RESUMO
A 16-year-old male Russian blue cat was presented with acute onset of paraparesis of the forelimbs that progressed to tetraparesis. Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis with decreased postural reactions in all four limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multifocal nerve root swelling on the right at C6/C7 and C7/T1, while ultrasonography demonstrated swelling of the right brachial plexus. To understand the cause of the nerve swelling, the right musculocutaneous nerve arising from the brachial plexus and the pectoralis muscle were biopsied. Histologically, there was evidence of neurolymphomatosis (neurotropic lymphoma) with Wallerian degeneration and denervation atrophy of myofibres. The neoplastic lymphoid cells expressed CD79a, CD20 and CD56. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of B-cell neurolymphomatosis was made. Expression of CD56, synonymous with neural cell adhesion molecule, is rare in B-cell lymphomas and has not been reported in feline B-cell lymphomas or feline neurolymphomatosis. CD56 expression was suspected to have played an important role in neurotropism of the neoplastic cells in this case.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/patologia , Linfoma de Células B/veterinária , Neurolinfomatose/veterinária , Animais , Antígeno CD56 , Gatos , MasculinoRESUMO
Areca quid chewing is a major risk factor associated with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and oral cancer. Experimental evidence indicates that immune deterioration is associated with the pathophysiology of OSF and oral cancer. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) is shown to play a role in the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect induced by areca nut extracts (ANE) in oral cells. The present studies investigated the effects of ANE on T-cell reactivity and the role of ROS in ANE effects. Treatment of splenocytes with ANE induced a marked cytotoxic effect, and suppressed the production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma, whereas the production of IL-4 was unaffected. The ANE-mediated cytotoxicity, and suppression of IFN-gamma and IL-2 production were attenuated by the presence of antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). Moreover, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated an increase in cellular ROS levels in splenic T-cells treated with ANE, which was also attenuated by the presence of NAC. Concordantly, the cellular level of glutathione was diminished by ANE in splenic T-cells pretreated with NAC. Collectively, these results demonstrated that ANE markedly suppressed T-cell activation and Th1 cytokine production, which was mediated, at least in part, by the induction of oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Areca/química , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/imunologia , Interações Medicamentosas , Glutationa/imunologia , Interferon gama/antagonistas & inibidores , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interleucina-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-2/biossíntese , Interleucina-2/imunologia , Interleucina-4/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-4/biossíntese , Interleucina-4/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Nozes/química , Estresse Oxidativo/imunologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Baço/citologia , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Baço/imunologia , Linfócitos T/citologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
A 7-year-old, female, domestic medium-haired cat had a recurrent deep dermal mass in the interscapular region after initial surgical removal 3 months earlier. The cat had received a killed rabies vaccine and a five-in-one vaccine in the same area about 2 months prior to the first surgery. The relapsed mass was diagnosed as vaccine-associated sarcoma. The cat was euthanized 2 months later because of hind limb paralysis. At necropsy, multiple, poorly demarcated, nodular masses were seen in the muscles around the shoulders, neck, and thoracic vertebrae. Pulmonary metastasis and spinal epidural invasion at T1-T3 with regional cord compression and malacia were observed. Microscopically, the masses consisted of interwoven bundles of spindle cells with prominent multinucleated giant cell formation. The neoplastic cells stained strongly positive for myoglobin, and moderately but variably positive for vimentin, desmin, and alpha- smooth muscle actin. Phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin staining revealed cytoplasmic striations in scattered tumor cells. The tumor was considered a vaccine-associated rhabdomyosarcoma.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/etiologia , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Espaço Epidural/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/veterinária , Vacina Antirrábica/efeitos adversos , Rabdomiossarcoma/veterinária , Animais , Gatos , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Rabdomiossarcoma/etiologia , Rabdomiossarcoma/patologiaRESUMO
A 14-year-old male Chapman's zebra had been treated for a cervical granulomatous cellulitis for 3 months prior to sudden death associated with myocardial fibrosis. Incidental findings at necropsy included multiple 3-8-cm unilocular cysts in the liver and lungs. Cysts contained either a clear fluid with or without hydatid sand or a gelatinous substance with foci of mineralization. Light and scanning electron microscopic examination of the hydatid sand revealed free protoscolices as well as intact and ruptured brood capsules with protoscolices attached to the germinal membrane. The protoscolices had 2 rows of 36-38 rostellar hooks with a length of 25-30 microm. The cyst wall consisted of inner germinal, intermediate laminated, and outer adventitial layers. Hydatidosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus was diagnosed based on the unilocular cysts, multiple protoscolices formed in a brood capsule, typical trilayered cyst wall, and herbivorous intermediate host. This is the first reported case of animal hydatidosis in Taiwan. The infection is thought to have been established 12 years ago in South Africa prior to importation.
