Factors Associated with Hemodialysis Vascular Access Failure: A retrospective study in Colombia

Introduction: Vascular access (VA) remains a major source of morbidity for hemodialysis patients (HD). Few data sources adequately capture longitudinal patency of the VA. This study aimed to evaluate VA failure and its related factors in HD patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 985 incident hemodialysis patients treated in clinics of BRCS in Colombia, from January 1rst ,2016, until December 3 of the same year, was done. The cohort's enrollment was on day 1 of HD, and with follow-up for up to 15 months. Association among a group of independent variables and time to failure of the VA was performed, and adjusted by baseline variables using a Cox regression model. Results: A total of 985 patients were included in the study, requiring 1774 procedures of vascular access during follow-up. The mean age was 61 ± 15.6 years. At day 1, 15 % were dialyzing with an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or AVG; and at day 90, this proportion had increased to 70 %. The rate of vascular access procedure was 1.95 per patients-year, 95 % CI 1.86-2.04. The rate of vascular access failure was 0.66 per patients-year, 95 % CI 0.61-0.72. Risk factors for failure in AVF/AVG were age > 65 (p= 0.008), diabetes (p=0.019), female sex (p=0.002) rural housing (p<0.0001) and higher hemoglobin (p=0.021). Conclusions: Vascular access failure and the requirement for procedures associated with it are frequent in the dialysis population. Several risk factors, some of them modifiable, are related to vascular access failure.

Introducción: El acceso vascular (AV) sigue siendo una fuente importante de morbilidad para los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD). Pocas fuentes de datos capturan adecuadamente la permeabilidad longitudinal del AV. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la falla del AV y los factores relacionados en pacientes en HD. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de 985 pacientes incidentes a hemodiálisis tratados en clínicas de BRCS en Colombia, entre el 1ro de enero de 2016, al 31 de diciembre de 2016. La incepción de la cohorte fue el día 1 de HD y con un seguimiento de hasta 15 meses. Se realizó la asociación entre un grupo de variables independientes y el tiempo hasta la falla del AV, asimismo se ajustó por variables basales mediante un modelo de regresión de Cox. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 985 pacientes que requirieron 1774 procedimientos de AV durante el seguimiento. La edad media fue de 61 ± 15,6 años. En el día 1, el 15 % se dializaba con una fístula arteriovenosa (FAV) o injerto arteriovenoso (IAV); y al día 90, esta proporción había aumentado al 70 %. La tasa de procedimiento de acceso vascular fue de 1,95 por paciente-año, IC 95 % 1,86-2,04. La tasa de falla del AV fue de 0,66 por paciente-año, IC del 95 %: 0,61-0,72. Los factores de riesgo para falla del AV en FAV/IAV fueron edad > 65 años (p= 0,008), diabetes (p= 0,019), sexo femenino (p= 0,002), vivienda rural (p<0,0001) y hemoglobina elevada (p=0,021). Conclusión: La falla del acceso vascular y el requerimiento de procedimientos asociados a ella, son frecuentes en la población en diálisis. Varios factores de riesgo, algunos de ellos modificables, están relacionados con la falla del acceso vascular.

Peritoneal Dialysis Modality Failure in a Middle-Income Country: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Technique failure in peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains one of the most critical challenges of this therapy and is associated with a significant increase in costs and morbidity. Our objective was to estimate the frequency of PD technique failure and identify factors associated with technique failure. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective multicenter observational cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: All adult patients initiating PD between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2015, with follow-up until December 31, 2018, at the Renal Therapy Services network in Colombia. EXPOSURE & PREDICTORS: PD modality (continuous ambulatory PD and automated PD) and demographic and clinical characteristics. OUTCOMES: Technique failure, defined as a switch to hemodialysis lasting at least 30 days. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of all patients were summarized descriptively according to modality. We estimated the cumulative incidence of technique failure, and a flexible parametric survival model with competing risks was used to evaluate factors associated with this outcome. RESULTS: Among 6,452 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 67% were treated with continuous ambulatory PD. The cumulative incidence of technique failure within 1 year of PD initiation adjusting for competing risks was 6.9% (95% CI, 6.3%-7.6%); within 2 years, technique failure was 13.5% (95% CI, 12.6%-14.4%); and within 3 years, 19.6% (95% CI, 18.5%-20.7%). Female sex, larger center size, and higher Kt/V were associated with lower risk for modality change, whereas diabetes, history of major abdominal surgery, catheter implant technique (laparotomy and percutaneous techniques), obesity, and peritonitis were associated with a higher likelihood of technique failure. LIMITATIONS: Variables of distance to the center, use of icodextrin, and measures of outcomes reported by patients were not included. CONCLUSIONS: Technique failure is relatively uncommon in Colombia; catheter-related problems are the most frequent cause of technique failure. Best practices in catheter insertion could minimize the risk for this outcome.

