Optical Coherence Tomography Features for Identifying Posttreatment Complete Polypoidal Regression in Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy.

PURPOSE: To determine accuracy and relative risk (RR) of posttreatment optical coherence tomography (OCT) features in identifying complete or incomplete polypoidal regression in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). DESIGN: Validity analysis. METHODS: Treatment-naive PCV eyes undergoing OCT and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) at baseline and posttreatment were included. Two graders confirmed diagnosis and identified posttreatment complete or incomplete regression on ICGA. Two other graders classified OCT characteristics of pigment epithelial detachment (PED) (polypoidal lesion) based on 5 prespecified features: "A," no PED; "B," PED with internal homogeneous reflectivity with predominant "BUN" (blended retinal pigment epithelium with underlying structure) sign; "C," PED with internal homogeneous reflectivity with minimal "BUN"; "D," heterogeneous PED; and "E," PED with hyporeflectivity. RESULTS: Among 130 polypoidal lesions (65 pretreatment and 65 posttreatment) of 39 PCV eyes (39 patients; 54% female; mean age±SD: 64.6±8.2), all pretreatment lesions showed feature D on OCT. Posttreatment lesions with complete regression (31 lesions) showed OCT features A, B, C, D, and E in 32%, 45%, 13%, 10%, and 0%, respectively. Posttreatment lesions with incomplete regression (34 lesions) showed OCT features A, B, C, D, and E in 0%, 6%, 15%, 79%, and 0%, respectively. Presence of either feature A or B had highest accuracy (86%; 95% confidence interval: 75%-93%); 77% sensitivity; 94% specificity; RR 5.0 (3.5-7.1, P<0.001) for complete regression. Presence of feature D had highest accuracy (85%; 95% confidence interval: 74%-92%); 79% sensitivity; 90% specificity; RR 4.6 (3.0-6.9, P<0.001) for incomplete regression. CONCLUSIONS: Without ICGA, OCT features could provide high accuracy in identifying posttreatment complete or incomplete polypoidal regression in PCV.

Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy Based on Non-ICGA Criteria in White Patients With Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

PURPOSE: To determine prevalence of probable polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) among White patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) using non-indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) criteria DESIGN: Multicenter, multinational, retrospective, cross-sectional study. METHODS: A total of 208 treatment-naive eyes from Hispanic and non-Hispanic White individuals diagnosed with nAMD were included. All underwent color fundus photography (CFP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein angiography (FFA). De-identified images of study eyes were sent to 2 groups of graders. Group 1 reviewed CFP, OCT, and FFA to confirm nAMD diagnosis. Group 2 reviewed CFP and OCT to determine highly suggestive features for PCV. Probable PCV diagnosis defined as the presence of ≥2 of 4 highly suggestive features for PCV: notched or fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachment (PED) on CFP, sharply-peaked PED, notched PED, and hyperreflective ring on OCT. RESULTS: Eleven eyes were excluded because of poor image quality (6) or non-nAMD diagnosis (5). Of 197 eligible eyes (197 patients), the mean age (SD) was 78.8 years (8.9), 44.2% were men, 26.4% were Hispanic, and 73.6% were non-Hispanic White individuals; 41.1%, 23.4%, 9.1%, and 2.5% had ≥1, ≥2, ≥3, and 4 highly suggestive features. Results showed that 23.4% (95% CI, 17.6%-29.9%) had probable PCV diagnosis. Predominantly occult CNV was more frequently found in probable PCV than nAMD subgroup (84.8% vs 64.9%, P = .01). Hispanic White individuals had a lower prevalence of probable PCV than non-Hispanic White individuals (9.6% vs 28.2%, P = .006) CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that probable PCV occurs between 17.6% and 29.9% in White individuals with nAMD, and more commonly in non-Hispanic than in Hispanic White individuals.

Idiopathic Epiretinal Membranes: Visual Outcomes and Prognostic Factors

Objectives: To evaluate the associations between anatomical changes and visual outcomes in patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM). Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective study of 130 consecutive idiopathic ERM patients and report their visual outcomes and the factors associated with visual outcome and anatomical changes. Results: Of 130 eyes of 130 patients, 87 eyes underwent surgery, while the remaining 43 eyes were observed. At 6-month follow-up, the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) increased in the whole population. Mean Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letter score changed from 51 to 65 in the surgical group and from 67 to 68 in the non-surgical group. The surgical group had improvement in BCVA at all ERM stages and grades of disorganization of the retinal inner layers (DRIL) (p<0.01). In multivariable analysis of the surgical group, factors associated with BCVA of ETDRS 60 letters or more were no or mild DRIL and the absence of ellipsoid zone disruption at baseline (p=0.002 and p=0.034, respectively) and this statistically significant positive correlation was still maintained at 12-month follow-up. Conclusion: Baseline DRIL grade and presence of ellipsoid zone disruption were the most informative prognostic factors in patients with idiopathic ERMs. Patients with severe DRIL and/or advanced ERMs had improved vision after ERM removal.