Assuntos
Equinococose Hepática/veterinária , Equinococose Pulmonar/veterinária , Echinococcus/isolamento & purificação , Equidae/parasitologia , Animais , Autopsia/veterinária , Equinococose Hepática/patologia , Equinococose Pulmonar/patologia , Echinococcus/patogenicidade , Evolução Fatal , Fibrose/veterinária , Masculino , Miocárdio/patologia , TaiwanRESUMO
A 14.5-year-old male dog was presented with stranguria and hematuria of 1-month duration. Hematology and blood chemistry revealed a neutrophilia, mild azotemia and a mild decrease in the packed cell volume. Urinalysis showed high specific gravity (> 1.040 g/mL), hematuria, proteinuria and mild bilirubinuria. On physical examination, a firm oval mass located caudal to the distended urinary bladder, was palpated. Differential diagnoses included prostatitis, prostatic neoplasm, prostatic hyperplasia, and abscess. The enlarged prostate was suspected to be the cause of hematuria, and a total prostatectomy was performed. Histologically, the prostate was affected by a prostatitis with cystic papillary hyperplasia of the epithelium. The dog's condition continued to deteriorate, and death occurred 1 week later. Necropsy showed a tumor mass, approximately 5 x 4 x 3 cm in size, between the abdominal aorta and the left kidney, where the adrenal glands were embedded. Lesions were found in the kidneys, adrenal gland, lungs, heart, liver, intestine, and serosa of viscera, while the spleen was spared. This hemangiosarcoma most likely arose from the renal arteries, resulting in diffuse lesions in the kidneys thought to be the cause of hematuria.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/etiologia , Hemangiossarcoma/veterinária , Hematúria/veterinária , Neoplasias Renais/veterinária , Artéria Renal/patologia , Animais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Dirofilariose/complicações , Cães , Hemangiossarcoma/complicações , Hemangiossarcoma/diagnóstico , Hemangiossarcoma/patologia , Hematúria/etiologia , Neoplasias Renais/complicações , Neoplasias Renais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Masculino , Metástase Neoplásica , Prostatectomia , Hiperplasia Prostática/diagnóstico , Proteinúria/etiologiaRESUMO
A 10-year-old male aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) was presented abdominal distention and emaciation for 3 months. Physical examination revealed firm abdominal masses with effusions. Cytologic assessment of the effusion showed uniform round tumor cells with a surface brush border. Necropsy showed white velvety masses covering the peritoneal surface of the liver, gall bladder, stomach, omentum, mesentery, spleen, intestine, abdominal wall and diaphragm. Histologic examination demonstrated papillary projections, lined with cuboidal tumor cells supported by fibrous connective tissue cores, arising from the serosa of visceral organs. Cytoplasmic vacuolation and a surface brush border were evident on some cells under light microscopy. Tumor cells stained positive for both cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) and vimentin. Electron microscopy showed prominent surface microvilli, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and desmosomes in tumor cells. This may be the first reported case of peritoneal mesothelioma in a captive wild aardwolf.
