[Association between birth conditions and bone mineral density in adults from the 1982 and 1993 birth cohorts in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil]. / Associação entre as condições de nascimento e a densidade mineral óssea de adultos das coortes de nascimentos de 1982 e 1993 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

This study assessed the association of birth weight, gestational age, and intrauterine growth with bone mineral density (BMD) at 22 and 30 years of age in the 1982 and 1993 birth cohorts in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and the association was assessed using analysis of variance. Multiple linear regression was used to control for confounding factors: sex; household income at birth; maternal smoking during pregnancy; maternal schooling; maternal ethnicity/skin color; and pre-pregnancy body mass index. The study tested whether body fat in adulthood was a mediator of the association analyzed, using the G-computation Formula. A total of 6,803 participants from the 1982 and 1993 cohorts were evaluated at 30 and 22 years of age, respectively. Birth weight was associated with BMD at all sites, with a greater difference at the femoral neck. Individuals born weighing less than 2,000g had on average -0.036g/cm2 (95%CI: -0.064; -0.008) of BMD in the femoral neck than individuals weighing more than 3,500g. Individuals with an intrauterine growth z-score at least 1.28 standard deviation below the mean had an average of -0.013g/cm2 (95%CI: -0.024; -0.002) of BMD in the lumbar spine compared with individuals with an above-average z-score. The mediation analysis showed that body fat in adulthood did not mediate the association. Birth conditions have been associated with BMD in adulthood and the identification of early factors related to bone loss is essential due to the demographic inversion that has been taking place in low- and middle-income countries.

Este estudo avaliou a associação do peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e crescimento intrauterino com a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) aos 22 e 30 anos, nas coortes de nascimentos de 1982 e 1993 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A DMO foi medida por absorciometria por raios X com dupla energia (DXA), a associação foi avaliada usando análise de variância e a regressão linear múltipla para o controle de confundimento por: sexo, renda familiar ao nascer, tabagismo materno na gestação, escolaridade materna, cor da pele materna e índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional. Foi testado se a gordura corporal na vida adulta era mediadora da associação analisada, por meio da G-computation Formula. Foram avaliados 6.803 participantes das coortes de 1982 e 1993, aos 30 e 22 anos, respectivamente. O peso ao nascer teve associação com a DMO em todos os sítios, com maior diferença no colo femoral. Os nascidos com menos de 2.000g apresentaram, em média, -0,036g/cm2 (IC95%: -0,064; -0,008) de DMO no colo femoral em comparação àqueles com mais de 3.500g. Aqueles com escore-z de crescimento intrauterino com pelo menos 1,28 desvio padrão abaixo da média apresentaram, em média, -0,013g/cm2 (IC95%: -0,024; -0,002) de DMO na coluna lombar, em relação aos com escore-z acima da média. A análise de mediação mostrou que gordura corporal na idade adulta não mediou a associação. As condições de nascimento foram associadas com a densidade mineral óssea na vida adulta, e a identificação dos fatores precoces relacionados à perda de DMO é essencial devido à inversão demográfica em progresso em países de média e baixa renda.

Este estudio evaluó la asociación del peso al nacer, la edad gestacional y el crecimiento intrauterino con la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) a los 22 y 30 años de edad, en las Cohortes de Nacimiento de 1982 y 1993 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. La DMO se midió mediante absorciometría de rayos X de doble emisión (DXA), y la asociación se evaluó mediante ANOVA y regresión lineal múltiple para controlar la confusión por sexo, ingresos familiares al nacer, tabaquismo materno durante el embarazo, escolaridad materna, color de piel materno e índice de masa corporal antes del embarazo. Se comprobó si la grasa corporal en la edad adulta era un mediador de la asociación analizada, utilizando G-computation Formula. Se evaluaron 6.803 participantes de las cohortes 82 y 93, de 30 y 22 años, respectivamente. El peso al nacer se asoció con la DMO en todos los sitios, con la mayor diferencia en el cuello femoral. Los nacidos con un peso inferior a 2.000g tuvieron una media de -0,036g/cm2 (IC95%: -0,064; -0,008) de DMO en el cuello femoral, que aquellos con más de 3.500g. Aquellos con una puntuación z de crecimiento intrauterino de al menos 1,28 desviaciones estándar por debajo de la media presentaron un promedio de -0,013g/cm2 (IC95%: -0,024; -0,002) de DMO en la columna lumbar, con relación a aquellos con un puntaje z superior a la media. El análisis de mediación mostró que la grasa corporal en la edad adulta no medió la asociación. Las condiciones de nacimiento se asociaron con la DMO en la edad adulta, y la identificación temprana de factores relacionados con la pérdida de DMO es esencial debido a la inversión demográfica que ha estado ocurriendo en los países de ingresos medios y bajos.

Perinatal factors as risk factors of bipolar disorder onset in young adulthood: a 22-year birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a leading cause of disability-adjusted life years in young adults. Complications during prenatal periods have been associated with BD previously. The study aims to examine the association between perinatal factors and BD in order to prevent the risk of developing BD. METHODS: 3,794 subjects from the 1993 Pelotas population-based birth cohort study were included. We assessed 27 initial variables at birth and modelled BD onset at 18 and 22 years. We performed bivariate analysis, using binomial logistic regression models. The variables with p-value smaller than 0.05 were included into a multiple regression with confounding variables. RESULTS: Maternal smoking was associated with a 1.42-fold increased risk of BD at 18 or 22 years old (95% CI: 1.091-1.841), and maternal passive exposure to tobacco with a 1.43-fold increased risk (95% CI: 1.086-1.875). No association was found between other perinatal factors and BD after controlling for confounding factors. CONCLUSION: The results of this cohort corroborate with previous findings in the literature that already indicate the negative outcomes of maternal smoking during pregnancy. They may now be linked to other studies to target these factors for preventing the development of BD.