Timing of Complete Polypoidal Regression after Intravitreous Aflibercept Treatments in Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy.

PURPOSE: To understand timing of complete polypoidal regression on indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) after aflibercept injections for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). DESIGN: Multicenter prospective study. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with treatment-naïve PCV. METHODS: After institutional review board approval, participants were enrolled and followed up for 1 year, from Apr 1, 2016, through Dec 30, 2018, at 2 university-based centers in Thailand. Diagnosis of PCV was based on the Efficacy and Safety of Verteporfin Photodynamic Therapy in Combination with Ranibizumab or Alone versus Ranibizumab Monotherapy in Patients with Symptomatic Macular Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy criteria. Eligible eyes received fixed-dose aflibercept injections (3 monthly then every 8 weeks), or monthly if fluid persisted on OCT. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was administered when fluid persisted despite 6 consecutive injections. Indocyanine green angiography was performed at baseline and then every 8 weeks. The 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) was administered at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year. Two retina specialists reviewed posttreatment ICGA, categorized into: complete regression (complete disappearance of polypoidal lesions), partial regression (reduced in size or number), or no regression. Disagreements were resolved through open adjudication. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Timing of complete regression over 1 year. RESULTS: Final analysis included 40 eyes (39 participants; 100% Thai, 59% women; mean age±standard deviation, 64 ± 8.3 years). At baseline, 90% had 5 or more polypoidal lesions. Ninety-five percent received aflibercept monotherapy, and 5% received rescue PDT per protocol. Polypoidal statuses at 1 year were 55% complete, 40% partial, and 5% no regression. Cumulative rates of complete regression at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months were 28%, 33%, 43%, and 55%. Of 22 eyes with complete regression at 1 year, complete regression was identified first at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 months in 50%, 9%, 18%, 5%, 9%, and 9%, respectively. Cumulative rates of complete regression among these eyes at 2, 6, and 12 months were 50%, 77%, and 100%, respectively. Median duration of complete regression was 3 months (interquartile range, 2-6 months). Median visual acuity improved from 20/125 (Snellen equivalent) to 20/50; median NEI VFQ-25 scores improved from 80 to 93 from baseline to 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Complete polypoidal regression could occur as early as 2 months after aflibercept injections. Most PCV eyes with complete polypoidal regression at 1 year already showed complete regression within the first 6 months. These findings support consideration of aflibercept for PCV to achieve both anatomic and visual outcomes.

Intravitreal Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy for Diabetic Macular Edema in Clinical Practice of Single Center: Three-Year Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to explore visual and anatomical outcomes in patients who underwent intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injection for visual impairment from center-involved diabetic macular edema (CI-DME) in clinical practice. METHODS: Medical records of consecutive CI-DME patients who initiated treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab injection between January 2012 and December 2016 and were followed for at least 12 months were retrospectively reviewed. Visual and anatomical changes after treatment over a 36-month period were evaluated. RESULTS: There were 286 patients (423 eyes) with a mean (standard deviation, SD) age of 56.8 (8.5) years included in this study. One hundred and forty-six (51%) patients were female, and 137 (47.9%) patients received bilateral eye treatment. Mean (SD) presenting visual acuity (VA) of overall eyes was 50.2 (19.6) letter scores. Stratified by baseline vision, eyes with initial VA worse than 20/40 achieved a statistically significant VA improvement, compared to baseline, by +8.4, +6.9, and +5.4 letters at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively, with all p values <0.001. However, when initial VA was 20/40 and better, a non-statistically significant change in mean VA by +2.0, -3.5, and -3.6 letters were noted at the same time point (p value between 0.078 and 0.273). Unlike visual changes, a statistically significant decline in central subfield thickness compared to baseline was noted at the end of months 12, 24, and 36 in both initial VA subgroups (all p values <0.001). Nevertheless, even though the median number of given injections considerably decreased from 6 in the first 12 months to 2 in the second 12-month period and 1 in the final 12-month interval, required ophthalmic clinic visits decreased in frequency with median numbers of 10, 7, and 6 appointments in each consecutive 12-month duration. CONCLUSION: This study supports the benefits of practical intravitreal anti-VEGF utilization to manage CI-DME in real-world settings. The improvement of vision in eyes presenting with poor baseline VA and maintenance of vision in eyes with better baseline VA were demonstrated through the 3-year review of each case. However, the burden of frequent monitoring warrants further evaluation of long-term compliance and efficacy.

