QoL during KTd or KRd induction followed by K maintenance or observation in transplant noneligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the randomized AGMT 02 study.

Understanding the impact of induction and maintenance therapy on patients' quality of life (QoL) is important for treatment selection. This study aims to compare patient-reported QoL between patients treated with KTd or KRd induction therapy and K maintenance therapy or observation. QoL was assessed using the EORTC QOL-C 30 and QOL-MY20 questionnaires in the AGMT-02 study, in which 123 patients with newly diagnosed transplant ineligible multiple myeloma were randomized to nine cycles of either KTd or KRd induction therapy, followed by 12 cycles of K maintenance therapy, or observation. Longitudinal assessments showed statistically significant improvements in global health-related QoL, various disease symptoms and pain for both treatment regimens. KTd improved insomnia and fatigue, and KRd improved physical functioning. Cross-sectional comparisons indicated a "slight" superiority of KTd over KRd in several scales, with the exception of higher neuropathy scores with KTd. During maintenance, longitudinal comparisons showed no statistically significant changes. Cross-sectional comparisons revealed a "slight" improvement in cognitive functioning during carfilzomib therapy, but a worsening in most other QoL scales. Induction therapy led to improvements in most QoL items, while maintenance therapy with K maintenance was associated with "slight" or "moderate" impairments in several QoL scales compared with the observation group.

Impact of Previous Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation on Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Treatment for Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Anti-BCMA-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are effective treatment for patients with refractory/relapsed multiple myeloma (RRMM). However, little is known about the impact of previous allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) on lymphocyte collection for production of CAR T cells and subsequent treatment with CAR T cells. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of cellular composition of lymphocyte collections, CAR T cell expansion and treatment outcomes of RRMM patients undergoing therapy with idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) with and without history of allo-HSCT. 27 patients (11/27 female) with median age 63 (range 39-75) years were analyzed. Five patients (19%) had the history of allo-HSCT median of 5.5 years before ide-cel. RESULTS: Prior to apheresis, the white blood cell, absolute lymphocyte counts, CD3+ cells and monocytes did not differ in patients with and without prior allo-HSCT. We also noticed no differences in the collected CD3+ yields or cellular compositions of lymphocyte collections. One year after ide-cel infusion, the progression-free survival and overall survival of patients with and without previous allo-HSCT did not differ with 60% and 45% respectively (P = .58) and 66.7% and 74% respectively (P = .84). The highest expansion of CAR T was detected between day 7 after infusion and showed no difference regarding previous allo-HSCT (P = .71). No graft-versus-host disease during the follow-up was detected. CONCLUSION: Our data confirm that the treatment with ide-cel is feasible for patients with prior allo-HSCT. Furthermore, allo-HSCT did not influence cellular composition of lymphocyte collections, clinical outcome or in vivo expansion of ide-cel.

Single-cell multiomic dissection of response and resistance to chimeric antigen receptor T cells against BCMA in relapsed multiple myeloma.

Markers that predict response and resistance to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma are currently missing. We subjected mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood and bone marrow before and after the application of approved B cell maturation antigen-directed CAR T cells to single-cell multiomic analyses to identify markers associated with resistance and early relapse. Differences between responders and nonresponders were identified at the time of leukapheresis. Nonresponders showed an immunosuppressive microenvironment characterized by increased numbers of monocytes expressing the immune checkpoint molecule CD39 and suppressed CD8+ T cell and natural killer cell function. Analysis of CAR T cells showed cytotoxic and exhausted phenotypes in hyperexpanded clones compared to low/intermediate expanded clones. We identified potential immunotherapy targets on CAR T cells, like PD1, to improve their functionality and durability. Our work provides evidence that an immunosuppressive microenvironment causes resistance to CAR T cell therapies in multiple myeloma.

Randomized comparison between KTd and KRd induction therapy followed by maintenance therapy with K or observation in transplant-ineligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

Randomized comparison between KTd and KRd induction followed by second randomization to carfilzomib in transplant-ineligable patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

Cellular dynamics following CAR T cell therapy are associated with response and toxicity in relapsed/refractory myeloma.

B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells revolutionized the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). However, data on cellular (CAR) T cell dynamics and the association with response, resistance or the occurrence of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) are limited. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive flow cytometry analysis of 27 RRMM patients treated with Idecabtagene vicleucel (Ide-cel) to assess the expansion capacity, persistence and effects on bystander cells of BCMA-targeting CAR T cells. Additionally, we addressed side effects, like cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and cytopenia. Our results show that in vivo expansion of CD8+ CAR T cells is correlated to response, however persistence is not essential for durable remission in RRMM patients. In addition, our data provide evidence, that an increased fraction of CD8+ T cells at day of leukapheresis in combination with successful lymphodepletion positively influence the outcome. We show that patients at risk for higher-grade CRS can be identified already prior to lymphodepletion. Our extensive characterization contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics and effects of BCMA-targeting CAR T cells, in order to predict the response of individual patients as well as side effects, which can be counteracted at an early stage or even prevented.

