Sanford Larson, MD, PhD: a pioneering neurosurgeon, scientist, and educator.

Dr. Sanford Larson, MD, PhD (1929-2012), was an influential figure in spinal neurosurgery. Dr. Larson played a pivotal role in establishing neurosurgery's foothold in spinal surgery by serving as the inaugural chair of the Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves and as a president of the Cervical Spine Research Society. He made many advances in spine care, most notably the modification and popularization of the lateral extracavitary approach to the thoracolumbar spine. Dr. Larson established the neurosurgery residency program at the Medical College of Wisconsin; he also instituted the program's spine fellowship, the first in the United States for neurological surgeons. His mentorship produced numerous leaders in organized neurosurgery and neurosurgical education, including Edward Benzel, MD, Dennis Maiman, MD, PhD, Joseph Cheng, MD, Shekar Kurpad, MD, PhD, and Christopher Wolfla, MD. Dr. Larson was a prominent leader in spinal neurosurgery and his legacy carries on today through his contributions to research, education, and surgical technique.

Cerebellar anaplastic ganglioglioma in a septuagenarian.

Ganglioglioma is a rare neoplasm most common in children and adolescents. It is typically located in the supratentorial compartment, with the temporal lobe being the most common tumor location. Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a WHO grade III ganglioglioma, a rare subtype accounting for a small minority of ganglioglioma cases. Posterior fossa anaplastic ganglioglioma in an adult is incredibly rare; only 3 prior cases have been reported. Only 1 adult anaplastic ganglioglioma in the cerebellum has been reported. We present the second reported adult cerebellar anaplastic ganglioglioma.

Sex differences in myocarditis hospitalizations: Rates, outcomes, and hospital characteristics in the National Readmission Database.

Inflammation of the myocardium, or myocarditis, presents with varied severity, from mild to life-threatening such as cardiogenic shock or ventricular tachycardia storm. Existing data on sex-related differences in its presentation and outcomes are scarce. Using the Nationwide Readmission Database (2016-2019), we identified myocarditis hospitalizations and stratified them according to sex to either males or females. Multivariable regression analyses were used to determine the association between sex and myocarditis outcomes. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and the secondary outcomes included sudden cardiac death (SCD), cardiogenic shock (CS), use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS), and 90-day readmissions. We found a total of 12,997 myocarditis hospitalizations, among which 4,884 (37.6 %) were females. Compared to males, females were older (51 ± 15.6 years vs. 41.9 ± 14.8 in males) and more likely to have connective tissue disease, obesity, and a history of coronary artery disease. No differences were noted between the two groups with regards to in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.20; confidence interval [CI] 0.93-1.53; P = 0.16), SCD (aOR:1.18; CI 0.84-1.64; P = 0.34), CS (aOR: 1.01; CI 0.85-1.20;P = 0.87), or use of MCS (aOR: 1.07; CI:0.86-1.34; P = 0.56). In terms of interventional procedures, females had lower rates of coronary angiography (aOR: 0.78; CI 0.70-0.88; P < 0.01), however, similar rates of right heart catheterization (aOR 0.93; CI:0.79-1.09; P = 0.36) and myocardial biopsy (aOR: 1.16; CI:0.83-1.62; P = 0.38) compared to males. Additionally, females had a higher risk of 90-day all-cause readmission (aOR: 1.25; CI: 1.16-1.56; P < 0.01) and myocarditis readmission (aOR:1.58; CI 1.02-2.44; P = 0.04). Specific predictors of readmission included essential hypertension, congestive heart failure, malignancy, and peripheral vascular disease. In conclusion, females admitted with myocarditis tend to have similar in-hospital outcomes with males; however, they are at higher risk of readmission within 90 days from hospitalization. Further studies are needed to identify those at higher risk of readmission.

Clinical and Radiological Features of Menetrier's Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

We present a case report describing the diagnosis and management of a patient who presents with a rare diagnosis of Menetrier's disease. This condition poses a diagnostic challenge to clinicians due to its nonspecific clinical presentation and is oftentimes misdiagnosed for more common gastric disorders. Menetrier's disease is characterized by gastric mucosal hypertrophy and subsequent protein loss, resulting in gastric symptoms and widespread edema. While the etiology remains unclear, notable associations have been observed with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and overexpression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-a). The management often involves supportive measures with medical and surgical interventions for refractory cases and when necessary. This report includes a comprehensive review of the literature on the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management of this rare disease. By documenting such cases in the medical literature, we aim to enhance the clinician's ability to recognize and manage this disorder, thereby preventing the development of more severe manifestations such as gastric carcinoma.

