NK cell transfer overcomes resistance to PD-(L)1 therapy in aged mice.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is the leading cause of death among older adults. Although the integration of immunotherapy has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of cancer, the complex interactions between age and immunotherapy efficacy remain incompletely defined. Here, we aimed to elucidate the relationship between aging and immunotherapy resistance. METHODS: Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In vivo T cell proliferation, cytotoxicity and migration assays were performed to evaluate the antitumor capacity of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in mice. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to investigate the expression of IFN-γ-associated gene and natural killer (NK)-associated chemokine. Adoptive NK cell transfer was adopted to evaluate the effects of NK cells from young mice in overcoming the immunotherapy resistance of aged mice. RESULTS: We found that elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) aged ≥ 75 years exhibited poorer progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and a lower clinical response rate after immunotherapy. Mechanistically, we showed that the infiltration of NK cells was significantly reduced in aged mice compared to younger mice. Furthermore, the aged NK cells could also suppress the activation of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by inhibiting the recruitment and activation of CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs). Adoptive transfer of NK cells from young mice to aged mice promoted TME remodeling, and reversed immunotherapy resistance. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed the decreased sensitivity of elderly patients to immunotherapy, as well as in aged mice. This may be attributed to the reduction of NK cells in aged mice, which inhibits CD103+ DCs recruitment and its CD86 expression and ultimately leads to immunotherapy resistance.

Identification of hypoxic macrophages in glioblastoma with therapeutic potential for vasculature normalization.

Monocyte-derived tumor-associated macrophages (Mo-TAMs) intensively infiltrate diffuse gliomas with remarkable heterogeneity. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we chart a spatially resolved transcriptional landscape of Mo-TAMs across 51 patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild-type glioblastomas or IDH-mutant gliomas. We characterize a Mo-TAM subset that is localized to the peri-necrotic niche and skewed by hypoxic niche cues to acquire a hypoxia response signature. Hypoxia-TAM destabilizes endothelial adherens junctions by activating adrenomedullin paracrine signaling, thereby stimulating a hyperpermeable neovasculature that hampers drug delivery in glioblastoma xenografts. Accordingly, genetic ablation or pharmacological blockade of adrenomedullin produced by Hypoxia-TAM restores vascular integrity, improves intratumoral concentration of the anti-tumor agent dabrafenib, and achieves combinatorial therapeutic benefits. Increased proportion of Hypoxia-TAM or adrenomedullin expression is predictive of tumor vessel hyperpermeability and a worse prognosis of glioblastoma. Our findings highlight Mo-TAM diversity and spatial niche-steered Mo-TAM reprogramming in diffuse gliomas and indicate potential therapeutics targeting Hypoxia-TAM to normalize tumor vasculature.

NAD+ supplementation prevents STING-induced senescence in CD8+ T cells by improving mitochondrial homeostasis.

Understanding the connection between senescence phenotypes and mitochondrial dysfunction is crucial in aging and premature aging diseases. Loss of mitochondrial function leads to a decline in T cell function, which plays a significant role in this process. However, more research is required to determine if improving mitochondrial homeostasis alleviates senescence phenotypes. Our research has shown an association between NAD+ and senescent T cells through the cGAS-STING pathway, which can lead to an inflammatory phenotype. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of NAD+ in T-cell aging and how it can be utilized to improve mitochondrial homeostasis and alleviate senescence phenotypes. We demonstrate here that mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence with a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) occur in senescent T cells and tumor-bearing mice. Senescence is mediated by a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and involves ectopic cytoplasmic DNA. We further show that boosting intracellular NAD+ levels with nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) prevents senescence and SASP by promoting mitophagy. NMN treatment also suppresses senescence and neuroinflammation and improves the survival cycle of mice. Encouraging mitophagy may be a useful strategy to prevent CD8+ T cells from senescence due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, supplementing with NMN to increase NAD+ levels could enhance survival rates in mice while also reducing senescence and inflammation, and enhancing mitophagy as a potential therapeutic intervention.

