Precision Medicine in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Narrative Review Framed by Lived Experience.

Purpose of review: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) for which many treatments exist that have been shown to prevent CKD progression and kidney failure. However, DKD is a complex and heterogeneous etiology of CKD with a spectrum of phenotypes and disease trajectories. In this narrative review, we discuss precision medicine approaches to DKD, including genomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and their potential role in the management of diabetes mellitus and DKD. A patient and caregivers of patients with lived experience with CKD were involved in this review. Sources of information: Original research articles were identified from MEDLINE and Google Scholar using the search terms "diabetes," "diabetic kidney disease," "diabetic nephropathy," "chronic kidney disease," "kidney failure," "dialysis," "nephrology," "genomics," "metabolomics," and "proteomics." Methods: A focused review and critical appraisal of existing literature regarding the precision medicine approaches to the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of diabetes and DKD framed by a patient partner's/caregiver's lived experience. Key findings: Distinguishing diabetic nephropathy from CKD due to other types of DKD and non-DKD is challenging and typically requires a kidney biopsy for a diagnosis. Biomarkers have been identified to assist with the prediction of the onset and progression of DKD, but they have yet to be incorporated and evaluated relative to clinical standard of care CKD and kidney failure risk prediction tools. Genomics has identified multiple causal genetic variants for neonatal diabetes mellitus and monogenic diabetes of the young that can be used for diagnostic purposes and to specify antiglycemic therapy. Genome-wide-associated studies have identified genes implicated in DKD pathophysiology in the setting of type 1 and 2 diabetes but their translational benefits are lagging beyond polygenetic risk scores. Metabolomics and proteomics have been shown to improve diagnostic accuracy in DKD, have been used to identify novel pathways involved in DKD pathogenesis, and can be used to improve the prediction of CKD progression and kidney failure as well as predict response to DKD therapy. Limitations: There are a limited number of large, high-quality prospective observational studies and no randomized controlled trials that support the use of precision medicine based approaches to improve clinical outcomes in adults with or at risk of diabetes and DKD. It is unclear which patients may benefit from the clinical use of genomics, metabolomics and proteomics along the spectrum of DKD trajectory. Implications: Additional research is needed to evaluate the role of the use of precision medicine for DKD management, including diagnosis, differentiation of diabetic nephropathy from other etiologies of DKD and CKD, short-term and long-term risk prognostication kidney outcomes, and the prediction of response to and safety of disease-modifying therapies.

Motif de la revue: La maladie rénale diabétique (MRD) est une cause majeure d'insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) pour laquelle il existe de nombreux traitements ayant démontré une capacité à prévenir la progression vers l'insuffisance rénale. Avec son spectre de phénotypes et de trajectoires, la MRD s'avère cependant une étiologie complexe et hétérogène de l'IRC. Dans cette revue narrative, nous discutons des approches de la médecine de précision liées à la MRD­notamment la génomique, la métabolomique et la protéomique­et de leur rôle potentiel dans la prise en charge du diabète et de la MRD. Des soignants et un patient ayant une expérience vécue de l'IRC ont participé à cette revue. Sources: Les articles de recherche pertinents ont été identifiés dans MEDLINE et Google Scholar à l'aide des termes de recherche suivants: « diabète ¼, « insuffisance rénale diabétique ¼, « néphropathie diabétique ¼, « insuffisance rénale chronique ¼, « insuffisance rénale ¼, « dialyse ¼, « néphrologie ¼, « génomique ¼, « métabolomique ¼ et « protéomique ¼. Méthodologie: Revue ciblée et évaluation critique­encadrées par l'expérience vécue d'un partenaire patient et de soignants­de la littérature existante portant sur les approches de la médecine de précision pour le diagnostic, le pronostic et le traitement du diabète et de la MRD. Principales observations: Il est difficile de distinguer la néphropathie diabétique de l'IRC due ou non à d'autres types de MRD; le diagnostic nécessite généralement une biopsie rénale. Des biomarqueurs ont été identifiés pour aider à prédire l'apparition et la progression de la MRD, mais ceux-ci doivent encore être intégrés aux normes cliniques de soins et évalués par rapport aux outils prédictifs du risque d'IRC et d'insuffisance rénale. La génomique a permis d'identifier plusieurs variantes génétiques causales du diabète néonatal et du diabète monogénique chez l'enfant, lesquelles peuvent être utilisées à des fins diagnostiques et de définition du traitement hypoglycémiant. Des études couvrant l'ensemble du génome ont permis d'identifier des gènes impliqués dans la physiopathologie de la MRD en contexte de diabète de type 1 et 2, mais leurs avantages translationnels restent en deçà des scores de risque polygéniques. Il a été démontré que la métabolomique et la protéomique améliorent la précision diagnostique de la MRD, qu'elles ont été utilisées pour identifier de nouvelles voies impliquées dans la pathogenèse de la MRD et qu'elles peuvent être employées pour améliorer la prédiction de la progression de l'insuffisance rénale, ainsi que pour prédire la réponse au traitement de la MRD. Limites: Il existe un nombre limité d'études observationnelles prospectives de qualité et d'envergure, dont aucun essai clinique randomisé, appuyant le recours à des d'approches fondées sur la médecine de précision pour améliorer les résultats cliniques des adultes diabétiques ou atteints de MRD, ou présentant un risque pour ces maladies. On ne sait pas exactement quels patients pourraient bénéficier d'une utilisation clinique de la génomique, de la métabolomique et de la protéomique tout au long de la trajectoire de la MRD. Conclusion: Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour mieux évaluer le rôle de la médecine de précision dans la prise en charge de la MRD, notamment pour le diagnostic, la différenciation de la néphropathie diabétique d'autres étiologies de la MRD et de l'IRC, la prédiction des risques à court et à long terme sur le pronostic rénal, et la prédiction de l'innocuité et de la réponse aux traitements pouvant modifier l'évolution de la maladie.

