The influence of immunodeficiency, disease features, and patient characteristics on survival in plasmablastic lymphoma.

ABSTRACT: Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with immunodeficiency, characterized by uncertain treatment approaches and an unfavorable prognosis. We conducted a multicenter, international, retrospective cohort study, aiming to characterize the clinical features, risk factors, and outcomes of patients with PBL. Data were collected from 22 institutions across 4 countries regarding patients diagnosed with PBL between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2020. Survival risk factors were analyzed using both univariate and multivariate regression models. Overall survival (OS) was calculated using Kaplan-Meier statistics. First-line treatment regimens were stratified into standard- and higher-intensity regimens, and based on whether they incorporated a proteasome inhibitor (PI). A total of 281 patients (median age, 55 years) were included. Immunodeficiency of any kind was identified in 144 patients (51%), and 99 patients (35%) had HIV-positive results. The 5-year OS for the entire cohort was 36% (95% confidence interval, 30%-42%). In multivariate analysis, inferior OS was associated with Epstein-Barr virus-negative lymphoma, poor performance status, advanced stage, and bone marrow involvement. In an independent univariate analysis, the international prognostic index was associated with OS outcomes. Neither immunosuppression nor HIV infection, specifically, influenced OS. Among patients treated with curative intent (n = 234), the overall response rate was 72%. Neither the intensity of the treatment regimen nor the inclusion of PIs in first-line therapy was associated with OS. In this large retrospective study of patients with PBL, we identified novel risk factors for survival. PBL remains a challenging disease with poor long-term outcomes.

Peripheral Blood Haploidentical Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Older Adults with Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes Demonstrates Long Term Survival, Results from Australia and New Zealand Transplant and Cellular Therapies.

There is a limited body of evidence for haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) in older patients. Previous studies have used a high proportion of bone marrow-derived grafts and a variety of conditioning regimens. In Australia and New Zealand, haplo-HCST is predominantly performed using peripheral blood (PB) with universal use of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy). To characterize the outcomes of older recipients undergoing haplo-HSCT for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Data were collected through the Australasian Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient Registry (ABMTRR) for patients aged 65 or older receiving a PB haplo-HSCT for AML/MDS between January 2010 and July 2020. A total of 44 patients were included in the analysis. The median follow-up time was 377 days. The median age was 68 (range 65-74) with a median Karnofsky performance status of 90. Thirty patients (68.2%) had AML, whereas 14 (31.8%) had MDS. The median donor age was 40. The most common conditioning regimen was nonmyeloablative fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and total body irradiation (75%); the remainder of the patients received either melphalan- or busulfan-based regimens, and the majority were reduced intensity, with only 2 patients undergoing myeloablative conditioning. All patients received post-transplantation cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate mofetil, with the majority also receiving tacrolimus (90.5%) and the remainder receiving cyclosporine (9.5%). No patients received anti-thymocyte globulin. Neutrophil engraftment was achieved in 97.6% of patients at a median of 18 days, whereas platelet engraftment was achieved in 92.7% of patients at a median of 28 days. The cumulative incidences of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and CMV disease were 52.5% and 5.1% at 1 year. The incidence of grade 2-4 acute Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) was 18.2%. The incidence of chronic GVHD at 2 years was 40.7%, with extensive chronic GVHD occurring in 17.7% of patients. The incidences of relapse and non-relapse mortality (NRM) at 2 years were 8.8% and 20.7% respectively. The leading causes of death were infection (64.7%) followed by relapse (14.2%). The 2-year overall survival was 74%. Relapse free survival and GVHD free, relapse free survival at 2 years was 70% and 48%. Haplo-HSCT using a peripheral blood graft and PTCy GVHD prophylaxis demonstrates long-term disease control with acceptable rates of NRM for older patients with AML/MDS.

Incidence of Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome/Veno-Occlusive Disease and Treatment with Defibrotide in Allogeneic Transplantation: A Multicenter Australasian Registry Study.