Evaluating a remote patient monitoring program for automated peritoneal dialysis.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) have been established, but patient adherence to treatment remains a concern. Remote patient monitoring (RPM) programs are a potential solution; however, the cost implications are not well established. This study modeled, from the payer perspective, expected net costs and clinical consequences of a novel RPM program in Colombia. METHODS: Amarkov model was used to project costs and clinical outcomes for APD patients with and without RPM. Clinical inputs were directly estimated from Renal Care Services data or taken from the literature. Dialysis costs were estimated from national fees. Inpatient costs were obtained from a recent Colombian study. The model projected overall direct costs and several clinical outcomes. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (DSA and PSA) were also conducted to characterize uncertainty in the results. RESULTS: The model projected that the implementation of an RPM program costing US$35 per month in a cohort of 100 APD patients over 1 year would save US$121,233. The model also projected 31 additional months free of complications, 27 fewer hospitalizations, 518 fewer hospitalization days, and 6 fewer peritonitis episodes. In the DSA, results were most sensitive to hospitalization rates and days of hospitalization, but cost savings were robust. The PSA found there was a 91% chance for the RPM program to be cost saving. CONCLUSION: The results of the model suggest that RPM is cost-effective in APD patients which should be verified by a rigorous prospective cost analysis.

Prevalence of periodontitis in a population of patients on dialysis in Colombia.

The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of Chronic Periodontitis (CP) in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and to ascertain its relationship with several factors or indicators of micro inflammation. One hundred and thirty-jive CKD patients on dialysis treatment were included. Biochemical parameters, clinical attachment level and pocket depth were recorded according of the American Academy of Periodontology and the CDC (CDC-AAP). Gingivitis and CP were recorded based on the biofilm-gingival interface (BGI) periodontal diseases classification. The rate of non-response to the survey was 10 percent. A total 2,636 teeth in 135 patients were examined, of whom 52.5% were males. Average age was 55.7 years (SD ± 1.32); 41.4% had a smoking history; 78/135 patients were on hemodialysis and 57/135 on peritoneal dialysis; 55.5% had been on dialysis for more than three years. Prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis was 14.8%, 95% CI (9.7-21.9) and 82.2%, 95% CI (74.7 - 87.8), respectively; according to the BGI Index. Severity of CP was: No periodontitis, 14.0% 95% CI (9.1 - 21.1); mild, 11.1% 95% CI (6.7 -17.7); moderate, 28.8% 95% CI (21.7- 37.1); and severe, 45.9% 95% CI (31.6-54.47). Peritoneal dialysis and time on dialysis > 3 years increase the chance of having periodontitis, OR 11.0 95% CI (2.2-53.8) and OR 7.6 95% CI (1.1-50.2), respectively. In view of the high prevalence of CP in this population, programs designed to ensure better periodontal and gingival care in the population on dialysis need to be established.

El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la prevalencia de Periodontitis Crónica (PC) en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en diálisis y determinar la relación de su presencia con algunos indicadores de micro inflamación. Un total de 135 pacientes con ERC en terapia dialítica fueron incluidos en este estudio. Se evaluaron parámetros bioquímicos, nivel de inserción clínica (NIC) y profundidad de sondaje (PS), de acuerdo con la Asociación Americana de Periodoncia y el CDC de Atlanta (CDC-AAP). También fue evaluada, la gingivitis y la PC de acuerdo con la clasificación interface biopelicula-encia (BGI). La tasa de no respuesta a la encuesta fue del 10%. Un total de 2636 dientes en 135 pacientes fueron evaluados, (52.5% hombres, edad promedio 55.7 ± 1.32), 56% con antecedente de tabaquismo. 78/135 en hemodiálisis y 57/135 en diálisis peritoneal, el 55.5 % con un tiempo en diálisis mayor a tres años. La prevalencia de gingivitis por la clasificación BGI fue del 14.8% IC 95% (9.7 - 21.9) y de periodontitis 82.2% IC 95% (74.7 - 87.8). La severidad de la PC fue: sin periodontitis 14.0% 95% IC (9.1 - 21.1); leve 11.1% 95% IC (6.7 - 17.7); moderada 28.8% 95% IC (21.7 - 37.1) y severa 45.9% 95% IC (31.6-54.47) La diálisis peritoneal y el tiempo en diálisis aumentaron la chance de tener PC: OR 11.0 95% IC (2.2-53.8) y OR 7.6 95% CI (1.1-50.2) respectivamente. Por la alta prevalencia de PC en esta población, es necesario establecer programas para asegurar el cuidado de la salud periodontal en esta población en diálisis.