Metabolic rewiring and epigenetic reprogramming in leptin receptor-deficient db/db diabetic nephropathy mice.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial metabolism and epigenetics play an important role in the development and progression of DN and its complications. For the first time, we investigated the regulation of cellular metabolism, DNA methylation, and transcriptome status by high glucose (HG) in the kidney of leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice using multi-omics approaches. METHODS: The metabolomics was performed by liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), while epigenomic CpG methylation coupled with transcriptomic gene expression was analyzed by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS: LC-MS analysis of glomerular and cortex tissue samples of db/db mice showed that HG regulated several cellular metabolites and metabolism-related signaling pathways, including S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, methionine, glutamine, and glutamate. Gene expression study by RNA-seq analysis suggests transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFß1) and pro-inflammatory pathways play important roles in early DN. Epigenomic CpG methyl-seq showed HG revoked a list of differentially methylated regions in the promoter region of the genes. Integrated analysis of DNA methylation in the promoter regions of genes and gene expression changes across time points identified several genes persistently altered in DNA methylation and gene expression. Cyp2d22, Slc1a4, and Ddah1 are some identified genes that could reflect dysregulated genes involved in renal function and DN. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that leptin receptor deficiency leading to HG regulates metabolic rewiring, including SAM potentially driving DNA methylation and transcriptomic signaling that could be involved in the progression of DN.

Metabolomic, DNA Methylomic, and Transcriptomic Profiling of Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Effects on LPS-Exposed Lung Epithelial Cells.

Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with anticancer effects via epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms. The role of SAHA in metabolic rewiring and epigenomic reprogramming to inhibit pro-tumorigenic cascades in lung cancer remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, DNA methylome reprogramming, and transcriptomic gene expression by SAHA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory model of lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. LC/MS was used for metabolomic analysis, while next-generation sequencing was done to study epigenetic changes. The metabolomic study reveals that SAHA treatment significantly regulated methionine, glutathione, and nicotinamide metabolism with alteration of the metabolite levels of methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, glutathione, nicotinamide, 1-methylnicotinamide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in BEAS-2B cells. Epigenomic CpG methyl-seq shows SAHA revoked a list of differentially methylated regions in the promoter region of the genes, such as HDAC11, miR4509-1, and miR3191. Transcriptomic RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) reveals SAHA abrogated LPS-induced differentially expressed genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1α (IL1α), IL1ß, IL2, IL6, IL24, and IL32. Integrative analysis of DNA methylome-RNA transcriptome displays a list of genes, of which CpG methylation correlated with changes in gene expression. qPCR validation of transcriptomic RNA-seq data shows that SAHA treatment significantly reduced the LPS-induced mRNA levels of IL1ß, IL6, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and DNMT3A in BEAS-2B cells. Altogether, SAHA treatment alters the mitochondrial metabolism, epigenetic CpG methylation, and transcriptomic gene expression to inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory responses in lung epithelial cells, which may provide novel molecular targets to inhibit the inflammation component of lung carcinogenesis. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: Inflammation increases the risk of lung cancer and blocking inflammation could reduce the incidence of lung cancer. Herein, we demonstrate that histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid regulates metabolic rewiring and epigenetic reprogramming to attenuate lipopolysaccharide-driven inflammation in lung epithelial cells.

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anthocyanins after Administration of Tart Cherry Juice to Individuals with Gout.

SCOPE: Tart cherries (TCs) contain high levels of anthocyanins that exert potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects and potentially benefit individuals with gout. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study aims to quantitate the major anthocyanins in TC Juice Concentrate (TCJC) and identify the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of the major anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside (C3GR). A PK-PD study enrolling human subjects with a history of gout is performed. Subjects are randomized to receive either 60 or 120 mL of TCJC. Anthocyanins are quantitated using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LCMS). Antioxidant and antiinflammatory mRNA expression is measured using real-time qPCR before and after the administration of TCJC. A population PK model (popPK) is fit to the experimental data, and an indirect PD model (IDR) is constructed in Monolix. CONCLUSION: Of the bioavailable anthocyanins, C3GR achieves the highest plasma concentration in a dose-dependent manner. A popPK predicts anthocyanin exposure, and an IDR produces reasonable approximations of PD effects.

