Primary Thyroid Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (MEC) Is Clinically, Prognostically, and Molecularly Different from Sclerosing MEC with Eosinophilia: A Multicenter and Integrated Study.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and sclerosing MEC with eosinophilia (SMECE) are rare primary thyroid carcinomas. In this study, we aimed to present our multicenter series of MEC and SMECE and integrated our data with published literature to further investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognoses of these tumors. We found 2 MECs and 4 SMECEs in our multicenter archives. We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to determine the MAML2 gene rearrangement. We screened for mutations in BRAF, TERT promoter, and RAS mutations using Sanger sequencing and digital polymerase chain reaction. Histopathologically, MECs and SMECEs were composed of two main cell types including epidermoid and mucin-secreting cells, arranged in cords, nests, and tubules. SMECEs were characterized by a densely sclerotic stroma with abundant eosinophils. We did not detect any MAML2 fusion in any of our cases. Two MEC cases harbored concomitant BRAF p.V600E and TERT C228T mutations. RAS mutations were absent in all cases. Concurrent foci of another thyroid malignancy were more commonly seen in MECs (p < 0.001), whereas SMECEs were associated with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (p < 0.001). MECs and SMECEs had equivalent recurrence-free survival (RFS) but MECs conferred significantly dismal disease-specific survival (DSS) as compared to SMECEs (p = 0.007). In conclusion, MECs and SMECEs not only shared some similarities but also demonstrated differences in clinicopathological characteristics, prognoses, and molecular profiles. SMECEs had a superior DSS in comparison to MECs, suggesting that they are low-grade cancers. This could help clinicians better evaluate patient outcomes and decide appropriate treatment plans.

Phase 1/2a, open-label, multicenter study of RM-1929 photoimmunotherapy in patients with locoregional, recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (rHNSCC) represents a significant global health burden with an unmet medical need. In this study we determined the safety and efficacy of RM-1929 photoimmunotherapy in patients with heavily pretreated rHNSCC. METHODS: RM-1929 (anti-EGFR-IR700 dye conjugate) was infused, followed by tumor illumination. We evaluated safety, tumor response, and pharmacokinetics. RESULTS: Nine patients were enrolled in Part 1 (dose-finding) and 30 patients in Part 2 (safety and efficacy). No dose-limiting toxicities were experienced in Part 1; 640 mg/m2 with fixed light dose (50 J/cm2 or 100 J/cm) was recommended for Part 2. Adverse events (AEs) in Part 2 were mostly mild to moderate but 19 (63.3%) patients had AE ≥Grade 3, including 3 (10.0%) with serious AEs leading to death (not treatment related). Efficacy in Part 2: unconfirmed objective response rate (ORR) 43.3% (95% CI 25.46%-62.57%); confirmed ORR 26.7% (95% CI 12.28%-45.89%); median overall survival 9.30 months (95% CI 5.16-16.92 months). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment was well tolerated. Responses and survival following RM-1929 photoimmunotherapy in heavily pretreated patients with rHNSCC were clinically meaningful and warrant further investigation. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION: NCT02422979.

Potential of robotic systems in phonosurgery.

There has been rapid growth in the utilization of robotic surgery in the head and neck. Its utilization in the phonosurgical space has lagged owing to difficulty with access and exposure to the laryngeal site, small working space due to the size of the larynx and the need to work around an endotracheal tube. The goal of this work is to explore recent developments in robotic microlaryngeal surgery. At this time robotic instrumentation is available; however, the range of instruments is not as extensive to match the current microlaryngeal instrumentation that exists for traditional endoscopic surgery. Studies have demonstrated the ability to perform phonosurgery safely with currently available robotic systems but exposure is less than ideal. Work is been undertaken to develop specialized transoral robotic retractors which will improve visualization and allow the robotic instrument to reach the glottis, which has traditionally been the most difficult to area to access.  Additional studies will be needed to assess the application of these systems to more patient populations, and prospective research will be required to compare outcomes of traditional phonosurgery to robotic phonosurgery.

AHNS Series: Do you know your guidelines? Evidence-based management of oral cavity cancers.

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is the most common nonmelanoma head and neck cancer in the world, with an estimated 405 000 new cases expected each year. Subsites of the oral cavity include the alveolar ridge, buccal mucosa, anterior tongue, tonsillar pillar, retromolar trigone, hard palate, gingiva, and floor of the mouth. In this issue of the AHNS "Do you know your guidelines?" series, we review the evidence-based approach to the management of oral cavity carcinomas based on the framework provided by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.

Improved Glottic Exposure for Robotic Microlaryngeal Surgery: A Case Series.

