. RESULTS: We reared flies on control or nicotine food from egg to 3rd instar larvae or from egg to adult and determined effectiveness of the nicotine treatment. We used immunohistochemistry to visualize the whole brain and dopaminergic neurons, using tyrosine hydroxylase as the marker. We measured brain area, tyrosine hydroxylase fluorescence, and counted the number of dopaminergic neurons in brain clusters. We detected an increase in larval brain hemisphere area, a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase fluorescence in adult central brains, and a decrease in the number of neurons in the PPM3 adult dopaminergic cluster. We tested involvement of Dα7, one of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits, and found it was involved in eclosion, as previously described, but not involved in brain size. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that developmental nicotine exposure in Drosophila melanogaster affects brain size and the dopaminergic system. Prenatal nicotine exposure in mammals has also been shown to have effects on brain size and in the dopaminergic system. This study further establishes Drosophila melanogaster as model organism to study the effects of developmental nicotine exposure. The genetic and molecular tools available for Drosophila research will allow elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the effects of nicotine exposure during development.

Reconstitución del dantrolene descripción de un modelo de simulación en hipertermnia maligna / Dantrolene reconstitution: description of a simulation model in malignant hyperthermia

Abstract Malignant hyperthermia is a potentially lethal condition triggered by succinylcholine exposure or exposure to halogenated anesthetic agents. Early identification of the crisis, as well as the timely administration of the specific treatment, impact the patient's outcomes. Any potential difficulties for dandrolene reconstitution are critical and may cause delays or preventable errors, if the operator is not familiar with the preparation and administration of the drug. The development of a simulation model to learn the process offers the possibility to acquire one of the skills required when facing a crisis of malignant hyperthermia. The high cost of the vials and sometimes the difficult access to the medication due to lack of availability in many institutions makes the option of simulating dantrolene reconstitution attractive, in order to familiarize the surgical team with the management of the drug. In this scenario, we submit a simulation model to learn the process of preparation of dandrolene in a controlled environment.

Resumen La hipertermia maligna es una condición potencialmente mortal desencadenada por la exposición a la succinilcolina o a los anestésicos halogenados. La identificación temprana de la crisis así como la administración oportuna del tratamiento específico tiene implicaciones en el desenlace del paciente, siendo las posibles dificultades en la reconstitución del dantroleno un punto crítico donde se pueden generar retrasos o errores prevenibles si hay familiaridad con el proceso de preparación y administración del medicamento. El desarrollo de un modelo de simulación que permite conocer este proceso ofrece la posibilidad de adquirir una de las destrezas requeridas para afrontar una crisis de hipertermia maligna. El elevado costo de los viales y en ocasiones el difícil acceso a estos debido a la no disponibilidad del medicamento en muchas de las instituciones hace atractiva la opción de simular la reconstitución del dantroleno para familiarizar al equipo quirúrgico con el manejo del medicamento. En este escenario proponemos un modelo de simulación con el cual es posible conocer el proceso de preparación del dantroleno en un ambiente controlado.

Listas de chequeo de la Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación (S.C.A.R.E. ) para el manejo de eventos críticos en salas de cirugía: traducción y actualización basada en la evidencia / Checklists of The Colombian Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (S.C.A.R.E.) for managing critical events in the OR: Translation and evidence-based update

Abstract Introduction: Critical intraoperative events are rare and may sometimes be managed poorly and too late. Objective: To translate and update the checklists developed by Ariadne Labs for management of critical events in the OR and to adapt the list for managing anesthetic toxicity, based on secondary clinical evidence. Materials and methods : In order to translate and update the checklists, the recommendations given by Ariadne Labs were followed to change the original checklists in accordance with a systematic methodology that comprises three phases: 1) translation of the original lists, 2) systematic literature search, 3) evaluation and selection of evidence, 4) adaptation of the list for managing anesthetic toxicity, 5) changes, deletions, and additions to the translated lists, and 6) layout of the checklists. Results: The 12 original checklists were translated into Spanish and a new list was adapted for managing toxicity from local anesthetic agents. As a result of the systematic literature search, 1407 references were screened, from which 7 articles were selected and included for evidence-based updating of the new checklists. The layout of the new lists was consistent with the design recommendations of the original lists. Conclusion: 12 translated and updated checklists were submitted and a new list was adapted for the management of local anesthetics toxicity, based on a systematic literature review.

