Early relapse after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation remains a poor prognostic factor in multiple myeloma but outcomes have improved over time.

Duration of initial disease response remains a strong prognostic factor in multiple myeloma (MM) particularly for upfront autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (AHCT) recipients. We hypothesized that new drug classes and combinations employed prior to AHCT as well as after post-AHCT relapse may have changed the natural history of MM in this population. We analyzed the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research database to track overall survival (OS) of MM patients receiving single AHCT within 12 months after diagnosis (N=3256) and relapsing early post-AHCT (<24 months), and to identify factors predicting for early vs late relapses (24-48 months post-AHCT). Over three periods (2001-2004, 2005-2008, 2009-2013), patient characteristics were balanced except for lower proportion of Stage III, higher likelihood of one induction therapy with novel triplets and higher rates of planned post-AHCT maintenance over time. The proportion of patients relapsing early was stable over time at 35-38%. Factors reducing risk of early relapse included lower stage, chemosensitivity, transplant after 2008 and post-AHCT maintenance. Shorter post-relapse OS was associated with early relapse, IgA MM, Karnofsky <90, stage III, >1 line of induction and lack of maintenance. Post-AHCT early relapse remains a poor prognostic factor, even though outcomes have improved over time.

Natural history of relapsed myeloma, refractory to immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors: a multicenter IMWG study.

Introduction of new myeloma therapies offers new options for patients refractory to immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PIs). In this multicenter study, patients with relapsed multiple myeloma, who have received at least three prior lines of therapy, are refractory to both an IMiD (lenalidomide or pomalidomide) and a PI (bortezomib or carfilzomib), and have been exposed to an alkylating agent were identified. The time patients met the above criteria was defined as time zero (T0). Five hundred and forty-three patients diagnosed between 2006 and 2014 were enrolled in this study. Median age at T0 was 62 years (range 31-87); 61% were males. The median duration between diagnosis and T0 was 3.1 years. The median number of lines of therapy before T0 was 4 (range 3-13). The median overall survival (OS) from T0 for the entire cohort was 13 (95% confidence interval (CI) 11, 15) months. At least one regimen recorded after T0 in 462 (85%) patients, with a median (95% CI) progression-free survival and OS from T0 of 5 (4, 6), and 15.2 (13, 17) months, respectively. The study provides the expected outcome of relapsed multiple myeloma that is refractory to a PI and an IMiD, a benchmark for comparison of new therapies being evaluated.

Post-transplant high-dose cyclophosphamide after HLA-matched vs haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation for AML.

Post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy) is the backbone of GvHD prophylaxis following haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (haplo-HCT). PT-Cy has also been used in matched related (MRD) and unrelated (MUD) settings. It is not known whether outcomes are similar between haplo-HCT and MRD/MUD HCT when PT-Cy is used. We performed a retrospective analysis of 83 patients with AML who underwent HCT (using PT-Cy-based GvHD prophylaxis) from MRD, MUD or haploidentical donors. The groups were similar in baseline characteristics with the exception of older age in the MRD/MUD group (P=0.012). In multivariate analysis, the effect of donor type (MRD/MUD vs haploidentical) on transplant outcomes was not significant in any of the models except for faster neutrophil recovery after MRD/MUD transplants (hazard ratio: 2.21; 95% confidence interval: 1.31-3.72, P=0.002). In conclusion, we showed similar outcomes in MRD/MUD vs haploidentical HCT (except slower count recovery following haplo-HCT) when PT-Cy is used for GvHD prophylaxis. Although slower count recovery following haplo-HCT (compared with MRD/MUD transplants without PT-Cy) has been attributed to using PT-Cy, our results suggest that HLA disparity is the primary cause of this difference. Furthermore, our analysis supports PT-Cy as a viable option for GvHD prophylaxis after MRD/MUD transplants.

High-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplant in older adults with multiple myeloma.