Is rest-activity rhythm prospectively associated with all-cause mortality in older people regardless of sleep and physical activity level? The 'Como Vai?' Cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to test the association of rest-activity rhythm (intradaily variability and interdaily stability) with all-cause mortality in an older adult cohort in Brazil. It also assesses whether the amount of time spent at each intensity level (i.e., physical activity and nocturnal sleep) interferes with this association. METHODS: This cohort study started in 2014 with older adults (≥60 years). We investigated deaths from all causes that occurred until April 2017. Rest-activity rhythm variables were obtained using accelerometry at baseline. Intradaily variability indicates higher rhythm fragmentation, while interdaily stability indicates higher rhythm stability. Cox proportional-hazard models were used to test the associations controlling for confounders. RESULTS: Among the 1451 older adults interviewed in 2014, 965 presented valid accelerometry data. During the follow-up period, 80 individuals died. After adjusting the analysis for sociodemographic, smoking, morbidity score, and number of medicines, an increase of one standard deviation in interdaily stability decreased 26% the risk of death. The adjustment for total sleep time and inactivity did not change this association. On the other hand, the association was no longer significant after adjusting for overall physical activity and moderate to vigorous physical activity. CONCLUSION: Rest-activity rhythm pattern was not associated with mortality when physical activity was considered, possibly because this pattern could be driven by regular exercise. Promoting physical activity remains a relevant strategy to improve population health.

Associação entre as condições de nascimento e a densidade mineral óssea de adultos das coortes de nascimentos de 1982 e 1993 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Association between birth conditions and bone mineral density in adults from the 1982 and 1993 birth cohorts in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Asociación entre las condiciones de nacimiento y la densidad mineral ósea de adultos de las cohortes de nacimiento de 1982 y 1993 en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Resumo: Este estudo avaliou a associação do peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e crescimento intrauterino com a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) aos 22 e 30 anos, nas coortes de nascimentos de 1982 e 1993 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A DMO foi medida por absorciometria por raios X com dupla energia (DXA), a associação foi avaliada usando análise de variância e a regressão linear múltipla para o controle de confundimento por: sexo, renda familiar ao nascer, tabagismo materno na gestação, escolaridade materna, cor da pele materna e índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional. Foi testado se a gordura corporal na vida adulta era mediadora da associação analisada, por meio da G-computation Formula. Foram avaliados 6.803 participantes das coortes de 1982 e 1993, aos 30 e 22 anos, respectivamente. O peso ao nascer teve associação com a DMO em todos os sítios, com maior diferença no colo femoral. Os nascidos com menos de 2.000g apresentaram, em média, -0,036g/cm2 (IC95%: -0,064; -0,008) de DMO no colo femoral em comparação àqueles com mais de 3.500g. Aqueles com escore-z de crescimento intrauterino com pelo menos 1,28 desvio padrão abaixo da média apresentaram, em média, -0,013g/cm2 (IC95%: -0,024; -0,002) de DMO na coluna lombar, em relação aos com escore-z acima da média. A análise de mediação mostrou que gordura corporal na idade adulta não mediou a associação. As condições de nascimento foram associadas com a densidade mineral óssea na vida adulta, e a identificação dos fatores precoces relacionados à perda de DMO é essencial devido à inversão demográfica em progresso em países de média e baixa renda.

Abstract: This study assessed the association of birth weight, gestational age, and intrauterine growth with bone mineral density (BMD) at 22 and 30 years of age in the 1982 and 1993 birth cohorts in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and the association was assessed using analysis of variance. Multiple linear regression was used to control for confounding factors: sex; household income at birth; maternal smoking during pregnancy; maternal schooling; maternal ethnicity/skin color; and pre-pregnancy body mass index. The study tested whether body fat in adulthood was a mediator of the association analyzed, using the G-computation Formula. A total of 6,803 participants from the 1982 and 1993 cohorts were evaluated at 30 and 22 years of age, respectively. Birth weight was associated with BMD at all sites, with a greater difference at the femoral neck. Individuals born weighing less than 2,000g had on average -0.036g/cm2 (95%CI: -0.064; -0.008) of BMD in the femoral neck than individuals weighing more than 3,500g. Individuals with an intrauterine growth z-score at least 1.28 standard deviation below the mean had an average of -0.013g/cm2 (95%CI: -0.024; -0.002) of BMD in the lumbar spine compared with individuals with an above-average z-score. The mediation analysis showed that body fat in adulthood did not mediate the association. Birth conditions have been associated with BMD in adulthood and the identification of early factors related to bone loss is essential due to the demographic inversion that has been taking place in low- and middle-income countries.

Resumen: Este estudio evaluó la asociación del peso al nacer, la edad gestacional y el crecimiento intrauterino con la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) a los 22 y 30 años de edad, en las Cohortes de Nacimiento de 1982 y 1993 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. La DMO se midió mediante absorciometría de rayos X de doble emisión (DXA), y la asociación se evaluó mediante ANOVA y regresión lineal múltiple para controlar la confusión por sexo, ingresos familiares al nacer, tabaquismo materno durante el embarazo, escolaridad materna, color de piel materno e índice de masa corporal antes del embarazo. Se comprobó si la grasa corporal en la edad adulta era un mediador de la asociación analizada, utilizando G-computation Formula. Se evaluaron 6.803 participantes de las cohortes 82 y 93, de 30 y 22 años, respectivamente. El peso al nacer se asoció con la DMO en todos los sitios, con la mayor diferencia en el cuello femoral. Los nacidos con un peso inferior a 2.000g tuvieron una media de -0,036g/cm2 (IC95%: -0,064; -0,008) de DMO en el cuello femoral, que aquellos con más de 3.500g. Aquellos con una puntuación z de crecimiento intrauterino de al menos 1,28 desviaciones estándar por debajo de la media presentaron un promedio de -0,013g/cm2 (IC95%: -0,024; -0,002) de DMO en la columna lumbar, con relación a aquellos con un puntaje z superior a la media. El análisis de mediación mostró que la grasa corporal en la edad adulta no medió la asociación. Las condiciones de nacimiento se asociaron con la DMO en la edad adulta, y la identificación temprana de factores relacionados con la pérdida de DMO es esencial debido a la inversión demográfica que ha estado ocurriendo en los países de ingresos medios y bajos.