Sensitivity and Specificity of Potential Diagnostic Features Detected Using Fundus Photography, Optical Coherence Tomography, and Fluorescein Angiography for Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy.

Importance: The use of indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is a criterion standard for diagnosing polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), an endemic and common cause of vision loss in Asian and African individuals that also presents in white individuals. However, the use of ICGA is expensive, invasive, and not always available at clinical centers. Therefore, knowing the value of certain features detected using fundus photography (FP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein angiography (FA) to diagnose PCV without ICGA could assist ophthalmologists to identify PCV when ICGA is not readily available. Objective: To explore the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracy of potential diagnostic features detected using FP, OCT, and FA in diagnosing PCV without ICGA. Design, Setting, and Participants: Deidentified images of FP alone, OCT alone, and FA alone were graded by 3 retina specialists masked to ICGA findings for potentially diagnostic features of PCV prespecified before grading compared with the criterion standard grading of 2 other retina specialists with access simultaneously to FP, OCT, FA and ICGA. Specialists graded images of 124 eyes of 120 patients presenting between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2016, with newly identified serous or serosanguinous maculopathy who had undergone FP, OCT, FA, and ICGA before treatment at a large referral eye center in Thailand. Main Outcomes and Measures: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and predictive accuracy from the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: The mean (SD) age of the patients was 57.7 (12.6) years, 52 were women, 68 were men, and the diagnosis (from ICGA) was PCV for 65 eyes (52.4%), central serous chorioretinopathy for 45 eyes (36.3%), and typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration for 12 eyes (9.7%). With the use of FP, a potential diagnostic feature for PCV was notched or hemorrhagic pigment epithelial detachment (AUC, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.70-0.85). With the use of OCT, potential diagnostic features for PCV were pigment epithelial detachment notch (AUC, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85-0.96), sharply peaked pigment epithelial detachment (AUC, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.80-0.92), and a hyperreflective ring (AUC, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.80-0.92). When at least 2 of these 4 signs were present, the AUC was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.89-0.98), with a sensitivity of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.87-0.99), a specificity of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.82-0.97), a positive predictive value of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.83-0.97), and a negative predictive value of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.86-0.99). Conclusions and Relevance: These data suggest that the potential diagnostic features detected using FP and OCT provide high sensitivity and specificity for a diagnosis of PCV, especially when at least 2 of 4 highly suggestive signs are present.

Color Fundus Photography, Optical Coherence Tomography, and Fluorescein Angiography in Diagnosing Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy.

PURPOSE: To determine sensitivity and specificity of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) diagnosis using color fundus photography (CFP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) without indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). DESIGN: Validity analysis. METHODS: Treatment-naïve eyes with serous/serosanguinous maculopathy undergoing CFP, OCT, FFA, and ICGA imaging before treatment at a university hospital in Thailand (January 1, 2013 to June 30, 2015) were identified. Images of each subject were categorized into 4 sets (set A: CFP; set B: CFP+OCT; set C: CFP+FFA; set D: CFP+OCT+FFA). Six graders, 3 from Thailand (PCV endemic area) and 3 from the United States (nonendemic area), individually reviewed each set (without ICGA), and determined if the presumed diagnosis was PCV. In parallel, 2 other graders confirmed if each case had PCV or not using EVEREST criteria (including ICGA). Sensitivity and specificity of a PCV diagnosis with each set (without ICGA) were analyzed compared with diagnoses including ICGA. RESULTS: Of 119 study eyes (113 subjects, 57% male, mean age ± SD 59.9 ± 13.8 years), definite PCV diagnosis was 40.3%. Sensitivity of sets A, B, C, D: 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47-0.76), 0.83 (95% CI: 0.69-0.92), 0.54 (95% CI: 0.39-0.68), 0.67 (95% CI: 0.51-0.79); specificities: 0.93 (95% CI: 0.84-0.97), 0.83 (95% CI: 0.72-0.91), 0.97 (95% CI: 0.89-0.99), 0.92 (95% CI: 0.82-0.97); accuracies: 0.81 (95% CI: 0.73-0.88), 0.83 (95% CI: 0.76-0.90), 0.79 (95% CI: 0.73-0.87), 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74-0.88). Discrepancies between Thai and US graders existed through sets A, C, and D. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that without ICGA, fundus photography combined with OCT provides high sensitivity and high specificity to diagnose PCV; adding FFA does not improve accuracy.

Vision Preference Value Scale and Patient Preferences in Choosing Therapy for Symptomatic Vitreomacular Interface Abnormality.