Resumen Introducción: Los eventos críticos intraoperatorios son situaciones raras, y su manejo en ocasiones podría ser inoportuno e inadecuado. Objetivo: Traducir y actualizar las listas de chequeo para manejo de eventos críticos en salas de cirugía desarrolladas por Ariadne Labs y adaptar la lista para el manejo de la toxicidad por anestésicos locales, a partir de evidencia clínica secundaria. Materiales y métodos: Para la traducción y actualización de las listas de chequeo se siguieron las recomendaciones de Ariadne Labs para la modificación de las lista de chequeo originales de acuerdo a una metodología sistemática dividida en fases: 1) traducción de las listas originales; 2) búsqueda sistemática de la literatura; 3) evaluación y selección de la evidencia; 4) adaptación de la lista para manejo de toxicidad por anestésicos locales; 5) cambios, sustracciones y adiciones a las listas traducidas, y 6) diagramación de las listas de chequeo. Resultados: Se tradujeron al español las 12 listas de chequeo originales y se adaptó una nueva lista para el manejo de toxicidad por anestésicos locales. Como resultado de la búsqueda sistemática de la literatura se tamizaron 1.407 referencias, de las cuales se seleccionaron e incluyeron 7 artículos con los que se actualizaron las nuevas listas de chequeo con base en la evidencia. Las nuevas listas se diagramaron según las recomendaciones de diseño de las listas originales. Conclusión: Se presentan 12 listas de chequeo traducidas y actualizadas y se adaptó una nueva para el manejo de toxicidad por anestésicos locales. Todo ello a partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura.

Currículo para la administración de sedación fuera del quirófano en pacientes mayores de 12 años / Curriculum for the administration of sedation outside the operating room in patients over 12 years of age ,

Abstract Introduction: The "Curriculum for the administration of sedation outside the OR in patients over 12 years of age" was developed by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, by invitation of the Colombian Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation - S.C.A.R.E. Objective: Identify the essential knowledge and the skills required by practitioners for the safe and effective administration of sedation to develop of a curriculum for the administration of sedation outside the operating room in patients over 12 years of age. Materials and methods: The curriculum was developed based on the methodological guiding principles of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the administration of sedation outside the OR, using the PICO approach, in addition to the recommendations according to levels of evidence under the GRADE methodology. Results: The Curriculum was designed with ten (10) recommendations about the competencies that the professional administering sedation to patients older than 12 years of age must have, for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures outside the OR. Conclusions: The Curriculum collects the best available evidence with a view to determine the competencies that the professional administering sedation to patients older than 12 years old shall develop, for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures outside the OR, and hence to contribute to improved quality, reducing the variability and morbidity of patients requiring sedation outside the OR.

Resumen Introducción: El «Currículo para 1a administración de sedación fuera del quirófano en pacientes mayores de 12 años¼ fue desarrollado por la Universidad Nacional de Colombia por convocatoria de la Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesia y Reanimación (S.C.A.R.E.). Objetivo: Identificar los conocimientos indispensables y las competencias necesarias en los profesionales proveedores para que administren sedación de manera segura y efectiva para el desarrollo de un currículo para la administración de sedación fuera del quirófano en pacientes mayores de 12 años. Materiales y métodos: La construcción del Currículo se basó en los lineamientos metodológicos de la Guía Práctica Clínica para la administración de sedación fuera del quirófano en pacientes mayores de 12 años (publicada en este número), en los resultados de la búsqueda sistemática de la literatura orientada por la pregunta PICO y en la formulación de recomendaciones según niveles de evidencia graduados bajo la metodología GRADE. Resultados: Se desarrolló el Currículo con 10 recomendaciones de las competencias que debe tener el profesional que administra sedación a los pacientes mayores de 12 años para procedimientos diagnósticos o terapéuticos fuera del quirófano. Conclusiones: El Currículo recoge la mejor evidencia disponible, con el propósito de determinar las competencias que debe desarrollar el profesional que administra sedación a los pacientes mayores de 12 anos sometidos a procedimientos diagnósticos o terapéuticos fuera del quirófano, y así contribuir a mejorar la calidad, disminuir la variabilidad y la morbilidad de los pacientes que requieran sedación fuera del quirófano.