Prevalence of periodontitis in a population of patients on dialysis in Colombia

The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of Chronic Periodontitis (CP) in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and to ascertain its relationship with several factors or indicators of micro inflammation. One hundred and thirtyfive CKD patients on dialysis treatment were included. Biochemical parameters, clinical attachment level and pocket depth were recorded according of the American Academy of Periodontology and the CDC (CDCAAP). Gingivitis and CP were recorded based on the biofilmgingival interface (BGI) periodontal diseases classification. The rate of nonresponse to the survey was 10 percent. A total 2,636 teeth in 135 patients were examined, of whom 52.5% were males. Average age was 55.7 years (SD ± 1.32); 41.4% had a smoking history; 78/135 patients were on hemodialysis and 57/135 on peritoneal dialysis; 55.5% had been on dialysis for more than three years. Prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis was 14.8%, 95% CI (9.721.9) and 82.2%, 95% CI (74.7 ­ 87.8), respectively; according to the BGI Index. Severity of CP was: No periodontitis, 14.0% 95% CI (9.1 21.1) ; mild, 11.1% 95% CI (6.7 17.7) ; moderate, 28.8% 95% CI (21.7 37.1) ; and severe, 45.9% 95% CI (31.654.47). Peritoneal dialysis and time on dialysis > 3 years increase the chance of having periodontitis, OR 11.0 95% CI (2.253.8) and OR 7.6 95% CI (1.150.2), respectively. In view of the high prevalence of CP in this population, programs designed to ensure better periodontal and gingival care in the population on dialysis need to be established (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la prevalencia de Periodontitis Crónica (PC) en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en diálisis y determinar la relación de su presencia con algunos indicadores de micro inflamación. Un total de 135 pacientes con ERC en terapia dialítica fueron incluidos en este estudio. Se evaluaron parámetros bioquímicos, nivel de inserción clínica (NIC) y profundidad de sondaje (PS), de acuerdo con la Asociación Americana de Periodoncia y el CDC de Atlanta (CDCAAP). También fue evaluada, la gingivitis y la PC de acuerdo con la clasificación interface biopeliculaencia (BGI). La tasa de no respuesta a la encuesta fue del 10%. Un total de 2636 dientes en 135 pacientes fueron evaluados, (52.5% hombres, edad promedio 55.7 ± 1.32), 56% con antecedente de tabaquismo. 78/135 en hemodiálisis y 57/135 en diálisis peritoneal, el 55.5 % con un tiempo en diálisis mayor a tres años. La prevalencia de gingivitis por la clasificación BGI fue del 14.8% IC 95% (9.7 21.9) y de periodontitis 82.2% IC 95% (74.7 ­ 87.8). La severidad de la PC fue: sin periodontitis 14.0% 95% IC (9.1 21.1) ; leve 11.1% 95% IC (6.7 17.7) ; moderada 28.8% 95% IC (21.7 37.1) y severa 45.9% 95% IC (31.654.47) La diálisis peritoneal y el tiempo en diálisis aumentaron la chance de tener PC: OR 11.0 95% IC (2.253.8) y OR 7.6 95% CI (1.150.2) respectiva mente. Por la alta prevalencia de PC en esta población, es necesario establecer programas para asegurar el cuidado de la salud periodontal en esta población en diálisis (AU)

Mortalidad observada versus esperada en una red de unidades de diálisis en Colombia / Observed versus expected mortality in a network of dialysis units in Colombia