Randomized trials showing that high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) improved the overall survival (OS) in multiple myeloma (MM) excluded patients over age 65. To compare the outcomes of older adults with MM who underwent ASCT with non-transplant strategies, we identified 146 patients aged 65-77 with newly diagnosed MM seen in the Washington University School of Medicine from 2000 to 2010. Survival among patients who did (N=62) versus did not (N=84) undergo ASCT was compared using Cox proportional hazards modeling, controlling for comorbidities, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS) and the propensity to undergo ASCT. Median age was 68 years (range 65-77). PS and comorbidities did not differ significantly between those who did versus those who did not undergo ASCT. Median OS was significantly longer in patients who underwent ASCT than in those who did not (median 56.0 months (95% confidence intervals (CIs) 49.1-65.4) versus 33.1 months (24.3-43.1), P=0.004). Adjusting for PS, comorbidities, Durie-Salmon stage and the propensity to undergo ASCT, ASCT was associated with superior OS (HR for mortality 0.52 (95% CI 0.30-0.91), P=0.02). In a cohort of older adults with MM, undergoing ASCT was associated with a nearly 50% lower mortality, after controlling for PS, comorbidities, stage and the propensity to undergo ASCT.

Comparative effectiveness on survival of zoledronic acid versus pamidronate in multiple myeloma.

Zoledronic acid and pamidronate are the two bisphosphonates approved in the United States to reduce multiple myeloma skeletal complications. Little prior evidence exists comparing survival outcomes between the two. We evaluated the incidence of skeletal-related events and overall survival in patients with myeloma treated with zoledronic acid versus pamidronate using a cohort of 1018 United States veterans. At a median follow-up of 26.9 months, patients receiving zoledronic acid had a 22% reduction in risk of death compared to pamidronate (hazard ratio 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.92). The benefit persisted after controlling for potential confounders. Adjusted Cox modeling with inverse probability weighting and propensity score matching supported these findings. Zoledronic acid was also associated with a 25% decrease in skeletal-related events. Zoledronic acid is associated with increased overall survival and decreased skeletal-related events compared to pamidronate in patients with multiple myeloma and should become the preferred bisphosphonate.

A Tumor Growth Inhibition Model Based on M-Protein Levels in Subjects With Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Following Single-Agent Carfilzomib Use.

Change in tumor size estimated using longitudinal tumor growth inhibition (TGI) modeling is an early predictive biomarker of clinical outcomes for multiple cancer types. We present the application of TGI modeling for subjects with multiple myeloma (MM). Longitudinal time course changes in M-protein data from relapsed and/or refractory MM subjects who received single-agent carfilzomib in phase II studies (n = 456) were fit to a TGI model. The tumor growth rate estimate was similar to that of other anti-myeloma agents, indicating that the model is robust and treatment-independent. An overall survival model was subsequently developed, which showed that early change in tumor size (ECTS) at week 4, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), hemoglobin, sex, percent bone marrow cell involvement, and number of prior regimens were significant independent predictors for overall survival (P < 0.001). ECTS based on M-protein modeling could be an early biomarker for survival in MM following exposure to single-agent carfilzomib.

A phase II study of V-BEAM as conditioning regimen before second auto-SCT for multiple myeloma.

High-dose melphalan has been the standard conditioning regimen for auto-SCT in multiple myeloma (MM) for decades. A more effective conditioning regimen may induce deeper responses and longer remission duration. It is especially needed in the setting of second auto-SCT, which rarely achieves comparable results with the first auto-SCT using the same conditioning regimen. Here we conducted a phase II study to investigate the efficacy and safety of a conditioning regimen V-BEAM (bortezomib-BEAM) before second auto-SCT for multiple myeloma. Ten patients were enrolled from September 2012 to May 2013. The CR rate at day +100 after auto-SCT was 75%; all except for one patient remained in remission after a median follow-up of 6 months. Three patients developed Clostridium difficile infection. Two patients died within the first 30 days of auto-SCT from neutropenic colitis and overwhelming sepsis, respectively. Due to the high rate of morbidity and mortality, the study was terminated after 10 patients. In summary, although the conditioning regimen V-BEAM before second auto-SCT for MM provided promising responses, it was associated with unexpected treatment-related toxicity and should not be investigated further without modifications.