Persistent Hiccups after Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulator Implantation for Parkinson's Disease: Case Report and Literature Review.

Hiccups are mediated by a reflex arc that consists of afferent, central, and efferent components. The structures involved in the central component have not been fully elucidated, although several brainstem structures have been implicated, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Accordingly, Parkinson's disease (PD), a disease defined by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the STN, has an interesting, although unspecified, relationship to hiccups. Hiccups have been described in association with PD and the use of dopaminergic medications. Interestingly, deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the STN appears to be implicated in the pathogenesis of hiccups as well. There have been sporadic reports of hiccups occurring in conjunction with STN-DBS. We present a case of hiccups occurring after STN-DBS for PD in a 65-year-old man. STN-DBS significantly improved his PD symptoms; however, he developed persistent and daily hiccups. As of writing, 24 months after surgery, the patient experiences hiccups several times per day with no associated gastrointestinal complaints and with significant improvement in his PD symptoms. This report describes the case details and summarizes the existing literature describing hiccups in patients undergoing surgical treatment for PD.

Radiological Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Gallstone Ileus.

We report on the diagnosis and treatment of a patient who presented with a small bowel obstruction due to gallstone ileus. This condition is an infrequent complication of cholelithiasis that presents with non-specific and intermittent findings, including bloating, early satiety, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Contrast-enhanced CT features the classic imaging finding, called Rigler's triad, which includes small bowel distension, gas in the gallbladder, and an ectopic gallstone. Laparoscopic enterolithotomy is employed to prevent further erosion through the gallbladder wall and into the adjacent gastrointestinal structures. The early diagnosis and treatment of gallstone ileus results in decreased morbidity and mortality.

Glioblastoma in pregnant patient with pathologic and exogenous sex hormone exposure and family history of high-grade glioma: A case report and review of the literature.

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) incidence is higher in males, suggesting sex hormones may influence GBM tumorigenesis. Patients with GBM and altered sex hormone states could offer insight into a relationship between the two. Most GBMs arise sporadically and heritable genetic influence on GBM development is poorly understood, but reports describing familial GBM suggest genetic predispositions exist. However, no existing reports examine GBM development in context of both supraphysiologic sex hormone states and familial predisposition for GBM. We present a case of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild type GBM in a young pregnant female with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), history of in vitro fertilization (IVF), and significant family history of GBM and further discuss how unique sex hormone states and genetics may affect GBM development or progression. Case Description: A 35-year-old pregnant female with PCOS and recent history of IVF treatment and frozen embryo transfer presented with seizure and headache. Imaging revealed a right frontal brain mass. Molecular and histopathological analysis of the resected tumor supported a diagnosis of IDH-wild type GBM. The patient's family medical history was significant for GBM. Current literature indicates testosterone promotes GBM cell proliferation, while estrogen and progesterone effects vary with receptor subtype and hormone concentration, respectively. Conclusion: Sex hormones and genetics likely exert influence on GBM development and progression that may compound with concurrence. Here, we describe a unique case of GBM in a young pregnant patient with a family history of glioma and atypical sex hormone exposure due to endocrine disorder and pregnancy assisted by exogenous IVF hormone administration.

Ventriculoureteral shunt: Narrative review of contemporary cases and its historical role in the development of renal transplantation.

Ventriculo-ureteral (VU) shunting is a little-known method of managing hydrocephalus. This paper reviews contemporary uses of this shunting technique and describes its historical significance to the field of organ transplantation. The ureter may serve as a possible backup, or alternative, distal drainage site compared to the more common peritoneum, atrium, and pleural space. Sporadic contemporary uses of the VU shunt have been reported in unique situations, demonstrating a possible utility in modern neurosurgery. Interestingly, the VU shunt played an important role in the development of kidney transplantation. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, David Hume, a general surgery resident, and colleagues at the PBBH undertook a series of human kidney transplantations. Concurrently, Donald Matson, a pediatric neurosurgeon at Peter Bent Brigham, was utilizing the VU shunt in hydrocephalic patients. Dr. Matson's VU shunt technique involved total nephrectomy, and some of the kidneys harvested from Dr. Matson's were used by his general surgery colleagues in their transplantation trials. Although none of the transplanted kidneys from this series were successful, the transplant team in Boston, minus David Hume, went on to perform the world's first kidney transplant a few years later. This relatively unfamiliar procedure may be applicable to specific situations, and it is of historical importance to the field of transplantation.