Importance: While symptomatic vitreomacular interface abnormalities (VIAs) are common, assessment of vision preference values and treatment preferences of these may guide treatment recommendations by physicians and influence third-party payers. Objective: To determine preference values that individuals with VIA assign to their visual state and preferences of potential treatments. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cross-sectional one-time questionnaire study conducted between December 2015 and January 2017, 213 patients from tertiary care referral centers in Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States were studied. Patients with symptomatic VIA diagnosed within 1 year of data collection, visual acuity less than 20/20 OU, and symptoms ascribed to VIAs were included. Data were analyzed from January 2017 to November 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end points were overall mean preference value that individuals with VIA assigned to their visual state and patients' preferences for potential treatments. Preference values were graded on a scale from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating death and 1 indicating perfect health with perfect vision. Results: Of the 213 included patients, 139 (65.3%) were women, and the mean (SD) age was 65.6 (7.7) years. Diagnoses included epiretinal membrane (n = 100 [46.9%]), macular hole (n = 99 [46.5%]), and vitreomacular traction (n = 14 [6.6%]). The mean (SD) vision preference value was 0.76 (0.15), without differences identified among the 3 VIA types. More participants were enthusiastic about vitrectomy (150 [71.1%]) compared with intravitreal injection (120 [56.9%]) (difference, 14.2%; 95% CI, 5.16-23.3; P = .002). Adjusted analyses showed enthusiasm for vitrectomy was associated with fellow eye visual acuity (odds ratio, 10.99; 95% CI, 2.01-59.97; P = .006) and better-seeing eye visual acuity (odds ratio, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.001-0.66; P = .03). Overall enthusiasm for treatment was associated with fellow eye visual acuity (odds ratio, 7.22; 95% CI, 1.29-40.40; P = .02). Overall, most participants (171 [81.0%]) were enthusiastic about surgery, injection, or both. Conclusions and Relevance: Study participants reported similar preference values among 3 types of VIAs. The data suggest that most patients with these conditions would be enthusiastic about undergoing vitrectomy or an injection to treat it, likely because of the condition's effect on visual functioning, although there may be a slight preference for vitrectomy at this time.

Submacular Hemorrhage: Visual Outcomes and Prognostic Factors.

PURPOSE: To describe causes, visual outcomes, and prognostic factors in patients with submacular hemorrhage (SMH). DESIGN: Retrospective case review. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of SMH with a size of at least 1 disc diameter. SMH causes were classified into 3 groups: 1) neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), 2) polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), and 3) other miscellaneous causes. RESULTS: Ninety-eight eyes of 98 patients were included. Based on clinical presentation and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), the diagnoses of PCV (59%), nAMD (31%), and miscellaneous other causes (10%) were made. PCV patients were younger (P = 0.005) and had larger SMH size than nAMD patients (P = 0.008). Poor visual outcome [>1.0 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR)] at 6 months was associated with low initial visual acuity (VA; >1.0 logMAR; P = 0.002) and with the diagnosis of nAMD (P = 0.02). In addition, limited visual outcomes were noted for patients older than 65 years and those with persistent SMH for at least 2 months. CONCLUSIONS: PCV was the most common cause of SMH in Thailand. ICGA represented a valuable tool for the diagnosis. Visual outcomes were limited for patients with nAMD and for patients who presented with poor initial VA.

Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Thai patients with clinical and angiographic choroidal neovascularization.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to study the prevalence and characteristics of idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV) in Thai patients with clinical and angiographic choroidal neovascularization (CNV). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A consecutive case study of 140 patients presenting with CNV was conducted in nine large referral eye centers throughout Thailand. The demographic data, fundus photographs, fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography of the patients were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 129 patients with clinical and angiographic CNV, IPCV was diagnosed in 100 patients (77.52%), idiopathic CNVs in 16 patients (12.40%) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 12 patients (9.30%). Of the 107 eyes with IPCV, 90 eyes (84.11%) had both branching venous networks (BVNs) and polypoidal lesions. Most IPCV patients (93%) had unilateral involvement and were at a younger age than AMD patients. In all, 79 eyes (73.83%) had lesions found in the macular area, 14 eyes (13.08%) in the temporal to vascular arcades, ten eyes (9.35%) in the peripapillary area and four eyes (3.74%) in both macular and peripapillary areas. The clinical manifestations of IPCV at presentation were categorized into two patterns. There were 95 eyes (88.79%) of a hemorrhagic pattern and 12 eyes (11.21%) of an exudative pattern. CONCLUSION: IPCV is the most common macular disease in Thai patients with CNV. Most IPCVs have both BVNs and polypoidal lesions located in the macular area and present with a hemorrhagic pattern.