Global Policy Barriers and Enablers to Exercise and Physical Activity in Kidney Care.

OBJECTIVE: Impairment in physical function and physical performance leads to decreased independence and health-related quality of life in people living with chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease. Physical activity and exercise in kidney care are not priorities in policy development. We aimed to identify global policy-related enablers, barriers, and strategies to increase exercise participation and physical activity behavior for people living with kidney disease. DESIGN AND METHODS: Guided by the Behavior Change Wheel theoretical framework, 50 global renal exercise experts developed policy barriers and enablers to exercise program implementation and physical activity promotion in kidney care. The consensus process consisted of developing themes from renal experts from North America, South America, Continental Europe, United Kingdom, Asia, and Oceania. Strategies to address enablers and barriers were identified by the group, and consensus was achieved. RESULTS: We found that policies addressing funding, service provision, legislation, regulations, guidelines, the environment, communication, and marketing are required to support people with kidney disease to be physically active, participate in exercise, and improve health-related quality of life. We provide a global perspective and highlight Japanese, Canadian, and other regional examples where policies have been developed to increase renal physical activity and rehabilitation. We present recommendations targeting multiple stakeholders including nephrologists, nurses, allied health clinicians, organizations providing renal care and education, and renal program funders. CONCLUSIONS: We strongly recommend the nephrology community and people living with kidney disease take action to change policy now, rather than idly waiting for indisputable clinical trial evidence that increasing physical activity, strength, fitness, and function improves the lives of people living with kidney disease.

Physical activity and exercise in peritoneal dialysis: International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis and the Global Renal Exercise Network practice recommendations.

Life participation requiring physical activity and physical function is a key patient-reported outcome for people receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). Clinician guidance is required from multidisciplinary sources regarding exercise and activity advice to address the specific needs of this group. From August 2020 through to June 2021, the Global Renal Exercise Network and the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis reviewed the published literature and international clinical experience to develop a set of clinical practice points. A set of questions relevant to physical activity and exercise were developed from the perspective of a person receiving PD and were the basis for the practice point development. The GRADE framework was used to evaluate the quality of evidence and to guide clinical practice points. The review of the literature found sparse quality evidence, and thus the clinical practice points are generally based on the expert consensus of people receiving PD, PD exercise expert clinicians and experienced PD exercise researchers. Clinical practice points address timing of exercise and activity (post-catheter insertion, peritoneal space empty or full), the uptake of specific activities (work, sex, swimming, core exercise), potential adverse outcomes related to activity and exercise (exit site care, perspiration, cardiovascular compromise, fatigue, intra-abdominal pressure), the effect of exercise and activity on conditions of interest (mental health, obesity, frailty, low fitness) and exercise nutrition.