CD200+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment are crucial for efficacious anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy.

Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, either by anti-PD-1 antibody or anti-PD-L1 antibody, has efficacy by reinvigorating tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in a subset of patients with cancer, but it has unequal effects on heterogeneous CD8+ T cell populations. Hence, the subset crucial to efficacious PD-1 blockade therapy remains elusive. Here, we found an increase in tumor-infiltrating CD200+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) upon PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, with higher proportions of CD200+ T cells positively related to a favorable clinical outcome to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in three independent cohorts of patients with cancer. Using multiple mouse tumor models, we demonstrated that CD200+ CTLs are essential for efficacious anti-PD-L1 therapy. Mechanistically, we observed a unique chromatin landscape in CD200+ CTLs and found that these cells are enriched for tumor antigen-specific CTLs and have antitumor effector functions. Coinoculation of CD200+ CTLs with tumor cells led to robust tumor regression in two transplanted mouse models. Clinically, we found that infiltration of CD200+ CTLs into tumors could predict immunotherapy efficacy in six patient cohorts. Together, our findings reveal that CD200+ CTLs in the tumor microenvironment are crucial for efficacious anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy and could serve as a predictor of successful immunotherapy in the clinic.

PTEN-knockout regulates metabolic rewiring and epigenetic reprogramming in prostate cancer and chemoprevention by triterpenoid ursolic acid.

PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) is one of the most frequently mutated/deleted tumor suppressor genes in many human cancers. Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural triterpenoid possessing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. However, how PTEN impacts metabolic rewiring and how UA modifies PTEN-driven metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming in prostate cancer (PCa) remains unknown. In the current study, we found that UA protects against PTEN knockout (KO)-induced tumorigenesis at different stages of PCa. Epigenomic CpG methyl-seq revealed UA attenuated PTEN KO-induced differentially methylated regions (DMRs) profiles. Transcriptomic RNA-seq showed UA abrogated PTEN KO-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of PCa-related oncogenes' Has3, Cfh, and Msx1 overexpression, indicating UA plays a crucial role in PTEN KO-mediated gene regulation and its potential consequences on cancer interception. Association analysis of DEGs and DMRs identified that the mRNA expression of tumor suppressor gene BDH2, and oncogenes Ephas, Isg15, and Nos2 were correlated with the promoter CpG methylation status in the early-stage comparison groups indicating UA could regulate the oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes by modulating their promoter methylation at an early stage of prostate tumorigenesis. The metabolomic study showed UA attenuated PTEN KO-regulated cancer-associated metabolisms like purine metabolism/metabolites correlating with RNAseq findings, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis metabolism, as well as epigenetic-related metabolites pyruvate and lactate indicating UA plays a critical role in PTEN KO-mediated metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming and its consequences on cancer development. In this context, UA impacts metabolic rewiring causing epigenetic and transcriptomic reprogramming potentially contributing to the overall protection against prostate-specific PTEN KO-mediated PCa.

UVB Drives Metabolic Rewiring and Epigenetic Reprograming and Protection by Sulforaphane in Human Skin Keratinocytes.

Sulforaphane (SFN) is a potent anticancer agent which could protect the skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced insults. Currently, the metabolic rewiring and epigenetic reprograming induced by UVB and the role of SFN in UVB-mediated skin cell transformation remain largely unknown. Herein, we study the metabolome, epigenome, and transcriptome of human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) exposed to UVB with or without SFN using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, DNA methylation sequencing, and RNA sequencing. UVB increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and SFN enhances ROS acutely in post-UVB-exposed HaCaT cells. UVB and SFN alter multiple metabolites and metabolism-related signaling pathways. Pathway analysis shows that UVB impacts numerous signaling pathways including STAT3, inhibition of matrix metalloproteases, and TGF-ß, among others. DNA/CpG methylation analysis shows that SFN could partially reverse some of the alterations of UVB-induced CpG methylome. Integrating RNA-seq and Methyl-seq data, starburst plots show the correlation of mRNA expression and CpG methylation status. The potential linkages between the metabolome, CpG methylome, and transcriptome suggest that metabolites produced during metabolism act as cofactors or substrates for catalytic epigenetic modification and transcriptional regulation. These results indicate that UVB drives metabolic rewiring, epigenetic reprograming, and phenotypic transcriptomic alterations and SFN would block or attenuate many of these aberrations, potentially contributing to the overall protective effect of SFN against UVB-induced skin damage.