Telemedicine screening for cytomegalovirus retinitis at the point of care for human immunodeficiency virus infection.

IMPORTANCE: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a leading cause of blindness in many developing countries, likely the result of inadequate screening. Telemedicine screening for CMV retinitis instituted at the point of care for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may allow for earlier detection. OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of retinal photography in detecting CMV retinitis at the point of HIV care and to characterize the clinical manifestations of CMV retinitis detected through the screening program. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We enrolled 103 participants from a population of 258 patients with HIV and a CD4 level of less than 100/µL treated at an HIV clinic in Thailand from June 2010 through June 2012. We captured mosaic fundus photographs through a dilated pupil using a digital fundus camera. An experienced on-site ophthalmologist masked to the results of the fundus images subsequently examined each eye with indirect ophthalmoscopy and recorded the clinical findings on a standardized form. Three remote graders evaluated each image for CMV retinitis. INTERVENTION: Fundus photography and indirect ophthalmoscopy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Sensitivity and specificity of telemedicine relative to indirect ophthalmoscopy for diagnosis of CMV retinitis and clinical features of CMV retinitis lesions. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (15.5%) were diagnosed as having CMV retinitis, of whom 5 (31%) had bilateral disease. Of the 21 eyes (10.2%) with CMV retinitis, 7 (33%) had visual symptoms. Retinitis lesions occupied less than 10% of the total retinal surface area in 13 of 21 eyes (62%) and did not involve the posterior pole (ie, zone 1) in 15 of 21 eyes (71%). Mean logMAR visual acuity in affected eyes was 0.41 (95% CI, 0.11-0.71; Snellen equivalent, 20/50 [95% CI, 20/25-20/100]). The mean sensitivity for the 3 remote graders in detecting CMV retinitis on fundus photography was 30.2% (95% CI, 10.5%-52.4%), and mean specificity was 99.1% (95% CI, 97.8%-100.0%). The CMV retinitis lesions missed by the remote graders (false-negative findings) were more likely to be small (P = .001) and located in the peripheral retina (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Patients undergoing screening at a clinic for HIV treatment had less extensive retinitis than patients in recent reports from an ophthalmology clinic. Retinal photography with the camera used in this study was not highly sensitive in detecting CMV retinitis but may identify disease with an immediate threat to vision. Improved accuracy will require a camera that can more easily image the peripheral retina.

Predictive factors of open globe injury in patients requiring vitrectomy.

BACKGROUND: To determine the outcomes and predictive factors of patients with open globe injury requiring pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). METHODS: The medical records of 114 patients age 10 years or older who had undergone PPV due to ocular trauma, with at least 6 months follow up, were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 42 (SD14) years, with males accounting for 89% of the cases. Penetrating eye injury was the most common injury mechanism (43%) with most injuries occurring secondary to work related incidents (54%). After surgical interventions, 78% of the patients had visual improvement of one or more Snellen lines, while no light perception occurred in 10%. Anatomical attachment was achieved in 87% of eyes at the final follow up. Logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) was a significant predictive factor of visual outcome, while initial retinal detachment was a significant predictor of anatomical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Pupillary reaction is an important presenting ocular sign in estimating the post-vitrectomy poor visual outcome for open globe injury. Vision was restored and improved in more than half of the patients in this study; however, long-term sequelae should be monitored.

The use of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection and its complications in Chiang Mai University Hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To report the use of intravitreal (IVT) injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents (anti-VEGF) and its complications. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The authors performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients treated with IVT injection of anti-VEGF between May 2006 and December 2010 at Chiang Mai University Hospital. Demographic data and complications were registered. RESULTS: The present study included 1,006 eyes of 878 patients. Mean age was 60 years (range 1 month to 91 years). Mean follow-up time was 12 months (range 1 month to 54 months). Total injections were 2,077 given as 47, 210, 399, 575, and 846 injection per year between 2006 and 2010, respectively. Anti-VEGF agents were bevacizumab (1,878; 90.42%), ranibizumab (190; 9.15%), and pegaptanib (9; 0.43%). Indications for injection based on primary diagnosis were neovascular macular degeneration (38.5%), diabetic retinopathy (38%), and retinal vein occlusion (15.9%). The incidence of endophthalmitis was 0.048% (1/2,077) for all injections and 0.053% (1/1878)for bevacizumab. CONCLUSION: The use of IVT injections of anti-VEGF is increasing, especially the use of bevacizumab. Incidence of ocular and systemic complications after IVT injection of anti- VEGF was low with no significant difference among the three anti-VEGFs agents.