Perinatal risk factors for the onset of bipolar disorder in young adulthood: a 22-year birth cohort

Objective: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a major cause of disability-adjusted life years in young adults. Pregnancy complications have previously been associated with BD. The current study aimed to examine the association between perinatal factors and BD. Methods: We included 3,794 subjects from the 1993 Pelotas population-based birth cohort study. We assessed 27 variables at birth and modeled BD onset at 18 and 22 years. Bivariate analysis was performed by means of binomial logistic regression models. The variables with p-values less than 0.05 were included in a multiple regression with confounders. Results: Maternal smoking was associated with a 1.42-fold increased risk of BD at 18 or 22 years old (95%CI 1.091-1.841), and maternal passive exposure to tobacco with a 1.43-fold increased risk (95%CI 1.086-1.875). No association was found between other perinatal factors and BD after controlling for confounders. Conclusion: The results of the present cohort study corroborate previous reports in the literature indicating a negative effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy. These findings can be further tested and support the development of strategies to prevent the onset development of BD.

[Telephone Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases During the Pandemic (Covitel): methodological aspects]. / Inquérito Telefônico de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis em Tempos de Pandemia (Covitel): aspectos metodológicos.

This study describes the methodology of the Telephone Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases During the Pandemic (Covitel), conducted in Brazil in 2022. Covitel is a population-based survey representing Brazil and its five macroregions (Central-West, Northeast, North, Southeast, and South) and providing information on the impact of the main risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) on the adult population aged 18 years or above who live in households served by fixed and mobile telephone lines. This study aims to contribute to the development and monitoring of public policies to promote the population's health and obtain results to contribute to the knowledge of the influence of COVID-19 on risk factors for NCDs in the country. We evaluated 9,000 individuals and collected information on their diet, physical activity, mental health, health status, hypertension, diabetes, depression, and alcohol and tobacco consumption, comparing the pre-pandemic moments and the first quarter of 2022. We also collected information about the population's vaccination schedule and COVID-19 infection history.

Este artigo descreve a metodologia utilizada na realização do Inquérito Telefônico de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis em Tempos de Pandemia (Covitel), desenvolvido no Brasil em 2022. O Covitel é um inquérito de base populacional, com representatividade para o Brasil e suas cinco macrorregiões: Centro-oeste, Nordeste, Norte, Sudeste e Sul. O inquérito apresenta informações sobre o impacto dos principais fatores de risco para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) na população adulta, com 18 anos ou mais, residente em domicílios servidos por linhas telefônicas fixas e móveis. O estudo tem por objetivo colaborar para o desenvolvimento e acompanhamento de políticas públicas voltadas para a promoção da saúde para a população, bem como obter resultados que visem contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a influência da COVID-19 nos fatores de risco para as DCNT no país. Foram avaliados 9 mil indivíduos e coletadas informações sobre alimentação, atividade física, saúde mental, estado de saúde, hipertensão arterial, diabetes e depressão, além do consumo de álcool e tabaco, comparando os momentos pré-pandemia e o primeiro trimestre de 2022. Além disso, o estudo coletou informações acerca do esquema vacinal da população e da infecção por COVID-19.

Este artículo describe la metodología empleada para realizar la Encuesta Telefónica de Factores de Riesgo para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles en Tiempos de Pandemia (Covitel), realizada en Brasil en el 2022. Covitel es una encuesta de base poblacional, representativa de Brasil y sus cinco macrorregiones: Centro-Oeste, Nordeste, Norte, Sudeste y Sur, y brinda información sobre el impacto de los principales factores de riesgo para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) en la población adulta, de 18 años o más, que vive en hogares con servicio de telefonía fija y móvil. El estudio tiene como objetivo contribuir al desarrollo y seguimiento de políticas públicas dirigidas a la promoción de la salud de la población, así como obtener resultados que tengan como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento sobre la influencia de la COVID-19 en los factores de riesgo para las ECNT en el país. Se evaluó a 9.000 individuos y se recopiló información sobre alimentación, actividad física, salud mental, estado de salud, hipertensión arterial, diabetes y depresión, además del consumo de alcohol y tabaco, comparando los momentos previos a la pandemia con el primer trimestre de 2022. Además, el estudio recopiló información sobre el calendario de vacunación de la población y la infección por COVID-19.

Trajectories of Spirometric Patterns, Obstructive and PRISm, in a Population-Based Cohort in Latin America.