Butyrate Drives Metabolic Rewiring and Epigenetic Reprogramming in Human Colon Cancer Cells.

SCOPE: Butyrate (B) is a short-chain fatty acid produced by dietary fiber, known to inhibit histone deacetylases (HDACs) and possess cancer-preventive/anticancer effects. However, the role of B in metabolic rewiring, epigenomic reprogramming, transcriptomic network, NRF2 signaling, and eliciting cancer-preventive effects in colorectal cancer (CRC) HCT116 cell remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sodium butyrate (NaB) dose-dependently inhibits the growth of CRC HCT116 cells. NaB inhibits NRF2/NRF2-target genes and blocks NRF2-ARE signaling. NaB increases NRF2 negative regulator KEAP1 expression through inhibiting its promoter methylation. Associative analysis of DEGs (differentially expressed genes) from RNA-seq and DMRs (differentially methylated regions) from CpG methyl-seq identified the tumor suppressor gene ABCA1 and tumor promote gene EGR3 are correlated with their promoters' CpG methylation indicating NaB regulates cancer markers through modulating their promoter methylation. NaB activated the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle while inhibited the methionine metabolism which are both tightly coupled to the epigenetic machinery. NaB regulates the epigenetic enzymes/genes including DNMT1, HAT1, KDM1A, KDM1B, and TET1. Altogether, B's regulation of metabolites coupled to the epigenetic enzymes illustrates the potential underlying biological connectivity between metabolomics and epigenomics. CONCLUSION: B regulates KEAP1/NRF2 signaling, drives metabolic rewiring, CpG methylomic, and transcriptomic reprogramming contributing to the overall cancer-prevention/anticancer effect in the CRC cell model.

Nfe2l2 Regulates Metabolic Rewiring and Epigenetic Reprogramming in Mediating Cancer Protective Effect by Fucoxanthin.

Fucoxanthin (FX) is a carotenoid with many pharmaceutical properties due to its antioxidant/anti-inflammatory and epigenetic effects. NFE2L2 is involved in the defense against oxidative stress/inflammation-mediated diseases, like anticancer effects elicited by phytochemicals including FX. However, the role of FX and NFE2L2 in metabolic rewiring, epigenomic reprogramming, and transcriptomic network in blocking pro-tumorigenic signaling and eliciting cancer-protective effects remains unknown. Herein, we utilized multi-omics approaches to evaluate the role of NFE2L2 and the impact of FX on tumor promoter TPA-induced skin cell transformation. FX blocked TPA-induced ROS and oxidized GSSG/reduced GSH in Nfe2l2wild-type(WT) but not Nfe2l2-knockdown (KD) cells. Both Nfe2l2 KD and TPA altered cellular metabolisms and metabolites which are tightly coupled to epigenetic machinery. The suppressive effects of FX on TPA-enhancedSAM/SAH was abrogated by Nfe2l2 KD indicating Nfe2l2 plays a critical role in FX-mediated metabolic rewiring and its potential consequences on epigenetic reprogramming. Epigenomic CpG methyl-seq revealed that FX attenuated TPA-induced differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of Uhrf1 and Dnmt1 genes. Transcriptomic RNA-seq showed that FX abrogated TPA-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of Nfe2l2-related genes Nqo1, Ho1, and Keap1. Associative analysis of DEGs and DMRs identified that the mRNA expressions of Uhrf1 and Dnmt1 were correlated with the promoter CpG methylation status. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that FX restored Uhrf1 expression by regulating H3K27Me3 enrichment in the promoter region. In this context, FX/Nfe2l2's redox signaling drives metabolic rewiring causing epigenetic and transcriptomic reprogramming potentially contributing to the protection of TPA-induced JB6 cellular transformation skin cancer model. Graphical abstract.