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease (SOS/VOD) is an established complication in patients undergoing allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Defibrotide is an effective and safe pharmacologic option for treating diagnosed SOS/VOD. By exploring data provided to the Australasian Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient Registry (ABMTRR) by centers in Australia and New Zealand, this study aimed to describe the incidence of SOS/VOD and patterns of defibrotide use from 2016 to 2020. Patients who underwent allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation between 2016 and 2020 were identified from the ABMTRR. Data were extracted for a total of 3346 patients, 2692 from adult centers and 654 from pediatric centers, with a median follow-up of 21.5 months and 33.3 months, respectively. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the patient population, including the incidence of SOS/VOD and defibrotide use. Comparisons were made between patients without SOS/VOD and those with SOS/VOD, divided into defibrotide and no defibrotide cohorts. Associations with overall survival (OS) and day 100 survival with such variables as sex, age, disease at transplantation, stem cell source, conditioning agents, SOS/VOD diagnosis, and use of defibrotide, were determined. The reported incidence of SOS/VOD was 4.1% in adult centers and 11.5% in pediatric centers. Defibrotide was administered to 74.8% of adult patients and 97.3% of pediatric patients with SOS/VOD. Significant variability in the use, dosage, and duration of defibrotide was seen across the adult centers. The day 100 survival rate and median OS for patients managed with defibrotide was 51.8% and 103 days, respectively, for adult patients and 90.4% and not reached, respectively, for pediatric patients. In adults, older age at transplantation, an HLA-matched nonsibling relative donor, and a diagnosis of SOS/VOD treated with defibrotide were associated with reduced OS. In pediatric patients, the patient and transplantation characteristics associated with reduced OS were a diagnosis of SOS/VOD and a ≥2 HLA-mismatched related donor. A collaborative approach across Australasia to diagnosing and managing SOS/VOD, particularly with respect to consistent defibrotide use, is recommended.

A phase 1b study of venetoclax and azacitidine combination in patients with relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndromes.

Patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have a dismal median overall survival (OS) after failing hypomethylating agent (HMA) treatment. There is no standard of care for patients after HMA therapy failure; hence, there is a critical need for effective therapeutic strategies. Herein, we present the safety and efficacy of venetoclax + azacitidine in patients with R/R MDS. This phase 1b, open-label, multicenter study enrolled patients ≥18 years. Patients were treated with escalating doses of oral venetoclax: 100, 200, or 400 mg daily for 14 days every 28-day cycle. Azacitidine was administered on Days 1-7 every cycle at 75 mg/m2 /day intravenously/subcutaneously. Responses were assessed per modified 2006 International Working Group (IWG) criteria. Forty-four patients (male 86%, median age 74 years) received venetoclax + azacitidine treatment. Median follow-up was 21.2 months. Hematological adverse events of Grade ≥ 3 included febrile neutropenia (34%), thrombocytopenia (32%), neutropenia (27%), and anemia (18%). Pneumonia (23%) was the most common Grade ≥ 3 infection. Marrow responses were seen including complete remission (CR, n = 3, 7%) and marrow CR (mCR, n = 14, 32%); 36% (16/44) achieved transfusion independence (TI) for RBCs and/or platelets, and 43% (6/14) with mCR achieved hematological improvement (HI). The median time to CR/mCR was 1.2 months, and the median duration of response for CR + mCR was 8.6 months. Median OS was 12.6 months. Venetoclax + azacitidine shows activity in patients with R/R MDS following prior HMA therapy failure and provides clinically meaningful benefits, including HI and TI, and encouraging OS.

Australia and New Zealand Transplant and Cellular Therapies (ANZTCT) position statement: COVID-19 management in patients with haemopoietic stem cell transplant and chimeric antigen receptor T cell.

Patients with post-haemopoietic stem cell transplant or chimeric antigen receptor T -cell (CAR-T) therapy face a significant risk of morbidity and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 because of their immunosuppressed state. As case numbers in Australia and New Zealand continue to rise, guidance on management in this high-risk population is needed. Whilst we have learned much from international colleagues who faced high infection rates early in the pandemic, guidance relevant to local health system structures, medication availability and emerging therapies is essential to equip physicians to manage our patients optimally.