Assuntos
Animais de Zoológico , Carnívoros , Mesotelioma/veterinária , Neoplasias Peritoneais/veterinária , Animais , Ascite/etiologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Queratinas/análise , Masculino , Mesotelioma/química , Mesotelioma/complicações , Mesotelioma/diagnóstico , Mesotelioma/patologia , Proteínas de Neoplasias/análise , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/química , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/ultraestrutura , Neoplasias Peritoneais/química , Neoplasias Peritoneais/complicações , Neoplasias Peritoneais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Peritoneais/patologia , Vimentina/análiseRESUMO
The relationship between cryptorchidism and testicular tumors has been well established in canines, and the tumor has been proposed as a model for studying its human counterparts. Herein we report canine malignant retroperitoneal seminoma in a 4-year-old castrated Basset hound, most likely without testicular involvement, similar to that of the classic seminoma of humans.
Assuntos
Criptorquidismo/complicações , Criptorquidismo/veterinária , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Neoplasias Retroperitoneais/patologia , Seminoma/patologia , Animais , Cães , Masculino , Invasividade Neoplásica , OrquiectomiaRESUMO
A 13-year-old intact female mixed-breed dog was presented for a progressive enlargement of the right eye, which had been treated previously for conjunctivitis. A round, firm mass, approximately 4 cm in diameter, was protruding from the superotemporal aspect of the right orbit, displacing the eyeball anteriorly and ventromedially. The mass was encapsulated, distinct from the eyeball, and not associated with the eyelids. On cut surface, there was a pale multilobulated periphery, with a dark red, soft, and depressed core. Histologically, tumor cells formed cords and tubules, which were stained with mouse anti-human cytokeratin antibody AE1/AE3. Residual glands were serous, and the majority of tumor cells were negative for mucin. The supraorbital location, encapsulation, and residual serous glands suggest that this mass was a low-grade adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Orbitárias/veterinária , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Animais , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica , Aparelho Lacrimal , Neoplasias Orbitárias/diagnósticoRESUMO
A 7-month-old cat was examined for progressive abdominal distension. Radiography showed a fluid-containing cyst, which had subsequently ruptured as the result of a fall. Nephrectomy was performed, and examination revealed the coexistence of pyelocaliceal diverticula with a cystic intracapsular angiomyolipoma (mesenchymal hamartoma) in the left kidney. The diverticula were present on both cranial and caudal poles of the kidney and were lined by transitional epithelium. The hamartoma was characterized by the presence of multiple mesenchymal tissues, including thick-walled blood vessels, smooth muscle, and adipose tissue.
Assuntos
Angiomiolipoma/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Divertículo/veterinária , Neoplasias Renais/veterinária , Angiomiolipoma/complicações , Angiomiolipoma/diagnóstico , Animais , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Doenças do Gato/cirurgia , Gatos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Divertículo/complicações , Divertículo/diagnóstico , Feminino , Nefropatias/complicações , Nefropatias/diagnóstico , Nefropatias/veterinária , Neoplasias Renais/complicações , Neoplasias Renais/diagnósticoRESUMO
The hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) protein of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is an optional envelope protein present in only some MHV isolates. Its expression is regulated by the copy number of a UCUAA pentanucleotide sequence present in the leader sequence of the viral genomic RNA. The functional significance of this viral protein so far is not clear. In this report, we compared the neuropathogenicity of two MHV isolates, JHM(2) and JHM(3), which express different amounts of HE protein. Intracerebral inoculation of these two viruses into C57BL/6 mice showed that JHM(2), which expresses an abundant amount of HE protein, was more neurovirulent than JHM(3), which expresses very little HE. Histopathology showed that early in infection, JHM(2) infected primarily neurons, while JHM(3) infected mainly glial cells. JHM(3) eventually infected neurons and caused a delayed death relative to JHM(2)-infected mice, suggesting that the progression of JHM(3) infection in the central nervous system was slower than JHM(2). In vitro infection of JHM(3) in primary mixed glial cell cultures of astrocyte-enriched cultures yielded higher virus titers than JHM(2), mimicking the preferential growth of JHM(3) in glial cells in vivo. These findings suggest that the reduced neuropathogenicity of JHM(3) may correlate with its preferential growth in glial cells. Sequence analysis showed that the S genes of these two viruses are identical, thus ruling out the S gene as the cause of the difference in neuropathogenicity between these two viruses. We conclude that the HE protein contributes to viral neuropathogenicity by influencing either the rate of virus spread, viral cell tropism or both.