A Case of a Heterozygous Inactivating CASR Variant with Adult-Onset Symptomatic Hypercalcemia Requiring Extensive Surgery.

We describe the case of an adult female patient with symptomatic familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia requiring a step-wise therapeutic approach and the eventual need for a total parathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy to cure symptoms. Genetic analysis demonstrated a heterozygous R227L inactivating CASR gene variant, previously only described in neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Post-operative histology showed diffuse hyperplasia of all four parathyroid glands along with the presence of intrathyroidal parathyroid tissue. With regard to clinical management this case suggests that familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia should be classified as an atypical form of primary hyperparathyroidism rather than a distinct entity.

Effects of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy on Insulin Sensitivity and Incretin Responses in Transgender People.

OBJECTIVE: The long-term influences of sex hormone administration on insulin sensitivity and incretin hormones are controversial. We investigated these effects in 35 transgender men (TM) and 55 transgender women (TW) from the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence (ENIGI) study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Before and after 1 year of gender-affirming hormone therapy, body composition and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were evaluated. RESULTS: In TM, body weight (2.8 ± 1.0 kg; P < 0.01), fat-free mass (FFM) (3.1 ± 0.9 kg; P < 0.01), and waist-to-hip ratio (-0.03 ± 0.01; P < 0.01) increased. Fasting insulin (-1.4 ± 0.8 mU/L; P = 0.08) and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (2.2 ± 0.3 vs. 1.8 ± 0.2; P = 0.06) tended to decrease, whereas fasting glucose (-1.6 ± 1.6 mg/dL), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) (-1.8 ± 1.0 pmol/L), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (-0.2 ± 1.1 pmol/L) were statistically unchanged. Post-OGTT areas under the curve (AUCs) for GIP (2,068 ± 1,134 vs. 2,645 ± 1,248 [pmol/L] × min; P < 0.01) and GLP-1 (2,352 ± 796 vs. 2,712 ± 1,015 [pmol/L] × min; P < 0.01) increased. In TW, body weight tended to increase (1.4 ± 0.8 kg; P = 0.07) with decreasing FFM (-2.3 ± 0.4 kg; P < 0.01) and waist-to-hip ratio (-0.03 ± 0.01; P < 0.01). Insulin (3.4 ± 0.8 mU/L; P < 0.01) and HOMA-IR (1.7 ± 0.1 vs. 2.4 ± 0.2; P < 0.01) rose, fasting GIP (-1.4 ± 0.8 pmol/L; P < 0.01) and AUC GIP dropped (2,524 ± 178 vs. 1,911 ± 162 [pmol/L] × min; P < 0.01), but fasting glucose (-0.3 ± 1.4 mg/dL), GLP-1 (1.3 ± 0.8 pmol/L), and AUC GLP-1 (2,956 ± 180 vs. 2,864 ± 93 [pmol/L] × min) remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of transgender persons, insulin sensitivity but also post-OGTT incretin responses tend to increase with masculinization and to decrease with feminization.

Acute renal failure with need for renal replacement therapy as a complication of zoonotic S. zooepidemicus infection: case report and review of the literature.

Streptococcus zooepidemicus is an animal commensal with the potential of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of contaminated dairy products, leading to outbreaks of Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN). We report for the first time acute renal failure with need for renal replacement therapy, as a complication of S. zooepidemicus bacteremia resulting from direct horse to human transmission in a young adult. Both clinical disease course and immunohistochemical staining patterns on renal biopsy had some atypical features of PSGN suggesting persistent activation of the alternative complement pathway but no known complement factor dysregulations could be identified.