Resumen Antecedentes: la mortalidad en diálisis es uno de los principales indicadores de gestión clínica y se ve influenciada por diversos factores sociodemográficos y clínicos. Objetivos: calcular la mortalidad observada versus la esperada en las unidades de diálisis de la red de RTS en Colombia. Métodos: cohorte histórica de pacientes mayores de 18 años, prevalentes en diálisis entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2012, de 51 unidades renales de la red Renal Therapy Services (RTS). Se calculó la razón estandarizada de mortalidad (REM) siguiendo la metodología propuesta por la Universidad de Michigan Centro de Costos y Epidemiologic Renal (UM-KECC); se implementó un modelo de supervivencia de riesgos proporcionales de Cox en dos etapas, la primera estimó los parámetros asociados con las variables explicativas y la segunda estandarizó los resultados. Resultados: se evaluaron 9798 pacientes, 4125 (42.1%) fueron mujeres, la media de edad fue de 59 años (DE=15.6). Se observaron 1253 eventos de muerte (12.7%). El modelo arrojó un valor de 1067 muertes esperadas, con un valor estimado de REM de 1.17 (IC95%: 1.11-1.24). La REM fue mayor para pacientes diabéticos 1.28 (IC95%:1.19-1.38) y mujeres (1.36 (IC95%: 1.25-1.48); y varió significativamente por zona del país (1.11 a 2.0). Conclusiones: encontramos diferencias importantes en la REM según sexo, presencia de diabetes y por zonas del país. Se requiere mediante nuevos estudios entender mejor la influencia de estas y otras variables sobre el fenómeno de mortalidad en diálisis en nuestro contexto. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42: 106-111).

Abstract Background: mortality in dialysis is one of the main indicators of clinical management and is influenced by various socio-demographic and clinical factors. Objectives: to calculate the observed versus expected mortality in the dialysis units of the RTS network in Colombia. Methods: a historical cohort of patients older than 18 years, prevalent on dialysis between January 1 and December 31, 2012, of 51 renal units of the Renal Therapy Services (RTS) network. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated following the methodology proposed by the University of Michigan Center for Costs and Renal Epidemiology (UM-KECC); a Cox proportional hazards survival model was implemented in two stages, the first estimated the parameters associated with the explanatory variables and the second standardized the results. Results: 9798 patients were evaluated, 4125 (42.1%) were women. The mean age was 59 years (SD = 15.6). There were 1253 death events (12.7%). The model gave a value of 1067 expected deaths, with an estimated SMR value of 1.17 (95% CI: 1.11-1.24). SMR was greater for diabetic patients 1.28 (95% CI: 1.19-1.38) and women (1.36 (95% CI: 1.25-1.48)) and it varied significantly depending on the region of the country (1.11 to 2.0). Conclusions: important differences in SMR according to sex, presence of diabetes and by regions of the country were found. Further studies are required to better understand the influence of these and other variables on the mortality phenomenon in dialysis in our context. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42: 106-111).

Programa de prevención de la enfermedad renal crónica basado en redes integradas de servicios en Colombia / Program for the prevention of chronic kidney disease based on integrated service networks in Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Los programas de prevención de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) permiten controlar la morbimortalidad y/o retrasar el ingreso a terapia de reemplazo renal. Se documenta el diseño de un programa de prevención de la ERC y se describe cómo se integran los niveles primario y secundario de atención mediante la caracterización de una población admitida para prevención secundaria. Métodos La descripción del programa se realizó con base en una revisión documental. Para la caracterización de los pacientes participantes en el programa se utilizaron herramientas de estadística descriptiva. Resultados El diseño e implementación del programa de prevención se basó en la integración de redes de servicios y niveles de atención. Se detallan las actividades fundamentales del programa según el nivel de atención en el que se realizan. Un total de 3 487 pacientes fueron admitidos para control en el segundo nivel de atención por presentar tasa de filtración glomerular estimada <60 mil/min; 87,81 % de los pacientes ingresó en estadio 3 de la ERC con mediana de Tasa de Filtración Glomerular de 46,21mil/min; las principales causas de ERC fueron la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes. Al ingreso, 2 129 pacientes (61.05 %) tuvieron tensión arterial sistólica <140 mmHg y 3 091(88,64 %) diastólica <90mmHg; de 620 diabéticos con hemoglobina glicosilada, 357 (57,58 %) tuvieron valores <7,5 %. Conclusión Se diseñó e implementó un programa de prevención que permitió la integración de los niveles de atención para una intervención multidisciplinaria que logró la captación oportuna de pacientes y la continuidad en la atención para el mejor control de la ERC.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) prevention programs allow to control morbidity and/or delay renal replacement therapy. The design of a CKD prevention program is described, including highlights on how the primary and secondary levels of care interact with each other through the characterization of the population admitted for secondary prevention. Methods The description of the program was based on a literature review. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the patients participating in the program. Results The design and implementation of the prevention program was based on the integration of service networks and care levels. The main activities for the program were detailed according to the care level in which they performed. 3 487 patients in total were admitted for control at the second care level due to an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mil/min; 87.81% of the patients were admitted with CKD stage 3 and a median glomerular filtration rate of 46.21mil/min. The main causes of CKD were hypertension and diabetes. On admission, 2 129 patients (61.05 %) had systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg and 3 091 (88.64 %) had diastolic blood pressure <90 mmHg; 357 (57.58 %), out of 620, diabetic patients with glycosylated hemoglobin presented values <7.5 %. Conclusion A prevention program was designed and implemented to allow the integration of care levels oriented to a multidisciplinary intervention, which ultimately managed to recognize patients and to give continuity to care provision for a better control of CKD.(AU)