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Hemaglutininas Virais/metabolismo , Hepatite Viral Animal/virologia , Vírus da Hepatite Murina/genética , Proteínas Virais de Fusão , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Acetilesterase/biossíntese , Acetilesterase/metabolismo , Animais , Astrócitos/citologia , Astrócitos/enzimologia , Astrócitos/virologia , Encéfalo/citologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/virologia , Células Cultivadas , Infecções por Coronavirus/enzimologia , Genes Virais/genética , Hemaglutininas Virais/biossíntese , Hepatite Viral Animal/enzimologia , Fígado/citologia , Fígado/virologia , Masculino , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Vírus da Hepatite Murina/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vírus da Hepatite Murina/patogenicidade , Especificidade de Órgãos , RNA Viral/análise , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Medula Espinal/citologia , Medula Espinal/virologia , Baço/citologia , Baço/virologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genética , Proteínas Virais/biossíntese , VirulênciaRESUMO
Brief stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with PHA and subsequent coculture with IL-2 results by 5 days in cultures of human lymphokine-activated killer (T-LAK) cells. While IL-2 drives the proliferation of these cells in vitro, their maturation into functional effector cells capable of cytokine secretion and cell cytokines depends on the presence of other cytokines. The role of LT in the differentiation and proliferation of human T-LAK cells in vitro was investigated. Higher levels of LT than TNF were secreted by T-LAK cells during the first 5 days of the primary culture, then secretion levels dropped sharply. Human T-LAK cells cultivated with anti-LT rabbit antisera showed a slight reduction in growth compared to normal rabbit serum controls. In contrast, phenotypic analysis by FACS showed a decrease in CD4+ and an increase in CD8+ populations of T-LAK cells in the treated cultures. Addition of LT from the beginning of the T-LAK cell culture resulted in an increase in CD4+ and a decrease in CD8+ cell populations at day 7. In addition, the cytolytic activity of non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity and NK-like activity of anti-LT cultured T-LAK cells was also effected. These data indicated that LT may have a role in differentiation of IL-2 stimulated human T-LAK cells in vitro.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-2/farmacologia , Células Matadoras Ativadas por Linfocina/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfotoxina-alfa/farmacologia , Antígenos CD/análise , Linhagem Celular , Células Cultivadas , Citotoxicidade Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem , Células Matadoras Ativadas por Linfocina/citologia , Células Matadoras Ativadas por Linfocina/imunologia , Cinética , Ativação Linfocitária , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Fatores de Tempo , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
The murine coronavirus JHM (JHMV or MHV-4) has been intensively studied as an experimental model of viral-induced demyelination; nonetheless, the degree to which demyelination results from direct viral cytolysis of oligodendroglia or immunological mechanisms remains controversial. To examine the contribution of immunity to the pathogenesis of JHMV in the central nervous system (CNS), mice were exposed to immunosuppressive doses of x-irradiation 3 days post infection and observed for clinical and pathological evidence of acute and subacute demyelination. Irradiated mice were found to have a nearly thousand-fold increase in central nervous system virus titer, as well as the presence of both abundant virus and viral antigen in white matter cells with the morphological characteristics of oligodendrocytes. Nonetheless, infected, irradiated mice had little or no evidence of demyelination or destruction of CNS cells. Adoptive transfers of spleen cells from syngeneic JHMV-immunized donors into irradiated JHMV-infected mice were carried out in order to determine the effect of immune reconstitution on pathogenesis. Splenocytes from JHMV-immune donors, but not naive donors or donors immunized with irrelevant antigen, completely restored demyelination in irradiated, JHMV-infected recipients. Depletion of Thy-1+ cells by treatment with monoclonal antibody and complement abolished the ability to transfer demyelination. We conclude that: 1) JHMV infection of the CNS does not result in acute or subacute demyelination in the absence of an intact immune response, and 2) viral-specific Thy-1+ cells are an essential element in the induction of demyelinating CNS lesions that result from JHMV infection.