Fibrinógeno y hemorragia posparto - ¿Asociación o causalidad? / Fibrinogn and postpartum hemorrhage - Association or causality?

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide, accounting for one in four maternal deaths. Despite efforts in public health policy, the incidence of massive PPH has increased in recent years even in first world countries. In Colombia, PPH is the second leading cause of maternal death. Multiple observational studies have provided evidence about the association between the concentration levels of fibrinogen in blood plasma and the severity of PPH, proposing the systematic use of fibrinogen concentrates as a prophylactic or therapeutic measure in patients with obstetric hemorrhage. However, the statistical relationship demonstrated in such studies should not necessarily be interpreted as a cause-effect relationship. Traditionally, we have used the criteria postulated by Sir Arthur Bradford Hill to establish a causal relationship. Therefore, the most pragmatic way to evaluate a possible causal relationship is through a randomized placebo-controlled experiment. Experiments of this kind available to date have methodological deficiencies or have been criticized for internal validity. As a result, the statistical relationship (association) between low levels of fibrinogen and PPH cannot be certainly interpreted as a cause-effect relationship and the use of fibrinogen concentrates may only be justified in the context of new clinical trials.

La hemorragia posparto (HPP) es la primera causa de muerte materna en el mundo, siendo responsable de una de cuatro muertes maternas. A pesar de los esfuerzos en políticas de salud pública, la incidencia de la HPP masiva ha aumentado en los últimos años incluso en países del primer mundo. En Colombia, la HPP es la segunda causa de muerte materna. Múltiples estudios observacionales han proporcionado evidencia sobre la asociación entre la concentración plasmática de fibrinógeno y la severidad de la HPP, por lo que se ha planteado el uso sistemático de concentrados de fibrinógeno como medida profiláctica o terapéutica en pacientes con hemorragia obstétrica. Sin embargo, la relación estadística demostrada en este tipo de estudios no necesariamente se debe interpretar como una relación causa-efecto. Tradicionalmente, se han usado los criterios postulados por Sir Arthur Bradford Hill para establecer una relación causal, a la luz de los cuales la manera más pragmática para evaluar una eventual relación causal sea a través de un experimento aleatorizado controlado con placebo. Los experimentos de esto tipo disponibles a la fecha poseen deficiencias metodológicas o se ha criticado su validez interna. Por lo pronto, la relación estadística (asociación) entre los niveles bajos de fibrinógeno y la HPP no se puede interpretar como una certeza de relación causa-efecto y el uso de concentrados de fibrinógeno solo estará justificado en el contexto de nuevos experimentos clínicos.

Encuesta de actitudes sobre vigilancia de la temperatura y protección térmica perioperatoria en Colombia / Survey about attitudes on perioperative temperature monitoring and thermal protection in Colombia

Introduction: Perioperative hypothermia is a common condition associated with serious complications and perioperative mortality. The incidence of perioperative hypothermia is between 30 and 70%. Objective: To determine the status of perioperative monitoring and thermal protection in clinics and hospitals of high complexity in Colombia and the establishment of minimum safety standards of the Colombian Society of Anesthesiology to this respect. Methods: A survey with voluntary answers was administered to leaders of anesthesiology departments and surgical services of high complexity institutions in Colombia. The questionnaire had 20 items with an adaptive structure and was sent by email to a randomized list. Only fully completed questionnaires were analyzed. Results: 135 surveys were analyzed. Measurement of temperature is reported always or almost always in 27% of cases, while 45% have at least one method of intraoperative thermal protection. Barriers for monitoring temperature and for thermal protection were explored. Conclusions: Temperature monitoring and perioperative thermal protection is insufficient in the sample studied. The reasons are: limited availability of devices for monitoring and protection and lack of interest toward the subject. There is no acceptance of minimum safety standards of the Colombian Society of Anesthesiology (S.C.A.R.E.) because of the limited availability of thermometers, poor monitoring of intraoperative temperature and misuse of heating strategies.