Utilization of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model to assess disease-mediated therapeutic protein-disease-drug interaction in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.

It is known that interleukin-6 (IL-6) can significantly modulate some key drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as phase I cytochrome P450s (CYPs). In this study, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to assess CYPs mediated therapeutic protein drug interactions (TP-DIs) in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) with elevated systemic IL-6 levels when treated by anti-IL-6 therapies. Literature data of IL-6 levels in various diseases were incorporated in SimCYP to construct respective virtual patient populations. The modulation effects of systemic IL-6 level and local IL-6 level in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) on CYPs activities were assessed. Upon blockade of the IL-6 signaling pathway by an anti-IL-6 treatment, the area under plasma concentration versus time curves (AUCs) of S-warfarin, omeprazole, and midazolam were predicted to decrease by up to 40%, 42%, and 46%, respectively. In patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis treated with an anti-IL-6 therapy, the lowering of the elevated IL-6 levels in the local GI tissue were predicted to result in further decreases in AUCs of those CYP substrates. The propensity of TP-DIs under comorbidity conditions, such as in patients with cancer with IMID, were also explored. With further validation with relevant clinical data, this PBPK model may provide an in silico way to quantify the magnitude of potential TP-DI in patients with elevated IL-6 levels when an anti-IL-6 therapeutic is used with concomitant small-molecule drugs. This model may be further adapted to evaluate the CYP modulation effect by other therapeutic modalities, which would significantly alter levels of proinflammatory cytokines during the treatment period.

Triterpenoid ursolic acid drives metabolic rewiring and epigenetic reprogramming in treatment/prevention of human prostate cancer.

Ursolic acid (UA) is a triterpenoid phytochemical with a strong anticancer effect. The metabolic rewiring, epigenetic reprogramming, and chemopreventive effect of UA in prostate cancer (PCa) remain unknown. Herein, we investigated the efficacy of UA in PCa xenograft, and its biological effects on cellular metabolism, DNA methylation, and transcriptomic using multi-omics approaches. The metabolomics was quantified by liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) while epigenomic CpG methylation in parallel with transcriptomic gene expression was studied by next-generation sequencing technologies. UA administration attenuated the growth of transplanted human VCaP-Luc cells in immunodeficient mice. UA regulated several cellular metabolites and metabolism-related signaling pathways including S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), methionine, glucose 6-phosphate, CDP-choline, phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, glycolysis, and nucleotide sugars metabolism. RNA-seq analyses revealed UA regulated several signaling pathways, including CXCR4 signaling, cancer metastasis signaling, and NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response. Epigenetic reprogramming study with DNA Methyl-seq uncovered a list of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with UA treatment. Transcriptome-DNA methylome correlative analysis uncovered a list of genes, of which changes in gene expression correlated with the promoter CpG methylation status. Altogether, our results suggest that UA regulates metabolic rewiring of metabolism including SAM potentially driving epigenetic CpG methylation reprogramming, and transcriptomic signaling resulting in the overall anticancer chemopreventive effect.

Free fatty acids induce the demethylation of the fructose 1,6-biphosphatase 2 gene promoter and potentiate its expression in hepatocytes.

Obesity is a serious health issue as it is a social burden and the main risk factor for other metabolic diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that a high-fat diet (HFD) is the key factor for the development of obesity, but the key genes and their associated molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. In this study, we performed integrated bioinformatic analysis and identified that fructose-1,6 biphosphatase 2 (FBP2) was involved in free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced lipid droplet accumulation in hepatocytes and HFD-induced obesity in mice. Our data showed that palmitate (PA) and oleic acid (OA) induced the expression of FBP2 in time- and dose-dependent manners, and accelerated the development of lipid droplets in LO2 human normal liver cells. In HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice, accompanied by insulin resistance and lipid droplet accumulation, the mRNA and protein levels of FBP2 in the livers also increased significantly. The results from the methylation sequencing PCR (MSP) and bisulfite specific PCR (BSP) indicated that PA/OA induced the demethylation of the FBP2 gene promoter in LO2 cells. Moreover, betaine, a methyl donor, attenuated the expression of the FBP2 gene, the accumulation of lipid droplets, and the expression of perilipin-2, a biomarker of lipid droplets, in LO2 cells. All these findings revealed that FBP2 might be involved in HFD-induced obesity, and it is of interest to investigate the role of FBP2 in the treatment and prevention of obesity and its associated complications.