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Superfície , Infecções por Coronaviridae/etiologia , Doenças Desmielinizantes/etiologia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana , Neuroimunomodulação/imunologia , Animais , Sistema Nervoso Central/imunologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos da radiação , Infecções por Coronaviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Coronaviridae/patologia , Doenças Desmielinizantes/imunologia , Doenças Desmielinizantes/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Sistema Imunitário/patologia , Sistema Imunitário/efeitos da radiação , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neuroimunomodulação/efeitos da radiação , Antígenos Thy-1RESUMO
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a coronavirus, causes encephalitis and demyelination in susceptible rodents. Previous investigations have shown that the MHV spike (S) protein is a critical determinant of viral tropism and pathogenicity in mice and rats. To understand the molecular basis of MHV neuropathogenesis, we studied the spike protein gene sequences of several neutralization-resistant variants of the JHM strain of MHV, which were selected with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the S protein. We found that variant 2.2-V-1, which was selected with MAb J.2.2 and primarily caused demyelination, had a single point mutation at nucleotide (NT) 3340, as compared to the parental JHM virus, which predominantly caused encephalitis. This site was in the S2 subunit of the S protein. In contrast, variant 7.2-V-1, which was selected with MAb J.7.2 and primarily caused encephalitis, had two point mutations at NT 1766 and 1950, which were in the S1 subunit. Finally, the double mutant 2.2/7.2-V-2, which was selected with both MAbs J.2.2 and J.7.2, and was attenuated with respect to both virulence and the ability to cause demyelination, had a deletion spanning from NT 1523 to 1624 in the S1 and a point mutation at NT 3340 in the S2. We conclude that at least two regions of the S protein contribute to neuropathogenicity of MHV. We have also isolated a partial revertant of 2.2-V-1, which was partially resistant to MAb J.2.2 but retained the same neuropathogenicity as the variant 2.2-V-1. This revertant retained the mutation at NT 3340, but had a second-site mutation at NT 1994, further confirming that NT 3340 contributed to the pathogenic phenotype of MHV. By comparing these results with MHV variants isolated in other laboratories, which had mutations in other sites on the S gene and yet retained the demyelinating ability, we suggest that the ability of JHM viruses to induce demyelination is determined by the interaction of multiple sites on the S gene, rather than the characteristics of a single, unique site. Our study also revealed the possible presence of microheterogeneity of S gene sequence, particularly in the S1 region, in these viruses. The sequence microheterogeneity may also contribute to the differences in their biological properties.
Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/microbiologia , Infecções por Coronaviridae/microbiologia , Coronaviridae/patogenicidade , Glicoproteínas de Membrana , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genética , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Sequência de Bases , Clonagem Molecular , Coronaviridae/genética , Variação Genética , Camundongos , Testes de Neutralização , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
The neurotropic mouse hepatitis viruses (MHV), in particular strain JHM (JHMV or MHV-4), cause experimental central nervous system demyelination that pathologically resembles multiple sclerosis, an important human demyelinating disease. The mechanism of JHMV-induced demyelination remains unclear, though its tropism for oligodendrocytes had led to the belief that JHMV causes demyelination by direct lysis of these myelin-producing cells. However, several studies have also implicated the involvement of immune responses in the demyelinating process. In this communication, we present evidence that generalized immunosuppression with gamma irradiation prevents JHMV-induced demyelination, a finding that was not limited to a particular strain of JHMV or to one strain of mouse. In addition, significant paralytic-demyelinating disease was restored to infected, irradiated mice after the adoptive transfer of nylon wool nonadherent splenic cells and appeared to be restricted by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). These observations indicate that the principal mechanisms of JHMV-induced demyelination are most likely immunopathological.