Background: Preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) has been associated with adverse outcomes and increased transition to other spirometric categories over time. We aimed to examine its prevalence, trajectories over time, and outcomes in a population-based sample from Latin America. Methods: Data were obtained from two population-based surveys of adults from three cities in Latin America (PLATINO study), conducted on the same individuals 5-9 years after their baseline examination. We estimated the frequency of PRISm defined by FEV1/FVC≥0.70 with FEV1 <80%, describing their clinical characteristics, longitudinal transition trajectories over time, factors associated with the transition. Results: At baseline, 2942 participants completed post-bronchodilator spirometry, and 2026 at both evaluations. The prevalence of normal spirometry was 78%, GOLD-stage 1 10.6%, GOLD 2-4 6.5%, and PRISm was: 5.0% (95% CI 4.2-5.8). PRISm was associated with less schooling, more reports of physician-diagnosis of COPD, wheezing, dyspnea, missing days at work, having ≥2 exacerbations in the previous year but without accelerated lung function decline. Mortality risk was significantly higher in PRISm (HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.2-3.3) and COPD GOLD 1-4 categories (HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.3-2.4) compared with normal spirometry. PRISm at baseline most frequently transitioned to another category at follow-up (46.5%); 26.7% to normal spirometry and 19.8% to COPD. The best predictors of transition to COPD were closeness of FEV1/FVC to 0.70, older age, current smoking, and a longer FET in the second assessment. Conclusion: PRISm, is a heterogeneous and unstable condition prone to adverse outcomes that require adequate follow-up.

Secular trends and social inequalities in child behavioural problems across three Brazilian cohort studies (1993, 2004 and 2015).

AIMS: Previous epidemiological evidence identified a concerning increase in behavioural problems among young children from 1997 to 2008 in Brazil. However, it is unclear whether behavioural problems have continued to increase, if secular changes vary between sociodemographic groups and what might explain changes over time. We aimed to monitor changes in child behavioural problems over a 22-year period from 1997 to 2019, examine changing social inequalities and explore potential explanations for recent changes in behavioural problems between 2008 and 2019. METHODS: The Child Behaviour Checklist was used to compare parent-reported behavioural problems in 4-year-old children across three Brazilian birth cohorts assessed in 1997 (1993 cohort, n = 633), 2008 (2004 cohort, n = 3750) and 2019 (2015 cohort, n = 577). Response rates across all three population-based cohorts were over 90%. Moderation analyses tested if cross-cohort changes differed by social inequalities (demographic and socioeconomic position), while explanatory models explored whether changes in hypothesized risk and protective factors in prenatal development (e.g., smoking during pregnancy) and family life (e.g., maternal depression and harsh parenting) accounted for changes in child behavioural problems from 2008 to 2019. RESULTS: Initial increases in child behavioural problems from 1997 to 2008 were followed by declines in conduct problems (mean change = -2.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.56, -1.94; P < 0.001), aggression (mean change = -1.84; 95% CI: -2.51, -1.17; P < 0.001) and rule-breaking behaviour (mean change = -0.91; 95% CI: -1.13, -0.69 P < 0.001) from 2008 to 2019. Sex differences in rule-breaking behaviour diminished during this 22-year period, whereas socioeconomic inequalities in behavioural problems emerged in 2008 and then remained relatively stable. Consequently, children from poorer and less educated families had higher behavioural problems, compared to more socially advantaged children, in the two more recent cohorts. Changes in measured risk and protective factors partly explained the reduction in behavioural problems from 2008 to 2019. CONCLUSIONS: Following a rise in child behavioural problems, there was a subsequent reduction in behavioural problems from 2008 to 2019. However, social inequalities increased and remained high. Continued monitoring of behavioural problems by subgroups is critical for closing the gap between socially advantaged and disadvantaged children and achieving health equity for the next generation.

Use of electronic cigarettes and hookah in Brazil: a new and emerging landscape. The Covitel study, 2022.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of current commercial cigarette smoking, as well as those of e-cigarette and hookah experimentation and current use among adults (≥ 18 years of age) in Brazil. METHODS: This study was based on a countrywide cross-sectional telephone-based survey conducted in 2022. The sample was designed to be representative of the five macroregions in Brazil and included 1,800 individuals from each of the regions. Telephone numbers, using a random digit dialing procedure, were proportionally selected for each direct distance dialing code in each region and then electronically validated (i.e., 900 cell and 900 landline phone numbers per region). Information on current commercial cigarette smoking (regardless of frequency/amount), as well as lifetime history of or current e-cigarette and hookah use (regardless of amount), were collected. RESULTS: The prevalence of lifetime history of e-cigarette and hookah use was identical (7.3%; 95% CI: 6.0-8.9), whereas the prevalence of current commercial cigarette smoking was 12.2% (95% CI: 10.4-14.1). Young adults (18-24 years) had the highest prevalence of e-cigarette experimentation (19.7%; 95% CI: 15.1-17.0) and hookah experimentation (17%; 95% CI: 12.2-23.2). E-cigarette and hookah use was more common in the Central-West region and among those with a high level of education, whereas current commercial cigarette smoking was more common among those with a lower level of education. Individuals who used the three forms of nicotine delivery corresponded to 1.5% of the sample (nearly 2 million individuals based on the estimated size of the Brazilian adult population). CONCLUSIONS: Surveillance is essential for the monitoring and prevention of these new forms of nicotine consumption.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and birthweight on the third generation: results from two birth cohort studies.

The purpose of this research is to investigate whether grandmother's smoking during pregnancy reduces the grandchildren's birthweight and whether maternal smoking during pregnancy modified this association. We also evaluated the effect of duration and intensity of smoking. This study included data from three generations from two birth cohorts carried out in Pelotas, a southern Brazilian city: women enrolled in the perinatal study in the 1982 and 1993 cohorts (G1); daughters (G2) of those G1 mothers who were followed to adulthood; and first children (G3) born from G2 women. Information on maternal smoking during pregnancy was obtained from women (G1) shortly after delivery of the two cohorts and from G2 in the follow-up in adulthood of the 1993 cohort. Mothers (G2) reported G3 birthweight during the follow-up visit at adulthood. Multiple linear regression was used to obtain effect measures adjusted for confounders. The study included 1602 grandmothers (G1), mothers (G2), and grandchildren (G3). Prevalence of maternal (G1) smoking during pregnancy was 43% and mean G3 birthweight was 3118.9 g (SD: 608.8). Grandmother's smoking in the pregnancy was not associated with grandchild's birthweight. However, offspring of both G1 and G2 smokers had lower mean birthweight than those whose mother and grandmother did not smoke (adjusted ß: - 223.05; 95% CI: - 415.16, - 32.76). CONCLUSION: No significant association was observed between grandmother's smoking in the pregnancy and grandchild's birthweight. But it seems that grandmother's smoking in pregnancy has an effect on grandchild's birthweight when the mother also smoked in the pregnancy. . WHAT IS KNOWN: • Most studies on the association of maternal tobacco smoking in pregnancy with offspring birthweight have been restricted to two generations, and an inverse association is well known. WHAT IS NEW: • Besides to investigate whether grandmother's smoking during pregnancy reduces the grandchildren's birthweight, we examined whether this association varied according to maternal smoking during pregnancy.