DNA methylome, transcriptome, and prostate cancer prevention by phenethyl isothiocyanate in TRAMP mice.

Epigenetics/epigenomics has been shown to be involved in carcinogenesis. However, how the epigenome would be altered in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) cancer model and the effect of cancer chemopreventive phytochemical phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) on the epigenome in TRAMP mice are not known. PEITC has been reported to reduce the risk of many cancers including prostate cancer (PCa). In this study, male TRAMP mice were fed a control diet or diet containing 0.05% PEITC from 8 weeks to 16 weeks. The tumor incidence was reduced in the PEITC diet (0/6) as compared with the control diet (6/7). RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses on nontumor and tumor prostatic tissues revealed several pathways like cell cycle/Cdc42 signaling, inflammation, and cancer-related signaling, were activated in prostate tissues of TRAMP mice but were reversed or attenuated in TRAMP mice fed with PEITC diet. DNA CpG methyl-seq analyses showed that global methylation patterns of prostate samples from TRAMP mice were hugely different from those of wild-type mice. Dietary PEITC partially reversed the global methylation changes during prostatic carcinogenesis. Integration of RNA-seq and DNA methyl-seq analyses identified a list of genes, including Adgrb1 and Ebf4, with an inverse regulatory relationship between their RNA expression and CpG methylation. In summary, our current study demonstrates that alteration of the global epigenome in TRAMP prostate tumor and PEITC administration suppresses PCa carcinogenesis, impacts global CpG epigenome and transcriptome, and attenuates carcinogenic pathways like cell cycle arrest and inflammation. These results may provide insights and epigenetic markers/targets for PCa prevention and treatment in human PCa patients.

Epigenetics/Epigenomics and Prevention of Early Stages of Cancer by Isothiocyanates.

Cancer is a complex disease and cancer development takes 10-50 years involving epigenetics. Evidence suggests that approximately 80% of human cancers are linked to environmental factors impinging upon genetics/epigenetics. Because advanced metastasized cancers are resistant to radiotherapy/chemotherapeutic drugs, cancer prevention by relatively nontoxic chemopreventive "epigenetic modifiers" involving epigenetics/epigenomics is logical. Isothiocyanates are relatively nontoxic at low nutritional and even higher pharmacologic doses, with good oral bioavailability, potent antioxidative stress/antiinflammatory activities, possess epigenetic-modifying properties, great anticancer efficacy in many in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal models. This review summarizes the latest advances on the role of epigenetics/epigenomics by isothiocyanates in prevention of skin, colon, lung, breast, and prostate cancers. The exact molecular mechanism how isothiocyanates modify the epigenetic/epigenomic machinery is unclear. We postulate "redox" processes would play important roles. In addition, isothiocyanates sulforaphane and phenethyl isothiocyanate, possess multifaceted molecular mechanisms would be considered as "general" cancer preventive agents not unlike chemotherapeutic agents like platinum-based or taxane-based drugs. Analogous to chemotherapeutic agents, the isothiocyanates would need to be used in combination with other nontoxic chemopreventive phytochemicals or drugs such as NSAIDs, 5-α-reductase/aromatase inhibitors targeting different signaling pathways would be logical for the prevention of progression of tumors to late advanced metastatic states.

Targeted and redox-responsive drug delivery systems based on carbonic anhydrase IX-decorated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for cancer therapy.