Ph+ ALL patients in first complete remission have similar survival after reduced intensity and myeloablative allogeneic transplantation: impact of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and minimal residual disease.

The efficacy of reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is uncertain. We analyzed 197 adults with Ph+ ALL in first complete remission; 67 patients receiving RIC were matched with 130 receiving myeloablative conditioning (MAC) for age, donor type and HCT year. Over 75% received pre-HCT tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), mostly imatinib; 39% (RIC) and 49% (MAC) were minimal residual disease (MRD)(neg) pre-HCT. At a median 4.5 years follow-up, 1-year transplant-related mortality (TRM) was lower in RIC (13%) than MAC (36%; P=0.001) while the 3-year relapse rate was 49% in RIC and 28% in MAC (P=0.058). Overall survival (OS) was similar (RIC 39% (95% confidence interval (CI) 27-52) vs 35% (95% CI 27-44); P=0.62). Patients MRD(pos) pre-HCT had higher risk of relapse with RIC vs MAC (hazard ratio (HR) 1.97; P=0.026). However, patients receiving pre-HCT TKI in combination with MRD negativity pre-RIC HCT had superior OS (55%) compared with a similar MRD population after MAC (33%; P=0.0042). In multivariate analysis, RIC lowered TRM (HR 0.6; P=0.057), but absence of pre-HCT TKI (HR 1.88; P=0.018), RIC (HR 1.891; P=0.054) and pre-HCT MRD(pos) (HR 1.6; P=0.070) increased relapse risk. RIC is a valid alternative strategy for Ph+ ALL patients ineligible for MAC and MRD(neg) status is preferred pre-HCT.

Treatment outcomes in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma and high-risk cytogenetics receiving single-agent carfilzomib in the PX-171-003-A1 study.

Several cytogenetic abnormalities are associated with poor outcomes in multiple myeloma (MM). We prospectively analyzed the impact of cytogenetic abnormalities on outcomes during the phase 2 PX-171-003-A1 study of single-agent carfilzomib for relapsed and refractory MM. In the response-evaluable population (257/266), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)/conventional cytogenetic profiles were available for 229 patients; 62 (27.1%) had high-risk cytogenetics--del 17p13, t(4;14) or t(14;16) by interphase FISH or deletion 13 or hypodiploidy by metaphase cytogenetics--and 167 (72.9%) had standard-risk profiles. Generally, baseline characteristics were similar between the subgroups, but International Staging System stage III disease was more common in high- vs standard-risk patients (41.9% vs 27.5%) as was Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 1/2 (85.5% vs 68.3%). Overall response was comparable between the subgroups (25.8% vs 24.6%, respectively; P=0.85), while time-to-event end points showed a trend of shorter duration in high-risk patients, including median duration of response (5.6 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.7-7.8) vs 8.3 months (95% CI 5.6-12.3)) and overall survival (9.3 (95% CI 6.5-13.0) vs 19.0 months (95% CI 15.4-NE); P=0.0003). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that single-agent carfilzomib is efficacious and has the potential to at least partially overcome the impact of high-risk cytogenetics in heavily pre-treated patients with MM.

Carfilzomib in multiple myeloma patients with renal impairment: pharmacokinetics and safety.