Sleep clusters and modifiable risk behaviors for noncommunicable diseases in young adults: Data from a birth cohort in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To determine sleep clusters among young adults and describe the prevalence of modifiable risk behaviors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) according to these clusters. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was carried out with the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort participants at the 22-year follow-up. Sleep onset, sleep offset, total sleep time (TST), TST variability, and sleep efficiency were evaluated by a triaxial accelerometer. We asked participants to wear the devices for 7 days on a nondominant wrist. Excessive daytime sleepiness was assessed by the Epworth sleep scale and sleep quality by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Sleep clusters of 2738 individuals were determined using k-means cluster analysis. Crude and adjusted prevalence of modifiable risk behaviors for NCDs (smoking, harmful alcohol intake, leisure physical inactivity, overweight, screen time, and ultra-processed food consumption) were presented according to the sleep clusters. Adjustments included wealth index, skin color, years of schooling, current occupation, shift work, and having children under 2 years. All analyses were stratified according to sex. RESULTS: We identified 3 sleep clusters for men (Healthy sleepers, Late and variant sleepers, and Shorter and poorer sleepers) and 3 for women (Healthy sleepers, Late and poor-quality sleepers, and Shorter, variant, and inefficient sleepers). Both males and females classified as Healthy sleepers presented a lower prevalence of modifiable risk behaviors for NCDs compared to individuals from other sleep clusters. CONCLUSIONS: Poor sleep health is associated with higher prevalence of modifiable risk behaviors for NCDs. Prevention strategies for NCDs should also focus on sleep health.

Prevalence and associated factors of experimentation with and current use of water pipes and electronic cigarettes among medical students: a multicentric study in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of and factors associated with experimentation with and current use of water pipes and e-cigarettes among medical students. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional multicentric study involving a convenience sample of students from medical schools in most Brazilian geographic regions. Information about experimentation with and current use of conventional cigarettes, water pipes, and e-cigarettes; beliefs and attitudes toward tobacco products; religiosity; and demographics were collected by means of an online structured questionnaire. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression to analyze the association of those factors. RESULTS: Our sample comprised 700 individuals from four Brazilian regions. Prevalence of experimentation with and current use of cigarettes, water pipes, and e-cigarettes were, respectively, 39.1% and 7.9%; 42.6% and 11.4%; and 13.1% and 2.3%. Water pipe experimentation was higher among those who had a sibling (adjusted OR = 2.64; 95% CI, 1.24-5.61) or friends (adjusted OR = 2.33; 95% CI, 1.63-3.31) who smoke. The same occurred regarding e-cigarette experimentation: siblings (adjusted OR = 2.76; 95% CI, 1.17-6.50) and friends (adjusted OR = 2.47; 95% CI, 1:45-4.22). Curiosity and scent/taste were the major reasons for water pipe use and e-cigarette experimentation. Although 93% of the responders learned about health damages of smoking during medical school classes, 51.4% reported having experimented with at least one of these tobacco products. Most responders who reported feeling the presence of God/the Holy Spirit in their lives were never experimenters of water pipes (59.2%) or e-cigarettes (55.3%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of experimentation with tobacco products among medical students whose siblings or friends smoke, despite their knowledge about smoking harms.

Inquérito Telefônico de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis em Tempos de Pandemia (Covitel): aspectos metodológicos / Telephone Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases During the Pandemic (Covitel): methodological aspects / Encuesta Telefónica de Factores de Riesgo para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles en Tiempos de Pandemia (Covitel): aspectos metodológicos

Resumo: Este artigo descreve a metodologia utilizada na realização do Inquérito Telefônico de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis em Tempos de Pandemia (Covitel), desenvolvido no Brasil em 2022. O Covitel é um inquérito de base populacional, com representatividade para o Brasil e suas cinco macrorregiões: Centro-oeste, Nordeste, Norte, Sudeste e Sul. O inquérito apresenta informações sobre o impacto dos principais fatores de risco para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) na população adulta, com 18 anos ou mais, residente em domicílios servidos por linhas telefônicas fixas e móveis. O estudo tem por objetivo colaborar para o desenvolvimento e acompanhamento de políticas públicas voltadas para a promoção da saúde para a população, bem como obter resultados que visem contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a influência da COVID-19 nos fatores de risco para as DCNT no país. Foram avaliados 9 mil indivíduos e coletadas informações sobre alimentação, atividade física, saúde mental, estado de saúde, hipertensão arterial, diabetes e depressão, além do consumo de álcool e tabaco, comparando os momentos pré-pandemia e o primeiro trimestre de 2022. Além disso, o estudo coletou informações acerca do esquema vacinal da população e da infecção por COVID-19.