Steady-state versus chemotherapy-based hematopoietic cell mobilization after anti-CD38-based induction therapy in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

BACKGROUND: The incorporation of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in induction regimens of newly diagnosed transplant-eligible multiple myeloma (MM) patients has been established as a new standard. However, the optimal strategy of stem cell mobilization in this context is not yet clear. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: From May 2020 till September 2022, we retrospectively reviewed patients receiving anti-CD38 mAb-based induction therapy followed by stem cell mobilization either in a steady-state protocol (SSM) using 10 µg/kg granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for 5 days or in a chemotherapy-based protocol (CM) using 1-4 g/m2 cyclophosphamide and G-CSF. RESULTS: Overall, 85 patients (median age 61 years) were included in the analysis. In total, 90 mobilization attempts were performed, 42 with SSM and 48 with CM. There was no significant difference in the median concentration of CD34+ cells in peripheral blood (PB) prior to apheresis between SSM and CM (61/µL vs. 55.4/µL; p = .60). Cumulative CD34+ yields did not differ between the groups with median of 6.68 and 6.75 × 106 /kg body weight, respectively (p = .35). The target yield (≥4 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg body weight) was reached in 88% (CM) and 86% (SSM), with a high proportion even after a single apheresis session (76% vs. 75%). Plerixafor was found to be more frequently used in SSM (52%) than in CM (23%; p < .01). A total of 83 patients underwent autologous transplantation and all were engrafted. CONCLUSIONS: Stem cell collection in patients undergoing anti-CD38-based induction therapy is feasible with either CM or SSM, although SSM more frequently requires plerixafor.

Efficacy and safety of isatuximab plus bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma ineligible/with no immediate intent for autologous stem cell transplantation.

Patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) ineligible for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) have lower survival rates and may benefit from frontline regimens that include novel agents. This Phase 1b study (NCT02513186) evaluated preliminary efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of isatuximab, an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, combined with bortezomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone (Isa-VRd) in patients with NDMM ineligible for/with no intent for immediate ASCT. Overall, 73 patients received four 6-week induction cycles of Isa-VRd, then maintenance with Isa-Rd in 4-week cycles. In the efficacy population (n = 71), the overall response rate was 98.6%, with 56.3% achieving a complete response or better (sCR/CR), and 36/71 (50.7%) patients reaching minimal residual disease negativity (10-5 sensitivity). Grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 79.5% (58/73) of patients but TEAEs leading to permanent study treatment discontinuation were reported in 14 (19.2%) patients. Isatuximab PK parameters were within the previously reported range, suggesting that VRd does not alter the PK of isatuximab. These data support additional studies of isatuximab in NDMM, such as the Phase 3 IMROZ study (Isa-VRd vs VRd).

Impact of the changing landscape of induction therapy prior to autologous stem cell transplantation in 540 newly diagnosed myeloma patients: a retrospective real-world study.

INTRODUCTION: Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is the standard treatment for younger patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM). However, due to restrictive exclusion criteria, more than half of eligible patients are usually excluded from transplant studies. METHODS: This retrospective monocentric analysis included 540 patients with MM who received an ASCT between 1996 and 2019. RESULTS: Up to 2005, induction therapy consisted mainly of conventional chemotherapies, e.g. vincristine/doxorubicin/dexamethasone (VAD). In the following years, the triple-combinations based on bortezomib coupled with doxorubicin/dexamethasone (PAD), melphalan/prednisolone (VMP), cyclophposphamide/dexamethasone (VCD) or bendamustine/prednisolone (BPV) became the most popular treatment options. A progressive improvement in PFS was observed in patients treated with the two current induction therapies BPV (47 months) or VCD (54 months) compared to VAD (35 months, p < 0.03), PAD (39 months, p < 0.01 and VMP (36 months, p < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in median OS (VAD 78, PAD 74, VMP 72, BPV 80 months and VCD not reached). In our analysis, we also included 139 patients who do fulfill at least one of the exclusion criteria for most phase 3 transplant studies (POEMS/amyloidosis/plasma cell leukemia, eGFR < 40 mL/min, severe cardiac dysfunction or poor general condition). Outcome for these patients was not significantly inferior compared to patients who met the inclusion criteria for most of the transplant studies with PFS of 36 vs 41 months (p = 0.78) and OS of 78 vs 79 months (p = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS: Our real-world data in unselected pts also stress the substantial value of ASCT during the first-line treatment of younger MM pts.

Prognostic impact of rapid reduction of involved free light chains in multiple myeloma patients under first-line treatment with Bendamustine, Prednisone, and Bortezomib (BPV).