Robotic surgery has become the standard of care for many procedures outside of otolaryngology and now is gaining momentum within our specialty. The da Vinci (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) robot has several advantages to human hands, including removal of tremor and better access to lesions because of increased degree of movement of the articulated instruments. The glottis has rarely been addressed using robotic surgery because access was previously thought to be difficult because of the limitations of currently used retractors, which include poor base of tongue and oral commissure retraction resulting in lack of exposure of the glottis in many patients and lack of space for the robotic instruments to occupy. We present a case series using the Modular Oral Retractor (MOR) system to show that the glottic larynx can be accessed by the da Vinci instrumentation. The MOR system provides better exposure of the anterior commissure and by using oral commissure retraction provides excellent space for the robotic arms to work. The MOR system potentially makes robotic microlaryngeal surgery more feasible for the otolaryngology-head and neck surgeon.

Robotic microlaryngeal surgery: a new retractor that provides improved access to the glottis.

Robotic surgery has become the standard of care for many procedures outside of otolaryngology, and now is gaining momentum within our specialty. The robot has several advantages to human hands, including removal of tremor and better access to lesions due to increased degree of movement of the articulated instruments. The glottis has rarely been addressed using robotics because access was previously thought to be difficult. We present a case report using the modular oral retractor system to perform robotic microlaryngeal surgery.

Patient Opinion on the Affordable Care Act in an Otolaryngology Practice: the Ideological Divide.

OBJECTIVE: To assess patient opinion on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in an Otolaryngology practice and the factors that influence those opinions. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. METHODS: An anonymous survey assessing patient opinion on the PPACA, demographic information, political affiliation, medical diagnosis, and insurance status was distributed to patients in three separate Otolaryngology clinics (General, cancer, and Low-income/Indigent) from April to June 2014. A total of 300 surveys were distributed and 207 were used for final analysis. The primary study outcome measures were patient opinion of the PPACA and statistically significant variables affecting that opinion. The association of Support for the PPACA and variables were tested using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: The only variables that showed a significant association with support for the PPACA were Political Party (p<0.0001) and Ethnicity (p=0.0050). Specifically, a higher proportion of Democrats support the PPACA than Republicans and a higher proportion of African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos support the PPACA than Whites and Native Americans. CONCLUSION: Our survey of current Otolaryngology patients mirrors national findings of the division between Republicans and Democrats in their attitudes towards the Affordable Care Act. Political party appears to be the most significant factor in shaping patient opinion on this controversial subject regardless of insurance status or cancer diagnosis and a higher proportion of African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos support the PPACA than Whites and Native Americans. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

What Can Determine the Length of an Open Nonendoscopic Thyroidectomy Incision?

Objectives Surgeons are now utilizing small incisions when performing thyroidectomy. This study evaluated the association between patient weight, nodule size, and maximum thyroid diameter and the length of an open thyroidectomy incision. Study Design Retrospective analysis of 32 consecutive patients. Subjects and Methods Patient demographics, clinical exam, ultrasound findings, operative findings, and pathology were recorded. Results Of the 32 patients (81% women), 27 underwent a hemithyroidectomy. The mean patient weight was 194 lbs. The mean clinical nodule diameter was 3.46 cm, and the mean maximum thyroid diameter was 5.91 cm. The mean incision size was 5.13 cm. Independently, patient weight, maximum thyroid diameter, and maximum nodule diameter were shown in regression models to be statistically significant predictors of incision size. In stepwise regression analysis that included all three listed variables, maximum thyroid diameter was the most significant predictor of incision size ( p < 0.0001). Conclusions Surgeons may determine the length of the incision using clinical and radiologic parameters, but most probably use their subconscious clinical judgment and the challenge of utilizing a very small incision for this operation. This study has shown that maximum thyroid diameter is the most significant determinant for the incision but that nodule size and patient weight are also significant factors. This study is evidence-based medicine level III.

Head and neck skin cancer in the immunocompromised patient: a quantitative analysis.

BACKGROUND: Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are especially prone to develop in the immunosuppressed population. There is insufficient data regarding outcomes and mortality for immunosuppressed individuals with NMSC of the head and neck. CLINICAL QUESTION: What are the mortality indicators for immunosuppressed subjects with head and neck NMSC? METHODS: This retrospective chart review analyzes all immunosuppressed patients diagnosed with any stage NMSC at an academic tertiary care institution from 2006-2011. RESULTS: Thirty four patients are analyzed. Odds of mortality is significantly increased for patients who required multiple surgeries (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=23.98, 95%CI=(1.411, 407.599)) and those who were immunocompromised secondary to leukemia (aOR=28.27, 95%CI=(1.838, 434.73)). CONCLUSION: Patients with leukemia and NMSC may have an increased risk of mortality compared to other immunocompromised patients with NMSC. Immunocompromised patients with NMSC may have a worse prognosis if multiple surgeries are required. Knowledge of mortality indicators may aid in the management of these immunocompromised patients.