Abstract: This study describes the methodology of the Telephone Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases During the Pandemic (Covitel), conducted in Brazil in 2022. Covitel is a population-based survey representing Brazil and its five macroregions (Central-West, Northeast, North, Southeast, and South) and providing information on the impact of the main risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) on the adult population aged 18 years or above who live in households served by fixed and mobile telephone lines. This study aims to contribute to the development and monitoring of public policies to promote the population's health and obtain results to contribute to the knowledge of the influence of COVID-19 on risk factors for NCDs in the country. We evaluated 9,000 individuals and collected information on their diet, physical activity, mental health, health status, hypertension, diabetes, depression, and alcohol and tobacco consumption, comparing the pre-pandemic moments and the first quarter of 2022. We also collected information about the population's vaccination schedule and COVID-19 infection history.

Resumen: Este artículo describe la metodología empleada para realizar la Encuesta Telefónica de Factores de Riesgo para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles en Tiempos de Pandemia (Covitel), realizada en Brasil en el 2022. Covitel es una encuesta de base poblacional, representativa de Brasil y sus cinco macrorregiones: Centro-Oeste, Nordeste, Norte, Sudeste y Sur, y brinda información sobre el impacto de los principales factores de riesgo para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) en la población adulta, de 18 años o más, que vive en hogares con servicio de telefonía fija y móvil. El estudio tiene como objetivo contribuir al desarrollo y seguimiento de políticas públicas dirigidas a la promoción de la salud de la población, así como obtener resultados que tengan como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento sobre la influencia de la COVID-19 en los factores de riesgo para las ECNT en el país. Se evaluó a 9.000 individuos y se recopiló información sobre alimentación, actividad física, salud mental, estado de salud, hipertensión arterial, diabetes y depresión, además del consumo de alcohol y tabaco, comparando los momentos previos a la pandemia con el primer trimestre de 2022. Además, el estudio recopiló información sobre el calendario de vacunación de la población y la infección por COVID-19.

Prevalence and associated factors of experimentation with and current use of water pipes and electronic cigarettes among medical students: a multicentric study in Brazil / Prevalência de experimentação e uso atual de narguilé e cigarros eletrônicos e os fatores associados entre estudantes de medicina: estudo multicêntrico no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of and factors associated with experimentation with and current use of water pipes and e-cigarettes among medical students. Methods: This was a cross-sectional multicentric study involving a convenience sample of students from medical schools in most Brazilian geographic regions. Information about experimentation with and current use of conventional cigarettes, water pipes, and e-cigarettes; beliefs and attitudes toward tobacco products; religiosity; and demographics were collected by means of an online structured questionnaire. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression to analyze the association of those factors. Results: Our sample comprised 700 individuals from four Brazilian regions. Prevalence of experimentation with and current use of cigarettes, water pipes, and e-cigarettes were, respectively, 39.1% and 7.9%; 42.6% and 11.4%; and 13.1% and 2.3%. Water pipe experimentation was higher among those who had a sibling (adjusted OR = 2.64; 95% CI, 1.24-5.61) or friends (adjusted OR = 2.33; 95% CI, 1.63-3.31) who smoke. The same occurred regarding e-cigarette experimentation: siblings (adjusted OR = 2.76; 95% CI, 1.17-6.50) and friends (adjusted OR = 2.47; 95% CI, 1:45-4.22). Curiosity and scent/taste were the major reasons for water pipe use and e-cigarette experimentation. Although 93% of the responders learned about health damages of smoking during medical school classes, 51.4% reported having experimented with at least one of these tobacco products. Most responders who reported feeling the presence of God/the Holy Spirit in their lives were never experimenters of water pipes (59.2%) or e-cigarettes (55.3%). Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of experimentation with tobacco products among medical students whose siblings or friends smoke, despite their knowledge about smoking harms.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de experimentação e uso atual de narguilé e cigarros eletrônicos e os fatores associados entre estudantes de medicina. Métodos: Estudo transversal multicêntrico com uma amostra de conveniência de estudantes de faculdades de medicina da maioria das regiões geográficas brasileiras. Informações sobre experimentação e uso atual de cigarros convencionais, narguilé e cigarros eletrônicos; crenças e atitudes em relação aos produtos do tabaco; religiosidade; e dados demográficos foram coletados por meio de um questionário on-line estruturado. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e regressão logística para analisar a associação desses fatores. Resultados: Nossa amostra foi composta por 700 indivíduos de quatro regiões brasileiras. As prevalências de experimentação e uso atual de cigarros, narguilé e cigarros eletrônicos foram, respectivamente, de 39,1% e 7,9%; 42,6% e 11,4%; e 13,1% e 2,3%. A experimentação de narguilé foi maior entre aqueles que tinham irmãos (OR ajustada = 2,64; IC95%: 1,24-5,61) ou amigos (OR ajustada = 2,33; IC95%: 1,63-3,31) fumantes. O mesmo ocorreu em relação à experimentação de cigarros eletrônicos: irmãos (OR ajustada = 2,76; IC95%: 1,17-6,50) e amigos (OR ajustada = 2,47; IC95%: 1,45-4,22). Curiosidade e aroma/sabor foram os principais motivos para o uso de narguilé e a experimentação de cigarros eletrônicos. Embora 93% dos respondentes tenham aprendido sobre os danos do tabagismo à saúde nas aulas da faculdade de medicina, 51,4% relataram já ter experimentado pelo menos um desses produtos do tabaco. A maioria dos respondentes que relataram sentir a presença de Deus/Espírito Santo em suas vidas nunca experimentou narguilé (59,2%) ou cigarros eletrônicos (55,3%). Conclusões: Há uma alta prevalência de experimentação de produtos do tabaco entre estudantes de medicina cujos irmãos ou amigos fumam, apesar de terem conhecimento sobre os malefícios do tabagismo.

