Characterization and epidemiologic analysis of mycoplasmal pneumonia of sheep in Qinghai Province.

Mycoplasmal pneumonia in sheep and goats usually result covert but huge economic losses in the sheep and goat industry. The disease is prevalent in various countries in Africa and Asia. Clinical manifestations in affected animals include anorexia, fever, and respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, polypnea, cough, and nasal discharge. Due to similarities with other respiratory infections, accurate diagnosis can be challenging, and isolating the causative organism is often problematic. However, the utilization of molecular techniques, such as PCR, allows for rapid and specific identification of pathogens. Thus, a goat infection model with Mycoplasma was established and the pathogen was tested using PCR. The results indicated that this approach could be effectively utilized for the rapid detection of mycoplasma in clinical settings. Additionally, the prevalence of contagious pleuropneumonia of sheep in Qinghai Province was further investigated through PCR analysis. A total of 340 nasal swabs were collected from 17 sheep farms in Qinghai province. Among these samples, 84 tested positive for Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc) and 148 tested positive for Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (Movi), resulting in positive rates of 24.71% and 43.53% respectively. Furthermore, our investigation revealed positive PCR results for nasal swabs, trachea, and lung samples obtained from sheep exhibiting symptoms suggestive of mycoplasma infection. Moreover, three distinct strains were isolated from these positive samples. Additionally, the inflammatory cytokines of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were assessed using RT-PCR. The findings demonstrated a high susceptibility of sheep to Movi in Qinghai province, with infected sheep displaying an inflammatory response. Consequently, the outcomes of this study will furnish valuable epidemiological insights for the effective prevention and control of this disease within Qinghai Province.

Problems and strategies for the prevention of ankle injuries in soccer / Problemas e estratégias para a prevenção de lesões do tornozelo no futebol / Problemas y estrategias para la prevención de lesiones de tobillo en el fútbol

ABSTRACT Introduction: The most significant reasons for the frequent ankle injuries in soccer players are the great rivalry and the multiple efforts required by the sport. Objective: Explore the actual scenario of sports injuries in the ankle joint in soccer players, raising adequate prevention strategies. Methods: 22 professional soccer players were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. A controlled experiment lastingsix6 weeks was developed. The experimental group added complementary ankle training in the daily training, while the control group had no changes, according to the usual training plan. Rear (PL) and frontal (AT) balance indexes, functional movement assessment (FMS,) and ankle injury cause (CAI) were collected, analyzed, and compared before and after the intervention. Results: After training, the experimental group's PL score increased from 106.81±5.33 to 117.69±6.44; AT score increased from 61.94±6.17 to 70.36±5.37; CAI score increased from 22.33±3.58 to 25.38±3.18. Total FMS test score increased from 15.36±1.38 to 18.84±1.99, with trunk flexions standing out (from 2.10±0.43 to 2.57±0.37). On the other hand, the changes in the control group were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The presented complementary ankle training effectively prevented injuries in soccer players and can be applied to reduce sports complications in players in training. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: As razões mais significativas para as frequentes lesões no tornozelo em jogadores de futebol são a grande rivalidade e os múltiplos esforços requisitados pelo esporte. Objetivo: Explorar o quadro atual das lesões esportivas na articulação do tornozelo em jogadores de futebol, levantando estratégias de prevenção adequadas. Métodos: Um total de 22 jogadores profissionais de futebol foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo experimental e de controle. Um experimento controlado com duração de 6 semanas foi desenvolvido. No treinamento diário, o grupo experimental acrescentou um treinamento complementar do tornozelo, enquanto o grupo de controle não teve alterações, de acordo com o plano de treinamento habitual. Foram coletados, analisados e comparados os índices de equilíbrio traseiro (PL) e frontal (AT), a avaliação funcional do movimento (FMS) e a causa das lesões no tornozelo (CAI) antes e após a intervenção. Resultados: Após o treinamento, a pontuação PL do grupo experimental aumentou de 106,81±5.33 para 117,69±6.44; a pontuação AT aumentou de 61.94±6.17 para 70,36±5,37; a pontuação CAI aumentou de 22,33±3,58 para 25,38±3,18. A pontuação total do teste FMS aumentou de 15,36±1,38 para 18,84±1,99, destacando-se as flexões do tronco (de 2,10±0,43 para 2,57±0,37). Por outro lado, as alterações do grupo controle não foram estatisticamente significativas. Conclusão: O treinamento complementar para o tornozelo apresentado mostrou-se eficaz na prevenção de lesões em jogadores de futebol e pode ser aplicado para reduzir as complicações esportivas dos jogadores em treinamento. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las razones más significativas de las frecuentes lesiones de tobillo en futbolistas son la gran rivalidad y los múltiples esfuerzos que requiere este deporte. Objetivo: Explorar el panorama actual de las lesiones deportivas en la articulación del tobillo en futbolistas, planteando estrategias de prevención adecuadas. Métodos: Un total de 22 futbolistas profesionales fueron divididos aleatoriamente en grupos experimental y control. Se desarrolló un experimento controlado de 6 semanas de duración. En el entrenamiento diario, el grupo experimental añadió un entrenamiento complementario del tobillo, mientras que el grupo control no tuvo cambios, según el plan de entrenamiento habitual. Se recogieron, analizaron y compararon los índices de equilibrio posterior (PL) y frontal (AT), la valoración del movimiento funcional (FMS) y la causa de lesión de tobillo (CAI) antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: Tras el entrenamiento, la puntuación PL del grupo experimental aumentó de 106,81±5,33 a 117,69±6,44; la puntuación AT aumentó de 61,94±6,17 a 70,36±5,37; la puntuación CAI aumentó de 22,33±3,58 a 25,38±3,18. La puntuación total del test FMS aumentó de 15,36±1,38 a 18,84±1,99, destacando las flexiones de tronco (de 2,10±0,43 a 2,57±0,37). Por otro lado, los cambios del grupo de control no fueron estadísticamente significativos. Conclusión: El entrenamiento complementario de tobillo presentado demostró ser eficaz en la prevención de lesiones en futbolistas y puede aplicarse para reducir las complicaciones deportivas en jugadores en formación. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.