This phase 2 study assessed the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and efficacy of carfilzomib, a selective proteasome inhibitor, in patients with multiple myeloma and varying degrees of renal impairment, including patients on chronic hemodialysis. Patients were grouped by creatinine clearance: >80 ml/min, 50-80 ml/min, 30-49 ml/min, <30 ml/min and chronic hemodialysis. Carfilzomib was administered on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16 in 28-day cycles: 15 mg/m(2) (Cycle 1), 20 mg/m(2) (Cycle 2) and 27 mg/m(2) (Cycles 3+). There were no differences in carfilzomib clearance or exposure among patients with normal renal function and any group with renal impairment. Grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs) included anemia (28.0%), thrombocytopenia (20.0%), lymphopenia (18.0%) and fatigue (14.0%). AEs were similar among groups. At 15 mg/m(2), proteasome inhibition up to 85% was observed and did not differ among groups. Although nearly 50% of patients were refractory to both bortezomib and lenalidomide, end of study partial response or better (overall response rate) was 25.5% with 7.9 months median duration of response. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics and safety of carfilzomib were not influenced by the degree of baseline renal impairment, including in patients on dialysis, and carfilzomib was well tolerated and demonstrated promising efficacy.

The epoxyketone-based proteasome inhibitors carfilzomib and orally bioavailable oprozomib have anti-resorptive and bone-anabolic activity in addition to anti-myeloma effects.

Proteasome inhibitors (PIs), namely bortezomib, have become a cornerstone therapy for multiple myeloma (MM), potently reducing tumor burden and inhibiting pathologic bone destruction. In clinical trials, carfilzomib, a next generation epoxyketone-based irreversible PI, has exhibited potent anti-myeloma efficacy and decreased side effects compared with bortezomib. Carfilzomib and its orally bioavailable analog oprozomib, effectively decreased MM cell viability following continual or transient treatment mimicking in vivo pharmacokinetics. Interactions between myeloma cells and the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment augment the number and activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCs) while inhibiting bone-forming osteoblasts (OBs), resulting in increased tumor growth and osteolytic lesions. At clinically relevant concentrations, carfilzomib and oprozomib directly inhibited OC formation and bone resorption in vitro, while enhancing osteogenic differentiation and matrix mineralization. Accordingly, carfilzomib and oprozomib increased trabecular bone volume, decreased bone resorption and enhanced bone formation in non-tumor bearing mice. Finally, in mouse models of disseminated MM, the epoxyketone-based PIs decreased murine 5TGM1 and human RPMI-8226 tumor burden and prevented bone loss. These data demonstrate that, in addition to anti-myeloma properties, carfilzomib and oprozomib effectively shift the bone microenvironment from a catabolic to an anabolic state and, similar to bortezomib, may decrease skeletal complications of MM.

Oral valganciclovir versus ganciclovir as delayed pre-emptive therapy for patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant: a pilot trial (04-0274) and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). This pilot prospective randomized clinical trial compares valganciclovir (VGV) to ganciclovir (GCV) as pre-emptive therapy for CMV viremia in the post-allogeneic HSCT population. METHODS: Patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT who were at risk for CMV viremia were monitored post HSCT by weekly quantitative whole blood polymerase chain reaction. Pre-emptive therapy was delayed until the viral load (VL) was >10,000 copies/mL once, or >5000 copies/mL twice. Patients were randomized to either GCV 5 mg/kg twice a day (b.i.d.) for 7 days followed by daily GCV 5 mg/kg for up to 21 days, or VGV 900 mg b.i.d. for 7 days followed by 900 mg daily for up to 21 days. The primary endpoint was clearance of viremia (VL <5000 copies/mL) within 28 days of initiation of therapy. RESULT: In total, 37 patients were enrolled; 19 patients received treatment with VGV and 18 patients received treatment with GCV. The VGV was not inferior in efficacy to GCV as pre-emptive therapy, with rates of viral clearance at 28 days of 89.5% and 83%, respectively (P-value for non-inferiority = 0.030). Toxicities were similar between the 2 arms. No patients developed CMV disease. CONCLUSIONS: In this trial, the rates of clearance of viremia appear to be similar with VGV and GCV.

Odontogenic keratocyst: a peripheral variant.