Use of electronic cigarettes and hookah in Brazil: a new and emerging landscape. The Covitel study, 2022 / Uso de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé no Brasil: um cenário novo e emergente. O estudo Covitel, 2022

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of current commercial cigarette smoking, as well as those of e-cigarette and hookah experimentation and current use among adults (≥ 18 years of age) in Brazil. Methods: This study was based on a countrywide cross-sectional telephone-based survey conducted in 2022. The sample was designed to be representative of the five macroregions in Brazil and included 1,800 individuals from each of the regions. Telephone numbers, using a random digit dialing procedure, were proportionally selected for each direct distance dialing code in each region and then electronically validated (i.e., 900 cell and 900 landline phone numbers per region). Information on current commercial cigarette smoking (regardless of frequency/amount), as well as lifetime history of or current e-cigarette and hookah use (regardless of amount), were collected. Results: The prevalence of lifetime history of e-cigarette and hookah use was identical (7.3%; 95% CI: 6.0-8.9), whereas the prevalence of current commercial cigarette smoking was 12.2% (95% CI: 10.4-14.1). Young adults (18-24 years) had the highest prevalence of e-cigarette experimentation (19.7%; 95% CI: 15.1-17.0) and hookah experimentation (17%; 95% CI: 12.2-23.2). E-cigarette and hookah use was more common in the Central-West region and among those with a high level of education, whereas current commercial cigarette smoking was more common among those with a lower level of education. Individuals who used the three forms of nicotine delivery corresponded to 1.5% of the sample (nearly 2 million individuals based on the estimated size of the Brazilian adult population). Conclusions: Surveillance is essential for the monitoring and prevention of these new forms of nicotine consumption.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência do consumo atual de cigarros industrializados, bem como da experimentação e uso atual de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé entre adultos (≥ 18 anos) no Brasil. Métodos: Este estudo baseou-se em uma inquérito telefônico nacional realizada em 2022. A amostra foi projetada para ser representativa das cinco macrorregiões do Brasil e foi composta por 1.800 indivíduos de cada uma das regiões. Por meio de um procedimento de discagem aleatória, os números de telefone foram selecionados proporcionalmente para cada código de discagem direta à distância em cada região e, em seguida, validados eletronicamente (isto é, 900 telefones celulares e 900 telefones fixos por região). Foram coletadas informações sobre o consumo atual de cigarros industrializados (independentemente da frequência/quantidade), bem como sobre a história de uso ou uso atual de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé (independentemente da quantidade). Resultados: As prevalências de história de uso de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé foram idênticas (7,3%; IC95%: 6,0-8,9), ao passo que a prevalência de consumo atual de cigarros industrializados foi de 12,2% (IC95%: 10,4-14,1). Adultos jovens (18-24 anos) apresentaram as maiores prevalências de experimentação de cigarro eletrônico (19,7%; IC95%: 15,1-17,0) e de narguilé (17%; IC95%: 12,2-23,2). O uso de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé foi mais comum na região Centro-Oeste e entre aqueles com maior grau de escolaridade, ao passo que o consumo atual de cigarros industrializados foi mais comum entre aqueles com menor grau de escolaridade. Os indivíduos que usavam as três formas de liberação de nicotina corresponderam a 1,5% da amostra (quase 2 milhões de indivíduos com base na estimativa do tamanho da população adulta brasileira). Conclusões: A vigilância é essencial para o monitoramento e prevenção dessas novas formas de consumo de nicotina.

Life history trade-offs associated with exposure to low maternal capital are different in sons compared to daughters: Evidence from a prospective Brazilian birth cohort.

Background: Environmental exposures in early life explain variability in many physiological and behavioural traits in adulthood. Recently, we showed that exposure to a composite marker of low maternal capital explained the clustering of adverse behavioural and physical traits in adult daughters in a Brazilian birth cohort. These associations were strongly mediated by whether or not the daughter had reproduced by the age of 18 years. Using evolutionary life history theory, we attributed these associations to trade-offs between competing outcomes, whereby daughters exposed to low maternal capital prioritised investment in reproduction and defence over maintenance and growth. However, little is known about such trade-offs in sons. Methods: We investigated 2,024 mother-son dyads from the same birth cohort. We combined data on maternal height, body mass index, income, and education into a composite "maternal capital" index. Son outcomes included reproductive status at the age of 18 years, growth trajectory, adult anthropometry, body composition, cardio-metabolic risk, educational attainment, work status, and risky behaviour (smoking, violent crime). We tested whether sons' early reproduction and exposure to low maternal capital were associated with adverse outcomes and whether this accounted for the clustering of adverse outcomes within individuals. Results: Sons reproducing early were shorter, less educated, and more likely to be earning a salary and showing risky behaviour compared to those not reproducing, but did not differ in foetal growth. Low maternal capital was associated with a greater likelihood of sons' reproducing early, leaving school, and smoking. High maternal capital was positively associated with sons' birth weight, adult size, and staying in school. However, the greater adiposity of high-capital sons was associated with an unhealthier cardio-metabolic profile. Conclusion: Exposure to low maternal investment is associated with trade-offs between life history functions, helping to explain the clustering of adverse outcomes in sons. The patterns indicated future discounting, with reduced maternal investment associated with early reproduction but less investment in growth, education, or healthy behaviour. However, we also found differences compared to our analyses of daughters, with fewer physical costs associated with early reproduction. Exposure to intergenerational "cycles of disadvantage" has different effects on sons vs. daughters, hence interventions may have sex-specific consequences.

Prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco use during breastfeeding: A cross-sectional secondary data analysis based on 0.32 million sample women in 78 low-income and middle-income countries.