In this work, we developed a new antibody-targeted and redox-responsive drug delivery system "MSNs-CAIX" by binding the anti-carbonic anhydrase IX antibody (A-CAIX Ab) on the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) via disulfide linkages. The design of the composite particles "MSNs-CAIX" involved the synthesis and surface functionalization with thiol groups, 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide and CAIX antibody. In vitro, CAIX capping the doxorubicin hydrochloric (DOX)-loaded nanoparticles (DOX@MSNs-CAIX) exhibited effectively redox-responsive release in the presence of glutathione (GSH) owing to the cleavage of the disulfide bond. Compared with CAIX negative Mef cells (mouse embryo fibroblast), remarkably more DOX@MSNs-CAIX was internalized into CAIX positive 4T1 cells (mouse breast cancer cells) by receptor-mediation. Tumor targeting in vivo studies clearly demonstrated DOX@MSNs-CAIX accumulated in tumors and induced more tumor cells apoptosis in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. With great potential, this drug delivery system is a promising candidate for targeted and redox-responsive cancer therapy.

Epigenetics/epigenomics of triterpenoids in cancer prevention and in health.

Triterpenoids are a powerful group of phytochemicals derived from plant foods and herbs. Many reports have shown that they possess chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects not only in cell lines and animal models but also in clinical trials. Because epigenetic changes could potentially occur in the early stages of carcinogenesis preceding genetic mutations, epigenetics are considered promising targets in early interventions against cancer using epigenetic bioactive substances. The biological properties of triterpenoids in cancer prevention and in health have multiple mechanisms, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, cell cycle regulation, as well as epigenetic/epigenomic regulation. In this review, we will discuss and summarize the latest advances in the study of the pharmacological effects of triterpenoids in cancer chemoprevention and in health, including the epigenetic machinery.

Epigenome, Transcriptome, and Protection by Sulforaphane at Different Stages of UVB-Induced Skin Carcinogenesis.

Sulforaphane (SFN), a potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent, has been shown to protect against cancers especially at early stages. However, how SFN affects UVB-mediated epigenome/DNA methylome and transcriptome changes in skin photodamage has not been fully assessed. Herein, we investigated the transcriptomic and DNA methylomic changes during tumor initiation, promotion, and progression and its impact and reversal by SFN using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. The results show that SFN reduced tumor incidence and tumor number. SFN's protective effects were more dramatic in the early stages than with later stages. Bioinformatic analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data shows differential expressed genes and identifies the top canonical pathways related to SFN treatment of UVB-induced different stages of epidermal carcinogenesis. These pathways include p53 signaling, cell cycle: G2-M DNA damage checkpoint regulation, Th1, and Th2 activation pathway, and PTEN signaling pathways. The top upstream regulators related to UVB and SFN treatment as time progressed include dextran sulfate, TP53, NFE2L2 (Nrf2), IFNB1, and IL10RA. Bioinformatic analysis of Methyl-seq data shows several differential methylation regions induced by UVB were attenuated by SFN. These include Notch1, Smad6, Gnai3, and Apc2 Integrative analysis of RNA-seq and DNA-seq/CpG methylome yields a subgroup of genes associated with ultraviolet B (UVB) and SFN treatment. The changes in gene expression were inversely correlated with promoter CpG methylation status. These genes include Pik3cd, Matk, and Adm2 In conclusion, our study provides novel insights on the impact of SFN on the transcriptomic and DNA methylomic of UVB-induced different stages of skin cancer in mice.

Epigenetics/epigenomics and prevention by curcumin of early stages of inflammatory-driven colon cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the US and worldwide. CRC is the second most common cancer-related death in both men and women globally. Chronic inflammation has been identified as one of the major risk factors of CRC. It may drive genetic and epigenetic/epigenomic alterations, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation. Current prevention modalities for CRC are limited and some treatment regimens such as use the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug aspirin may have severe side effects, namely gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding. Therefore, there is an urgent need of developing alternative strategies. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that several dietary cancer chemopreventive phytochemicals possess anti-inflammation and antioxidative stress activities, and may prevent cancers including CRC. Curcumin (CUR) is the yellow pigment that is found in the rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa). Many studies have demonstrated that CUR exhibit strong anticancer, antioxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory activities by regulating signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, nuclear factor-κB, and epigenetics/epigenomics pathways of histones modifications, and DNA methylation. In this review, we will discuss the latest evidence in epigenetics/epigenomics alterations by CUR in CRC and their potential contribution in the prevention of CRC.