Phase 3 trial of gilteritinib plus azacitidine vs azacitidine for newly diagnosed FLT3mut+ AML ineligible for intensive chemotherapy.

Treatment results for patients with newly diagnosed FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3)-mutated (FLT3mut+) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) ineligible for intensive chemotherapy are disappointing. This multicenter, open-label, phase 3 trial randomized (2:1) untreated adults with FLT3mut+ AML ineligible for intensive induction chemotherapy to receive gilteritinib (120 mg/d orally) and azacitidine (GIL + AZA) or azacitidine (AZA) alone. The primary end point was overall survival (OS). At the interim analysis (August 26, 2020), a total of 123 patients were randomized to treatment (GIL + AZA, n = 74; AZA, n = 49). Subsequent AML therapy, including FLT3 inhibitors, was received by 20.3% (GIL + AZA) and 44.9% (AZA) of patients. Median OS was 9.82 (GIL + AZA) and 8.87 (AZA) months (hazard ratio, 0.916; 95% CI, 0.529-1.585; P = .753). The study was closed based on the protocol-specified boundary for futility. Median event-free survival was 0.03 month in both arms. Event-free survival defined by using composite complete remission (CRc) was 4.53 months for GIL + AZA and 0.03 month for AZA (hazard ratio, 0.686; 95% CI, 0.433-1.087; P = .156). CRc rates were 58.1% (GIL + AZA) and 26.5% (AZA) (difference, 31.4%; 95% CI, 13.1-49.7; P < .001). Adverse event (AE) rates were similar for GIL + AZA (100%) and AZA (95.7%); grade ≥3 AEs were 95.9% and 89.4%, respectively. Common AEs with GIL + AZA included pyrexia (47.9%) and diarrhea (38.4%). Gilteritinib steady-state trough concentrations did not differ between GIL + AZA and gilteritinib. GIL + AZA resulted in significantly higher CRc rates, although similar OS compared with AZA. Results support the safety/tolerability and clinical activity of upfront therapy with GIL + AZA in older/unfit patients with FLT3mut+ AML. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02752035.

Variable CD34+ recovery of cryopreserved allogeneic HPC products: transplant implications during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Donor registries and transplantation societies recommend cryopreservation of unrelated donor hemopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) products before the recipient commences conditioning therapy to mitigate the donor and travel risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known regarding the postthaw quality of such allogeneic products or the effect of precryopreservation storage and processing on these characteristics. We investigated the postthaw CD34+ cell recovery and viability of 305 allogeneic HPC products cryopreserved at 9 laboratories across Australia. Median postthaw CD34+ cell recovery was 76% and ranged from 6% to 122%. Longer transit time before cryopreservation, white cell count (WCC) during storage, and complex product manipulation before cryopreservation were independently associated with inferior postthaw CD34+ cell recovery. Longer precryopreservation transit time and WCC were also associated with inferior postthaw CD34+ cell viability. We conclude that although postthaw CD34+ cell recovery and viability of cryopreserved allogeneic HPC is generally acceptable, there is a significant risk of poor postthaw product quality, associated with prolonged storage time, higher WCC, and complex product manipulation precryopreservation. Awareness of expected postthaw recovery and practices that influence it will assist collection, processing, and transplant centers in optimizing outcomes for transplant recipients.

Unrelated Donor Transplant Recipients Given Thymoglobuline Have Superior GRFS When Compared to Matched Related Donor Recipients Undergoing Transplantation without ATG.

Recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from unrelated donors (URDs) and mismatched related donors (MMRDs) typically have a higher incidence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) compared with matched related donors (MRDs). Anti-T-cell globulins (ATGs) are often used to reduce GVHD in these recipients. We report the outcomes of 211 adult peripheral blood stem cell transplant recipients with myeloid malignancies who received a standardized transplant protocol, in which ATG (Thymoglobuline 4.5 mg/kg) was administered to recipients of URD and MMRD (n = 147) but not MRD (n = 64) transplant. For all patients, incidence of acute GVHD grades 2 to 4 was 21.4%, and chronic GVHD was 35.0%. Two-year overall survival was 63.2% (95% confidence interval, 55.8% to 71.5%), relapse-free survival was 55.3% (47.4% to 64.6%), and GVHD-free, relapse-free survival (GRFS) was 30.7% (23.2% to 40.8%). There were no differences between recipients of MRDs and other donors in relapse, nonrelapse mortality, and overall and relapse-free survival. However, compared with MRD, recipients from URDs and MMRDs had reduced moderate to severe chronic GVHD (10.4% versus 30.1%, P= .002), less chronic GVHD requiring systemic therapy (19.4% versus 38.9%, P = .006), and superior 2-year GRFS (35.5% versus 20.0%, P = .003). In this retrospective review of nonrandomized transplant groups, outcomes of HSCT performed using an URD with ATG during conditioning were superior to transplant from an MRD without ATG. The addition of Thymoglobuline to conditioning in HSCT from MRD should be further examined in prospective trials.

The effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitor interruption and interferon use on pregnancy outcomes and long-term disease control in chronic myeloid leukemia.

The management of CML in pregnancy is challenging with the need to balance disease control against potential teratogenic effects of TKI therapy. In this multi-center case-cohort study of 16 women in chronic phase, CML ceased TKI treatment pre- or post-conception during their first pregnancy. Thirteen patients were on imatinib; 9 ceased their TKI prior to conception and 7 ceased at pregnancy confirmation. Twelve patients had achieved either MMR or better at time of TKI cessation. Eleven women lost MMR during pregnancy and two patients lost CHR. Fourteen women reestablished MMR on TKI recommenced. The depth molecular response prior to conception appeared to correlate well with restoration of disease control on TKI recommencement though duration of MMR did not appear to be as important. While interruption of TKI treatment for pregnancy usually leads to loss of molecular response, loss of hematological response is uncommon and disease control is reestablished with resumption of therapy in the majority of women.

Early treatment intensification with R-ICE and 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin)-BEAM stem cell transplantation in patients with high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients and positive interim PET after 4 cycles of R-CHOP-14.

In the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, a persistently positive [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) scan typically carries a poor prognosis. In this prospective multi-center phase II study, we sought to establish whether treatment intensification with R-ICE (rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide) chemotherapy followed by 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan-BEAM (BCNU, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan) for high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients who are positive on interim PET scan after 4 cycles of R-CHOP-14 (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone) can improve 2-year progression-free survival from a historically unfavorable rate of 40% to a rate of 65%. Patients received 4 cycles of R-CHOP-14, followed by a centrally-reviewed PET performed at day 17-20 of cycle 4 and assessed according to International Harmonisation Project criteria. Median age of the 151 evaluable patients was 57 years, with 79% stages 3-4, 54% bulk, and 54% International Prognostic Index 3-5. Among the 143 patients undergoing interim PET, 101 (71%) were PET-negative (96 of whom completed R-CHOP), 42 (29%) were PET-positive (32 of whom completed R-ICE and 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan-BEAM). At a median follow up of 35 months, the 2-year progression-free survival for PET-positive patients was 67%, a rate similar to that for PET-negative patients treated with R-CHOP-14 (74%, P=0.11); overall survival was 78% and 88% (P=0.11), respectively. In an exploratory analysis, progression-free and overall survival were markedly superior for PET-positive Deauville score 4 versus score 5 (P=0.0002 and P=0.001, respectively). Therefore, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients who are PET-positive after 4 cycles of R-CHOP-14 and who switched to R-ICE and 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan-BEAM achieved favorable survival outcomes similar to those for PET-negative R-CHOP-14-treated patients. Further studies are warranted to confirm these promising results. (Registered at: ACTRN12609001077257).