Background: Smoking and smokeless tobacco use during the postpartum period is well studied in high-income countries, whereas low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) lack evidence. Methods: In this cross-sectional study we used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) conducted in 78 LMICs between January 2010 and December 2019 to study tobacco use among 0.32 million sample lactating women. Age-standardized prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco use was estimated and presented with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for 78 LMICs. Pooled estimates overall and by WHO regions were obtained using random-effects meta-analyses. Country-level and community-level variance to understand contextual factors was also quantified using multilevel modelling. Findings: Pooled prevalence of any tobacco use among breastfeeding women in LMICs was 3.61% (95% CI 3.53-3.70); with the lowest prevalence in regions of the Americas (1.44%, 1.26-1.63) and the highest in the Southeast Asia region (6.13%, 6.0-6.27). The pooled prevalence of tobacco smoking was reported to be 1.16% (1.11-1.21), with the highest prevalence in the Eastern Mediterranean region (4.27%, 3.88-4.67) and the lowest in the African region (0.81%, 0.76-0.86). The pooled prevalence of smokeless tobacco use was reported to be 2.56% (2.49-2.63), with the highest prevalence in the Southeast Asia region (4.92%, 4.80-5.04). Illiterate and poor women in LMICs bore the enormous burden of tobacco use. Interpretation: The prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco use among lactating women in LMICs varied considerably across different WHO regions. Considering the cross-sectional design of the study, caution is required while interpreting the results. To improve mothers' and children's health and nutrition outcomes and reduce health inequalities in LMICs, reducing tobacco use through evidence-based interventions is critical. Funding: None.

Longitudinal change in physical activity and adiposity in the transition from adolescence to early adulthood: the 1993 Pelotas cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In the current Physical Activity Guidelines (PAG) for moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), abrupt transition from ≥ 60 min/day [youth PAG] to ≥ 150 min/week (≥ 22 min/day on average) [adult PAG] during emerging adulthood is poorly justified. The aim of this study was to examine body fat mass changes according to whether meeting the youth and adult PAGs in late adolescence (age 18 years) to early adulthood (age 22 years). METHODS: The study sample included 2,099 participants (1,113 females) from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Study. At ages 18 and 22 years, MVPA was measured using wrist-worn accelerometry and fat mass was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. MVPA at age 18 was categorized into two groups: 0-59 or ≥ 60 min/day (no [N] or yes [Y] for meeting the youth recommendation, respectively). MVPA at age 22 was categorized into three groups: 0-21, 22-59, or ≥ 60 min/day (N, Y22, or Y60 for not meeting the adult recommendation, meeting the adult recommendation, or meeting the youth recommendation, respectively). The combination of these groups created six MVPA groups (N&N, N&Y22, N&Y60, Y&N, Y&Y22, and Y&Y60). Sex-specific multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to estimate change in fat mass index (FMI) from age 18 to 22 years in the six MVPA groups. RESULTS: Among males, compared to Y&Y60 (FMI increase = 1.2 kg/m2 [95% CI = 1.0, 1.4]), Y&Y22 and Y&N had larger FMI increases (1.9 [1.6, 2.1] and 1.9 [1.2, 2.5], respectively). Among females, Y&Y60 and Y&Y22 had an equal FMI increase (1.6 [1.4, 1.9] for both groups), while Y&N had a larger FMI increase (2.4 [1.8, 3.0]). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that among those who were active in late adolescence, engaging in ≥ 22 min/day of MVPA in adulthood is associated with lower body fat gain for females, but not for males.

Youth depression and inflammation: Cross-sectional network analyses of C-Reactive protein, interleukin-6 and symptoms in a population-based sample.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation-related proteins constitute a promising avenue in studying biological correlates of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, MDD is a heterogeneous condition - a crucial aspect to be considered in association studies. We examined whether inflammatory proteins are associated with categorical diagnosis, a dimensional total sum-score, and specific depressive symptoms among youths. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort, a population-based study in Brazil that followed individuals up to age 22 years. Categorical psychiatric diagnoses were derived using adapted modules of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Dimensional symptomatology was assessed using the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale-Revised (CESD-R). We estimated network structures that included individual depressive symptoms as measured by CESD-R items, peripheral inflammatory markers (C-Reactive Protein [CRP] and Interleukin-6 [IL-6]), as well as relevant covariates. RESULTS: We evaluated 2586 participants (mean age = 22.5[SD = 0.33]) There were no associations between concentrations of inflammatory proteins and categorical diagnosis of MDD or with CESD-R total sum-scores. In symptom-specific analysis, CRP and IL-6 were positively connected to somatic and cognitive items. DISCUSSION: We found cross-sectional connections of two commonly studied inflammatory proteins and specific depressive symptoms. Conducting symptom-specific analyses in relation to biological markers might advance our understanding of the heterogeneity of MDD.

Ideal cardiovascular health, inflammation, and arterial stiffness in the transition to adulthood.

BACKGROUND: Ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) promotes primordial prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, whether ICH is associated with arterial stiffness in the transition to adulthood and the mechanisms associated have yet to be shown. The aims of this investigation were to: 1) investigate whether there is a prospective association between ICH and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the transition to adulthood; and 2) to stablish whether the association between ICH and PWV is mediated by inflammatory markers. METHODS: Participants were part of the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort and follow-ups at 18- and 22-years were used in this study. At the age of 18 years, ICH was computed as the presence of ideal for the following metrics: physical activity, diet, smoking, blood cholesterol and glucose, blood pressure, and body mass index. At the age of 22 years, aortic PWV was obtained as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS: A total of 3528 (1851 females) were included in the analysis. A significant linear effect was observed for ICH on PWV. After adjusting for socioeconomical status, skin colour, birth weight, and mother schooling male and female participants with better ICH profile had PWV of 0.70 m·s-1 and 0.60 m·s- slower than participants with poor ICH. No evidence for a mediating role of inflammatory markers was observed for male (<1%) and female (<5%). CONCLUSIONS: ICH is inversely associated with PWV among male and female in the transition to adulthood with no mediating role of inflammation.