Morphometric, anatomic and radiographic study of bone of the pelvic limb of endangered Patagonian huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) / Estudio morfométrico, anatómico y radiográfico de los huesos del miembro pélvico del huemul patagónico en peligro de extinción (Hippocamelus bisulcus)

Currently, the Patagonian huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) is endangered. Anatomical studies focused on understanding the anatomy of the deer most threatened by extinction in South America is a challenge for anatomists, veterinarians and biologists. Research carried out for its conservation has focused mainly on its ecology and pathology, leaving gaps in anatomical knowledge, which is basic and important for a comprehensive understanding of this species. Gross anatomy and radiography of the skeleton of the pelvic limb was performed in three adult Patagonian huemul. Bone specimens of three skeletally mature Patagonian huemul deer were used for gross osteological and radiographic studies. This study was conducted to reveal the morphometric and morphological features of the ossa membri pelvini of the Patagonian huemul. The main findings suggest the presence of powerful extensor muscles in the coxofemoral, femorotibial and tarsal joints, useful during walking, jogging and propulsion in deer. In general, the MNF of Patagonian huemul differ in position with respect to domestic ungulates. In addition, the presence of a notch or obturator canal was observed, with variability in morphology and development among the specimens.

Actualmente, el Huemul Patagónico (Hippocamelus bisulcus) está en peligro de extinción. Los estudios morfológicos centrados en comprender su anatomía han sido un desafío para morfólogos, veterinarios y biólogos. Investigaciones enfocadas en su conservación, se han centrado principalmente en su ecología, patología y en la descripción de sus principales agentes infecciosos, dejando vacíos en el conocimiento anatómico básico, y por ende, su comprensión morfofisiológica. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la anatomía, morfometría y radiología macroscópica normal y detallada del ossa membri pelvini en tres especímenes de Huemul Patagónico, incluida una interpretación funcional como referencia para uso clínico y conservacionista, investigación biomédica y fines de enseñanza. Los principales hallazgos sugieren la presencia de potentes músculos extensores en las articulaciones coxofemoral, femorotibial y tarsal, útiles durante la marcha, el trote y la propulsión en los ciervos. En general, los forámenes nutricios principales del Huemul patagónico difieren en posición con respecto a los ungulados domésticos. Además, se observó la presencia de una muesca o canal obturador, con variabilidad morfológica y de desarrollo entre los especímenes.

Culture: by the brain and in the brain? / Cultura: pelo cérebro ou no cérebro?

Abstract Since the 1990s, several disciplines have emerged at the interface between neuroscience and the social and human sciences. For the most part, they aim at capturing the commonalities that underlay the heterogeneity of human behaviors and experiences. Neuroanthropology and cultural neuroscience, or the “neurodisciplines of culture,” appear different, since their goal is to understand specificity rather than commonality and to address how cultural differences are inscribed in the brain. After offering an overview of these disciplines, and of their relation to endeavors such as cultural psychology and social neuroscience, this article discusses some of the most representative studies in the area in order to explore in which ways they are relevant for an understanding of culture.

Resumo Desde a década de 1990, várias disciplinas surgiram na interface entre neurociência e as ciências sociais e humanas. A maior parte delas procura capturar as semelhanças subjacentes à heterogeneidade de comportamentos e experiências humanas. Neuroantropologia e neurociência cultural, ou as “neurodisciplinas da cultura”, parecem à primeira vista diferentes, uma vez que seus objetivos são compreender as especificidades em vez das semelhanças e abordar como as diferenças culturais são inscritas no cérebro. Depois de oferecer uma visão geral dessas disciplinas e de sua relação com áreas como a psicologia cultural e a neurociência social, este artigo discute alguns dos estudos mais representativos na área, a fim de explorar de que forma são relevantes para a compreensão da cultura.

Prevalence of respiratory virus in symptomatic children in private physician office settings in five communities of the state of Veracruz, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Many studies have described the frequency of viruses in hospitalized patients, but studies describing the prevalence of viruses in the community setting are limited, particularly in developing countries, where most of the deaths from serious respiratory diseases occur. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of respiratory viruses in the community setting using molecular diagnostic tools, as well as the clinical characteristics of respiratory viral infections in the general pediatric practice in Mexico. METHODS: Children with respiratory tract infections attending private pediatric practices during a 10-month period in five cities of the state of Veracruz were included. Nasal swabs were taken and processed by a multiplex detection kit for 15 respiratory viruses. RESULTS: 525 children were included from July 2011 to May 2012; 44% were female, mean age was 45 months. The 3 most frequent clinical diagnosis were: rhinopharyngitis 68%, pharyngitis 18%, and 3.3% influenza-like illness. 71.5% of the samples were positive for virus. The five most frequent pathogens were respiratory syncycitial virus in 18.3% of the children, rhinovirus in 17.5%, influenza A 9.1%, adenovirus 7.2%, and enterovirus 3.4%, although all 15 viruses were detected; there were viral coinfections in 14.1%, and 28.5% of the samples were negative. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of respiratory infections in the community setting in Mexico was associated to viruses. Although testing for common respiratory pathogens in children with acute respiratory tract infections may lead to a better understanding of the role of viral pathogens in, and eventually to improvement in the management of, individual patients, additional prospective studies are required to study the need of routinely using such tests in general pediatric practices in resource-limited countries.

A Psicologia e os saberes do Renascimento ao século XX / Psychology and the order of knowledge from the Renaissance to the XX century

O artigo apresenta uma visão geral e histórica da psicologia do séc. XVII ao XX, com o fim de ressaltar seu lugar na ordem das ciências, desde as enciclopédias do Renascimento, até a obra de Jean Piaget. Argumenta o texto que a história da psicologia, enquanto disciplina autônoma, não comporta apenas desenvolvimentos metodológicos e institucionais, mas também a elaboração do conceito mesmo de psicologia e das representações de seu lugar na ordem das ciências. Como conclusão, o artigo sublinha que, após ter sido a ciência das ciências das classificações hierárquicas, a psicologia se integra às outras ciências em esquemas menos lineares, e mesmo circulares, sem por isso perder a proeminência gnosiológica e pedagógica que lhe atribuíram inicialmente os “psicólogos” do séc. XVIII.

The article exposes a historical panorama of Psychology in XVII and XX centuries in order to determine its rank in order of sciences. It is argued that the history of Psychology, as an autonomous discipline, contemplates not only methodological and institutional developments, but also the constitution of the concept of Psychology itself and the representations of its place in the order of sciences. In conclusion, it is remarked that Psychology – witch was initially the science of the sciences of hierarchical classifications – is later integrated into the other sciences in less linear or even circular schemas. Nevertheless, Psychology maintains the gnosiological and pedagogical prominence the XVIII century psychologists initially attributed to it.

Le sujet et les frontières de la psychologie, xviiie-xxe siècles / The subject and psychology frontiers, eightteenth-nineteenth centuries

Trata-se do trabalho apresentado para habilitação à direção de pesquisas da École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. O autor apresenta uma síntese de suas publicações anteriores sobre a história das ciências humanas em geral e a história da psicologia em particular. Discute a emergência da psicologia, a delimitação das fronteiras que lhe dão uma identidade e consistência e, por fim, o sujeito desta disciplina.

The article is based on the text presented to acquire habilitation to direct researches in École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. It exposes a synthesis of author’s precedent papers about the history of human sciences, in general, and about the history of psychology in particular. It discussesthe emergency of psychology, the frontiers that gave its identity and consistence and, at least, how subject has been analyzed in this discipline.