Introducción: La hipotermia perioperatoria es una condición frecuente que se asocia a complicaciones serias que en algunos casos pueden ser potencialmente letales. La incidencia de hipotermia perioperatoria oscila entre 30 y 70%. Objetivo: Determinar la situación de la monitorización y protección térmica perioperatoria en instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud de alta complejidad en Colombia y la apropiación de las normas mínimas de seguridad de la Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación (S.C.A.R.E.) sobre este aspecto. Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta cerrada por internet de diligenciamiento voluntario. El cuestionario de 20 ítems tenia una estructura adaptativa, fue administrado por correo electrónico, y se dirigió a líderes de departamentos de anestesiología y servicios quirúrgicos de alta complejidad en Colombia. Solo se analizaron cuestionarios completamente respondidos. Resultados: Se analizaron 135 encuestas. Los encuestados refirieron realizar la medición de la temperatura siempre o casi siempre en 27% de los casos, mientras que 45% disponen de al menos un método de protección térmica intraoperatoria. Se exploraron las barreras para la monitorización y la protección térmica perioperatoria. Conclusiones: La monitorización de la temperatura y la protección térmica perioperatoria es insuficiente en la muestra estudiada. Esto como consecuencia de poca disponibilidad de dispositivos para monitorización y protección y por falta de interés frente al tema. No hay apropiación de las normas mínimas de seguridad de la S.C.A.R.E., dada la poca disponibilidad de termómetros, la escasa monitorización de la temperatura intraoperatoria y el uso inadecuado de las estrategias de calentamiento.

C9orf72 ablation causes immune dysregulation characterized by leukocyte expansion, autoantibody production, and glomerulonephropathy in mice.

The expansion of a hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat in C9ORF72 is the most common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Both the function of C9ORF72 and the mechanism by which the repeat expansion drives neuropathology are unknown. To examine whether C9ORF72 haploinsufficiency induces neurological disease, we created a C9orf72-deficient mouse line. Null mice developed a robust immune phenotype characterized by myeloid expansion, T cell activation, and increased plasma cells. Mice also presented with elevated autoantibodies and evidence of immune-mediated glomerulonephropathy. Collectively, our data suggest that C9orf72 regulates immune homeostasis and an autoimmune response reminiscent of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) occurs in its absence. We further imply that haploinsufficiency is unlikely to be the causative factor in C9ALS/FTD pathology.

Importancia de los reportes de caso en anestesiología / Importance of case reports in anaesthesia

A case (from the Latin casus) is defined as something that occurs (occurrence), an event or happening. According to the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, to report is the action of conveying, communicating or giving notice. Although the case could be assimilated to the individual or patient, the term refers in fact to the disease or the clinical condition at hand. Case reports present clinical observations in a form that is particular to healthcare-related sciences. More specifically, they are a formal summary of a patient and his/her disease, including the presence or absence of signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment and outcomes.

Réplica a la Carta al Editor: Manual de práctica clínica basado en la evidencia: preparación del paciente para el acto quirúrgico y traslado al quirófano / Reply to the Letter to the Editor: Evidence based clinical practice manual: Patient preparation for surgery and transfer to the operating room theater

Reply to letter to the Editor

Loss of SFRP4 Alters Body Size, Food Intake, and Energy Expenditure in Diet-Induced Obese Male Mice.

Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) is an extracellular regulator of the wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family (WNT) pathway. SFRP4 has been implicated in adipocyte dysfunction, obesity, insulin resistance, and impaired insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the exact role of SFRP4 in regulating whole-body metabolism and glucose homeostasis is unknown. We show here that male Sfrp4(-/-) mice have increased spine length and gain more weight when fed a high-fat diet. The body composition and body mass per spine length of diet-induced obese Sfrp4(-/-) mice is similar to wild-type littermates, suggesting that the increase in body weight can be accounted for by their longer body size. The diet-induced obese Sfrp4(-/-) mice have reduced energy expenditure, food intake, and bone mineral density. Sfrp4(-/-) mice have normal glucose and insulin tolerance and ß-cell mass. Diet-induced obese Sfrp4(-/-) and control mice show similar impairments of glucose tolerance and a 5-fold compensatory expansion of their ß-cell mass. In summary, our data suggest that loss of SFRP4 alters body length and bone mineral density as well as energy expenditure and food intake. However, SFRP4 does not control glucose homeostasis and ß-cell mass in mice.