INTRODUCTION: Light chain involvement is observed in almost every patient (pt) with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM). Owing to a relatively short half-life, rapid reduction in the involved free light chain (iFLC) is of potential prognostic value. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included 92 pts with newly diagnosed MM treated with bendamustine, prednisone, and bortezomib (BPV). RESULTS: After a median number of two (range 1-5) BPV cycles, the majority of pts (n = 86; 93%) responded with either sCR (n = 21), CR (n = 1), nCR (n = 25), VGPR (n = 20), or PR (n = 19). PFS and OS at 48 months were 39% and 67%, respectively. At baseline, 79 out of 92 pts (86%) had iFLC levels above the upper standard level and an abnormal ratio of involved to uninvolved free light chain ≥ 8. In a subgroup analysis of these pts, we evaluated the prognostic importance of an early reduction of the iFLC during the first two BPV cycles. A reduction ≥ 50% of the iFLC on day 8 of the first cycle was observed in 31 of 69 pts. These pts had a significantly better median PFS of 49 months as compared to 20 months in 38 pts with a lower iFLC reduction (p = 0.002). In contrast, OS did not differ significantly with a 48 months survival of 77% vs 69% (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that a rapid decrease in the iFLC on day 8 is an early prognostic marker for newly diagnosed MM pts undergoing BPV treatment.

Concomitant and noncanonical JAK2 and MPL mutations in JAK2V617F- and MPLW515 L-positive myelofibrosis.

Sequential genotyping for phenotype-driver mutations in JAK2 (exon 14), CALR (exon 9), and MPL (exon 10) is recommended in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Yet, atypical JAK2- and MPL-mutations were described in some triple-negative patients. Whether noncanonical and/or concomitant JAK2- and MPL-mutations exist in myelofibrosis (MF) regardless of phenotype-driver mutations is not yet elucidated. For this, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed using blood genomic DNA from 128 MF patients (primary MF, n = 93; post-ET-MF, n = 18; post-PV-MF, n = 17). While no atypical JAK2- or MPL-mutations were seen in 24 CALR-positive samples, two JAK2-mutations [c.3323A > G, p.N1108S; c.3188G > A, p.R1063H] were detected in two of the 21 (9.5%) triple-negative patients. Twelve of the 82 (14.6%) JAK2V617F-positive cases had coexisting germline JAK2-mutations [JAK2R1063H, n = 6; JAK2R893T, n = 1; JAK2T525A, n = 1] or at least one somatic MPL-mutation [MPLY591D, n = 3; MPLW515 L, n = 2; MPLE335K, n = 1]. Overall, MPL-mutations always coexisted with JAK2V617F and/or other MPL-mutations. None of the JAK2V617F plus a second JAK2-mutation carried a TET2-mutation but all patients with JAK2V617F plus an MPL-mutation harbored a somatic TET2-mutation. Four genomic clusters could be identified in the JAK2V617F-positive cohort. Cluster-I (10%) (noncanonical JAK2mutated (mut) + TET2wildtype (wt) ) were younger and had less proliferative disease compared with cluster-IV (5%) (TET2mut + MPLmut ). In conclusion, recurrent concomitant classical and/or noncanonical JAK2- and MPL-mutations could be detected by NGS in 15.7% of JAK2V617F- and MPLW515-positive MF patients with genotype-phenotype associations. Many of the germline and/or somatic mutations might act as "Significantly Mutated Genes" contributing to the pathogenesis and phenotypic heterogeneity. A cost-effective NGS-based approach might be an important step towards patient-tailored medicine.

Bcr-Abl dependent post-transcriptional activation of NME2 expression is a specific and common feature of chronic myeloid leukemia.

We have previously identified NME2 (Nm23-H2) as a tumor antigen in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Here we investigated the association between NME2 and Bcr-Abl. NME2 protein was highly overexpressed in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 29/30 patients with CML at diagnosis and 10/10 patients resistant to imatinib. Protein was overexpressed in the absence of increased levels of mRNA and was limited to Bcr-Abl + populations, being absent from Bcr-Abl - patient cells, normal donors and 14/15 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples. Furthermore, the Bcr-Abl dependent overexpression of NME2 protein was reversed specifically by tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment of Ba/F3 expressing wild-type and TKI-sensitive, but not TKI-resistant, mutants of Bcr-Abl. The post-transcriptional up-regulation of the tumor antigen NME2 is therefore a common and specific property of CML closely associated with Bcr-Abl activity.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) following reduced-intensity conditioning in patients with acute leukemias.

The majority of patients with acute leukemia enter complete remission following induction therapy, but relapse despite consolidation and maintenance chemotherapy. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the most effective consolidation therapy but unfortunately associated with high transplant-related mortality (TRM). In order to decrease TRM but still apply a graft-versus-tumor effect, allogeneic HCT protocols with reduced-intensity conditioning were developed and more than 5000 HCT, of which 1500 for acute leukemia, performed. Detailed information is available on more than 400 patients with acute leukemia. The results, summarized in this article, confirm that reduced-intensity preparative regimens lead to full donor chimerism and to generation of graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effects with curative potential in older patients (>60 years). Prospective-controlled clinical trials are needed in younger patients to compare results of HCT after reduced-intensity conditioning to those of HCT with conventional conditioning.