Leukoencephalopathy, calcifications, and cysts: Labrune syndrome.

Labrune syndrome is an extremely rare disorder characterized by a radiological triad of leukoencephalopathy, cerebral calcifications, and cysts. The condition is the result of an autosomal mutation in the SNORD118 gene, a non-protein encoding gene that mediates rRNA synthesis. The mutation results selectively in cerebral microangiopathy through an unknown mechanism. Radiological imaging is central to diagnosing the condition, but, because the condition is so rare, there is no standard treatment paradigm. We describe the longitudinal progression of a case of Labrune syndrome, including the radiological diagnosis and imaging and surgical management.

Primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma.

Primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma is a very rare mesenchymal tumor that arises from smooth muscle cells in the wall of the central adrenal vein or its branches (1). Less than 50 cases have been published in the English literature (2). The tumors are aggressive and often metastasize. This report describes a case of primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma that presented as intermittent left flank pain of 6 months duration in an otherwise healthy 58-year-old Caucasian female. The patient was initially imaged with an abdominal ultrasound, which revealed a left suprarenal mass. A follow-up CT of the abdomen and pelvis confirmed a malignant appearing left adrenal mass. A subsequent PET-CT demonstrated increased metabolic activity within the adrenal mass without evidence of metastasis. Biopsy proven metastasis eventually was detected on surveillance CT studies over the course of 2.5 years. Since this is such a rare malignancy, documenting its imaging findings with multiple modalities is of importance to add to the medical literature and help further characterize its imaging features.

Gastric Cancer With Brain Metastasis: A Case Report.

Although gastric cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide, it rarely involves metastasis to the brain. Brain metastases can present with non-specific neurological symptoms such as focal neurological deficits, personality changes, or ataxia. Unfortunately, once brain metastasis is confirmed using imaging, the average life span is approximately two to four months. However, surgical and nonsurgical interventions have been able to improve quality and extend life to up to a year in patients living with gastric cancer that has metastasized to the brain. We report the diagnosis and surgical management of a 73-year-old female who presented with brain metastasis from gastric cancer. After a combination of radiation therapy, surgical management, and pharmacological intervention, the metastasis was successfully removed from the brain, as indicated by a negative CT and MRI on a four-year follow-up.

Herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis secondary to whole brain radiation therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection is the most common cause of encephalitis. This virus commonly lays dormant in neural ganglia, specifically the trigeminal ganglia, following retrograde axonal transport from the site of infection. States of immunosuppression can activate the virus to cause active infection. There are several causes of immunosuppression that can cause viral reactivation. Sporadic case reports have demonstrated HSV-1 encephalitis following brain radiotherapy, although no clear relationship between this treatment and HSV-1 encephalitis has been elucidated. HSV1 encephalitis that arises during immunocompromized states has an atypical presentation for encephalitis, potentially obfuscating the diagnosis and delaying subsequent treatment. The main diagnostic criteria, including CSF analysis, brain imaging, and clinical presentation, all commonly present atypically during states of immunosuppression. For these reasons, it is imperative for physicians to be aware of this rare sequelae in appropriate populations, such as patients undergoing brain radiotherapy. We present a case of an atypical presentation of HSV-1 encephalitis in a patient who recently completed radiotherapy for brain metastases secondary to renal cell carcinoma.

Lipoma lead point intussusception in an adult: A case report.

Intussusception has been considered a rare phenomenon in adults, with most cases occurring secondary to lead points. Most adult cases of intussusception occur secondary to lead points. Lead point intussusceptions typically require surgical intervention, whereas non-lead point intussusceptions are often transient and resolve without surgery. Therefore, accurate identification of the etiology of the intussusception guides subsequent treatment. Lipomas are an uncommon type of lead point. We present a case of intussusception secondary to a lipomatous lead point and describe the radiological diagnosis and surgical management.