Odontogenic keratocyst, which is developmental in nature, is an intraosseous lesion though on rare occasions it may occur in an extraosseous location. The extraosseous variant is referred to as peripheral odontogenic keratocyst. Though, clinically, peripheral odontogenic keratocyst resembles the gingival cyst of adults, it has histologic features that are pathognomonic of odontogenic keratocyst. This article presents a case of this uncommon entity.

Allo-SCT conditioning for myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia with clofarabine, cytarabine and ATG.

The application of myeloablative Allo-SCT is limited by its associated morbidity and mortality. Reduced-intensity conditioning regimens attempt to diminish these, but are associated with a higher risk of disease relapse. Given the evidence of activity of clofarabine and cytarabine in myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML), we explored a novel reduced-intensity conditioning regimen based on this backbone. Patients received clofarabine 40 mg/m(2) i.v. on days -6 to -2, cytarabine 1 g/m(2) i.v. on days -6 to -2 and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) 1 mg/kg on day -4 and 2.5 mg/kg x 2 days on days -3 and -2. Seven patients were enrolled. Their median age was 54 years; three were with MDS and four with AML. The median duration of neutropenia was 14 days and that of thrombocytopenia was 22 days. Toxicities included hand-foot syndrome (57% grade 2), elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (57% grade 3), elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (86% grade 3) and hyperbilirubinemia (29% grade 3-5). No acute GVHD was observed. Enrollment to the trial was halted after three of the first seven patients expired on days +15, +26 and +32. Three of the four surviving patients have relapsed with a median TTP of 152 days. This regimen was not sufficiently immunosuppressive to ensure engraftment, and was associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.

Bortezomib administered pre-auto-SCT and as maintenance therapy post transplant for multiple myeloma: a single institution phase II study.

The appropriate induction therapy before and the role of maintenance therapy after auto-SCT for patients with multiple myeloma remain areas of active investigation. We conducted a study in 40 patients with bortezomib given sequentially pre-auto-SCT and as maintenance therapy post auto-SCT. Pre-transplant bortezomib was administered for two cycles followed by high-dose melphalan 200 mg/m(2) with auto-SCT of G-CSF-mobilized PBMCs. Post transplant bortezomib was administered weekly for 5 out of 6 weeks for six cycles. No adverse effects were observed on stem cell mobilization or engraftment. An overall response rate of 83% with a CR+very good partial remission (VGPR) of 50% was observed with this approach. Three-year Kaplan-Meier estimates of disease-free survival and overall survival (OS) were 38.2 and 63.1%, respectively. Bortezomib reduced CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell and CD56(+) natural killer cell PBL subsets and was clinically associated with high rates of viral reactivation to varicella zoster.

Prognostic significance of early lymphocyte recovery after post-autografting administration of GM-CSF in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the prognostic significance of early lymphocyte recovery after autologous SCT (ASCT) in the setting of routine post transplant administration of GM-CSF in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). This is a single institution retrospective comparative outcome analysis in a cohort of 268 relapsed chemosensitive NHL patients divided into two groups (early and late lymphocyte recovery) based on absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC) obtained on post transplant day +15 (ALC > or = 500, n=151 (56%) and ALC < 500, n=117 (44%)). Patient's characteristics were well-balanced between the two groups with regard to age, sex, preparative regimen, prior therapy, time from diagnosis to transplant and number of CD34+ cells infused. Post transplant complications were comparable in the two groups. Late lymphocyte recovery (ALC < 500 on day +15) was independently associated with a delay in platelet recovery (29 vs 21 days, P=0.0003) in patients who have not received pre-transplant rituximab. With a median follow-up of 22 months, no associations between early lymphocyte recovery and improvement of disease-free and overall survival were observed for either low- or intermediate-grade NHL. In conclusion, in this large single-centered retrospective analysis, where patients received routine post transplant GM-CSF, early lymphocyte recovery was not associated with favorable outcomes.