Manual de práctica clínica basado en la evidencia: preparación del paciente para el acto quirúrgico y traslado al quirófano / Evidence-based clinical practice manual: Patient preparation for surgery and transfer to the operating room

Introduction: Patient preparation for surgery and transfer to the operating room are two priority processes defined within the procedures and conditions for authorization of health care services by the Ministry of Social Protection in Colombia. Objectives: The aim of this initiative was to develop a manual of clinical management based on the evidence on patient preparation for surgery and transfer to the operating room. Materials and methods: A process divided into four phases (conformation of the development group, systematic review of secondary literature, participatory consensus method, and preparation and writing of the final document) was performed. Each of the standardized techniques and procedures is used to develop evidence-based manuals. Results: Evidence-based recommendations on pre-anaesthetic assessment, preoperative management of medical conditions, education and patient communication, informed consent, patient transfer to the surgical area, surgical site marking, strategies for infection prevention and checklist were performed. Conclusion: It is expected that with the use of this manual the incidence of events that produce morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing surgical procedures will be minimized.

Introducción: La preparación del paciente para el acto quirúrgico y el traslado del paciente al Quirófano son 2 procesos prioritarios definidos dentro de los procedimientos y condiciones de habilitación de servicios de salud por parte del Ministerio de Salud y la Protección Socialen Colombia. Objetivos: El objetivo de esta iniciativa fue desarrollar un manual de manejo clínico basado en la evidencia sobre la preparación del paciente para el acto quirúrgico y traslado al quirófano. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un proceso dividido en 4 fases (conformación del grupo elaborador, revisión sistemática de literatura secundaria, método participativo de consenso, y preparación y escritura del documento final). Cada una de ellas usó técnicas y procedimientos estandarizados para el desarrollo de manuales basados en la evidencia. Resultados: Se realizaron recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia sobre valoración pre-anestésica, manejo preoperatorio de condiciones médicas, educación y comunicación con los pacientes, consentimiento informado, traslado del paciente al área quirúrgica, marcación del sitio quirúrgico, estrategias para la prevención de infecciones, y lista de chequeo preoperatorio. Conclusiones: Se espera que con el uso de este manual se minimice la incidencia de eventos que produzcan morbimortalidad en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos.

Computed tomography of iatrogenic complications of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, stenting, and intubation.

Intraluminal procedures for the gastrointestinal tract range from simple intubation for feeding or bowel decompression to endoscopic procedures including stenting and pancreatobiliary ductal catheterization. Each of these procedures and interventions carries a risk of iatrogenic injury, including bleeding, perforation, infection, adhesions, and obstruction. An understanding of how anatomy and function may predispose to injury, and the distinct patterns of injury, can help the radiologist identify and characterize iatrogenic injury rapidly at computed tomography (CT) imaging. Furthermore, selective use of intravenous or oral CT contrast material can help reveal injury and triage clinical management.

SIRT7 represses Myc activity to suppress ER stress and prevent fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common chronic liver disorder in developed countries. Its pathogenesis is poorly understood, and therapeutic options are limited. Here, we show that SIRT7, an NAD(+)-dependent H3K18Ac deacetylase, functions at chromatin to suppress ER stress and prevent the development of fatty liver disease. SIRT7 is induced upon ER stress and is stabilized at the promoters of ribosomal proteins through its interaction with the transcription factor Myc to silence gene expression and to relieve ER stress. SIRT7-deficient mice develop chronic hepatosteatosis resembling human fatty liver disease. Myc inactivation or pharmacological suppression of ER stress alleviates fatty liver caused by SIRT7 deficiency. Importantly, SIRT7 suppresses ER stress and reverts the fatty liver disease in diet-induced obese mice. Our study identifies SIRT7 as a cofactor of Myc for transcriptional repression and delineates a druggable regulatory branch of the ER stress response that prevents and reverts fatty liver disease.