Carotid blowout in patients with head and neck cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to review the clinicopathologic features of carotid blowout syndrome (CBS) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) and present a management algorithm. METHODS: We reviewed all HNC patients with a diagnosis of CBS seen at our tertiary cancer hospital from 1994 to 2009 and performed a retrospective review of all English-language studies documenting CBS cases within the past 15 years. RESULTS: Eight patients with HNC developed CBS at our institution, and another 132 HNC patients were presented in 21 studies. Patients with CBS typically have a history of radiotherapy (89%), nodal metastasis (69%), and neck dissection (63%). This disease usually occurs proximal to the carotid bifurcation and is commonly associated with soft tissue necrosis in the neck (55%) and mucocutaneous fistulas (40%). Half of CBS patients present with sentinel bleeding, but 60% of patients will develop a life-threatening hemorrhage requiring emergent intervention. Over 90% of patients with CBS were treated with endovascular therapy, and surgical ligation was rarely indicated. The morbidity and mortality rates of patients with CBS are significant; only 23% have survived without evidence of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Carotid blowout syndrome is uncommon and can be rapidly fatal without prompt diagnosis and intervention. Although endovascular treatment within the carotid system can have a significant risk of mortality and neurologic morbidity, it has become the treatment of choice for CBS.

Management of pediatric plunging ranula.

OBJECTIVE: There appears to be a high incidence of ranula in New Zealand. This study was designed to evaluate the diagnosis and surgical treatment of plunging ranula in children at Auckland Starship Children's Hospital, New Zealand. METHODS: A prospective study of 21 pediatric patients with a clinical diagnosis of plunging ranula was conducted. All children underwent clinical assessment and fine needle aspiration cytology. Cytological diagnosis was considered definitive and radiological investigations were not conducted. Surgical treatment comprising intraoral excision of the ipsilateral sublingual gland and pseudocyst was performed. RESULTS: The preoperative diagnosis was unchanged after surgery and histopathological analysis in all cases. There were no recurrences at 24-month follow up. There are no long-term complications to date. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoral removal of the sublingual glands and pseudocyst is an effective and safe method for the treatment of plunging ranula in the pediatric population.

The dilemma of the normal baseline parathyroid hormone level using the intraoperative PTH assay.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze patients with "normal" baseline quick intraoperative parathyroid hormone (QPTH) levels during parathyroidectomy and to determine the prevalence of this finding, the usefulness of the assay in this situation, and to explain the possible causes for this phenomenon. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Patients who underwent parathyroidectomy using QPTH in a tertiary hospital. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 39 patients treated surgically for primary hyperparathyroidism using QPTH. RESULTS: Of the patients, 14 (36%) had normal baseline QPTH. 8 patients with localizing sestamibi scans had a single adenoma, and excision resulted in a mean decrease of 85.4% in QPTH. Six patients had nonlocalizing sestamibi scans, 1 patient had an 84% drop in QPTH level after removal of a single adenoma, and 5 patients had hyperplasia requiring > or =3 glands excision. At 11.36 months' mean follow-up, 13 patients (93%) were normocalcemic. CONCLUSIONS: A "normal" baseline QPTH level was found in 36% of patients. A 50% decrease in QPTH remains predictive of biochemical cures in patients with localizing sestamibi scans. The likely explanation for this variability in "normal" levels between different assays is the variability in detection of the 7-84 PTH fragment, which results in an overestimation of the PTH level. Assays such as the QPTH, which are more sensitive for the biologically active PTH molecule [(1-84) PTH] than other laboratory PTH assays will tend to have lower PTH levels that can be within the normal range. EBM RATING: B-3.

Sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma in association with SIADH.

BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a rare malignancy of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. The syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) has not been previously reported in association with this cancer. METHODS: We report a 30-year-old woman with histologically confirmed neuroendocrine carcinoma who also demonstrated SIADH. After successful chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment for the neoplasm, her SIADH resolved. A literature search found eight cases of olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) associated with SIADH, four of which resolved after treatment of the malignancy. RESULTS: Treatment of the underlying malignancy resulted in the immediate resolution of the SIADH. CONCLUSIONS: We report the first case of SIADH associated with NEC, which resolved after treatment of the cancer. A direct cause and effect between ONB/nasal NEC and SIADH has been established in previous reports.

Preincisional bupivacaine in posttonsillectomy pain relief: a randomized prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of preincisional bupivacaine hydrochloride infiltration on postoperative pain after tonsillectomy. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. SETTING: A secondary/tertiary referral center in Christchurch, New Zealand. PATIENTS: A volunteer sample of 70 patients, aged 16 to 42 years, with recurrent tonsillitis. Seven patients were excluded. INTERVENTIONS: After randomization, one group received 5 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride in the peritonsillar space, with the patient under general anesthesia. The other group received 5 mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution, with the patient under general anesthesia. Both groups underwent surgery with a standardized surgical and anesthetic technique. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative pain was assessed with a visual analog scale at 15 minutes and 1, 4, 12, 16, and 24 hours after the procedure. Postoperative analgesic requirement, length of admission, and antiemetic requirement were also assessed. RESULTS: No statistical difference was found between the 2 groups for postoperative pain by means of the visual analog scale at any time interval, nor was any statistical difference found for the other variables measured. A trend toward less pain in the immediate postoperative period in the group receiving bupivacaine was noted. CONCLUSION: No statistically significant benefit is found for use of preincisional bupivacaine in tonsillectomy.