Adaptación tranccultural del cuestionario kdqolsf 36 para evaluar calidad de vvida en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en Colombia / Adaptaton transccultura kdqol questionnaire sf 36 to assess quality off life in patients with chronic kidney disease in Colombia / Adaptaço transcuultural do questionário kdqol sf 36 para avaliar qualidade de vida em pacientes com doença renal crônica na Colômbia

El objetivo de este trabajo es adaptar transculturalmente, para el uso en Colombia, el cuestionario para calidad de vida en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal, KDQOL-SF-36 Kidney Disease Quality of Life (instrumento mixto). Al realizar esta adaptación, se busca que el significado y semántica de las preguntas sean consistentes para ser aplicados en población Colombiana. Método: para la realización de todo el proceso de adaptación se tomaron en cuenta las recomendaciones dadas por la Organización Europea para la Investigación y el Tratamiento del Cáncer (EORTC), la aplicación del cuestionario en los grupos pilotos se llevo a cabo mediante entrevista, autoadministración y entrevista en grupos focales. Resultados: durante el proceso de adaptación se realizaron diversos cambios en el cuestionario, la mayoría de ellos en la fase de traducción desde los lineamientos seguidos en la metodología. Conclusiones: en este momento en Colombia se cuenta con la versión adaptada de la escala KDQOL-SF-36, para pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal.

The aim of this work is to obtain a Colombian transcultural adaptation version of the instrument 'kidney disease quality of life' KDQOL - SF - 36 (mixed instrument) in subjects with end stage renal disease. By doing this work it is intended that the meaning and context of the questions be consistent to be applied in Colombian population. Method: For the accomplishment of the whole process of adjustment, the recommendations given by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) were taken in account; the application of the questionnaire in the pilot groups was carried out by interview, self administration and focal group interviews. Results: during the process of adjustment, several changes were made to the questionnaire, most of them in the translation phase from the standards followed in the methodology. Conclusions: Currently in Colombia the adapted version of the KDQOL-SF-36 scale is being used for subjects with end stage renal disease.

O objetivo destetrabalho é adaptar transculturalmente para o uso na Colômbia o questionário para qualidade de vida em pacientes com doença renal crônica terminal KDQOL-SF-36 KidneyDisease- QualityofLife (instrumento misto). Ao realizar esta adaptação procura-se que o significado e semântica das perguntas sejam consistentes para ser aplicados em população Colombiana. Método: para a realização de todo o processo de adaptação se tiveram em conta as recomendações dadas pela Organização Europeia para a Pesquisae o Tratamento do Câncer (EORTC), a aplicação do questionário nos grupos pilotos, se levou a cabo mediante entrevista, autoadministração e entrevista em grupos focais. Resultados: durante o processo de adaptação se realizaram diversos câmbios ao questionário a maioria de eles na fase de tradução desde os lineamentos seguidos na metodologia. Conclusões: em este momento na Colômbia se conta com a versão adaptada da escala KDQOL-SF-36 para pacientes com doença renal crônica terminal.