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Acute invasive fungal sinusitis (AIFS) is an aggressive disease with significant mortality and morbidity. Surgical debridement is a mainstay of treatment. However, orbital involvement may limit its efficacy and is an independent risk factor for mortality. Traditionally, orbital exenteration has been utilized in cases with orbital invasion and ophthalmoplegia or vision loss. Retrobulbar liposomal amphotericin B injection may improve disease control and has the potential to spare the morbidity associated with exenteration. In this video article, we document the use of serial endonasal debridement with retrobulbar injections to salvage the eye in a patient with significant orbital involvement. A 28-year-old immunocompromised female patient presented with acute onset restricted right extraocular movement, progressive orbital pain, V2 trigeminal numbness, and 20/40 vision. The patient underwent recurrent debridement and retrobulbar injections of liposomal amphotericin B. Her serial exams, including changes in extraocular muscle appearance and gradual improvement in extraocular movement, were documented. The exam six months after initial presentation demonstrated 20/20 vision, minimal extraocular movement restriction, and proper healing of the orbit and ethmoid. The salvage of the patient's orbit suggests that liposomal amphotericin B injections with debridement may be a viable treatment alternative in patients with acute invasive fungal sinusitis and orbital involvement.
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BACKGROUND: This scoping review aims to review cases of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) of the larynx to establish best management practices for this rare clinical entity. METHODS: In this paper, we report a case of laryngeal MZL, in accordance with CARE guidelines. We then performed a scoping review according to PRISMA-ScR criteria of published cases of MZL involving the larynx. The following data were collected for each case: age, sex, size, location(s) involved, stage, treatment, follow-up, and recurrence duration. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients with laryngeal MZL, first reported in 1990, were identified. Characterized by its low-grade histological appearance and indolent course, laryngeal MZL is generally confined to the larynx and has an excellent prognosis with radiation used as first-line therapy. CONCLUSIONS: It is imperative for clinicians to consider lymphoma in the differential diagnosis of a laryngeal tumor from any subsite, as certain pathologies may carry high risks of metastasis.
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INTRODUCTION: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be associated with tumors involving the maxillary sinus, but outcomes after undergoing maxillectomy with free flap reconstruction remain unclear. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of medical records was performed to evaluate evidence of CRS in patients who underwent maxillectomy with free flap reconstruction at a single tertiary care academic institution from 2013 through 2020. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients were assessed. Nineteen (22.6%) patients were diagnosed with CRS after surgery, 23 (27.4%) patients were treated for sinus symptoms, and 49 (58.3%) had radiographic evidence of sinus inflammation for more than 6 months. Risk factors for requiring sinus treatment included adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.002) and pre-operative use of sinus medication (p < 0.001). Radiographic evidence of sinusitis 6 months after surgery is also closely associated with sinusitis treatment (p = 0.051). CONCLUSIONS: CRS may be underdiagnosed in patients undergoing maxillectomy with microvascular reconstruction. Further evaluation into patient sinus disease and symptoms following neoplastic surgery may lead to a higher quality of life in some long-term survivors.
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The nasoseptal flap is a workhorse reconstructive option for anterior skull base defects during endonasal surgery. This paper highlights the versatility of the nasoseptal flap. After providing a brief historical perspective, this review will focus on the relevant primary literature published in the last ten years. We will touch upon new applications of the flap, how the flap has been modified to expand its reach and robustness, and some of the current limitations. We will conclude by discussing what the future holds for improving upon the design and use of the nasoseptal flap in anterior skull base reconstruction.
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The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the management of head and neck cancer must be addressed. Immediate measures to reduce transmission rates and protect patients and providers take priority and necessitate some delays in care, particularly for patients with mild symptoms or less aggressive cancers. However, strict guidelines have yet to be developed, and many unintentional delays in care are to be expected based on the magnitude of the looming public health crisis. The medical complexity of head and neck cancer management may lead to prolonged delays that worsen treatment outcomes. Therefore, those caring for patients with head and neck cancer must take action to reduce these negative impacts as the country rallies to overcome the challenges posed by this pandemic.
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Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/organização & administração , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/terapia , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Segurança do Paciente , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , COVID-19 , Gerenciamento Clínico , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/epidemiologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/imunologia , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Masculino , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Pandemias/estatística & dados numéricos , Medição de Risco , Estados Unidos , Populações Vulneráveis/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector function, high co-expression of inhibitory receptors and extensive transcriptional changes compared with effector (Teff) or memory (Tmem) CD8+ T cells. Tex cells are important clinical targets of checkpoint blockade and other immunotherapies. Epigenetically, Tex cells are a distinct immune subset, with a unique chromatin landscape compared with Teff and Tmem cells. However, the mechanisms that govern the transcriptional and epigenetic development of Tex cells remain unknown. Here we identify the HMG-box transcription factor TOX as a central regulator of Tex cells in mice. TOX is largely dispensable for the formation of Teff and Tmem cells, but it is critical for exhaustion: in the absence of TOX, Tex cells do not form. TOX is induced by calcineurin and NFAT2, and operates in a feed-forward loop in which it becomes calcineurin-independent and sustained in Tex cells. Robust expression of TOX therefore results in commitment to Tex cells by translating persistent stimulation into a distinct Tex cell transcriptional and epigenetic developmental program.
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Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Epistasia Genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Animais , Calcineurina/metabolismo , Sinalização do Cálcio , Retroalimentação Fisiológica , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Genótipo , Memória Imunológica , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fatores de Transcrição NFATC/metabolismo , Evasão TumoralRESUMO
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma expressing anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK+ ALCL) is a distinct subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In this review, we discuss the historical findings that led to its classification as a unique disease, despite its varied clinical presentation and histology. We discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying ALK+ ALCL pathology and the questions that remain in the field. Finally, we visit how decades of ALK+ ALCL research has yielded more precise drugs that hold promise for the future.
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Bromodomain and extraterminal motif (BET) proteins are pharmacologic targets for the treatment of diverse diseases, yet the roles of individual BET family members remain unclear. We find that BRD2, but not BRD4, co-localizes with the architectural/insulator protein CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) genome-wide. CTCF recruits BRD2 to co-bound sites whereas BRD2 is dispensable for CTCF occupancy. Disruption of a CTCF/BRD2-occupied element positioned between two unrelated genes enables regulatory influence to spread from one gene to another, suggesting that CTCF and BRD2 form a transcriptional boundary. Accordingly, single-molecule mRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) reveals that, upon site-specific CTCF disruption or BRD2 depletion, expression of the two genes becomes increasingly correlated. HiC shows that BRD2 depletion weakens boundaries co-occupied by CTCF and BRD2, but not those that lack BRD2. These findings indicate that BRD2 supports boundary activity, and they raise the possibility that pharmacologic BET inhibitors can influence gene expression in part by perturbing domain boundary function.
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Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina , Cromatina/metabolismo , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/metabolismo , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Fator de Ligação a CCCTC , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Linhagem Celular , Cromatina/genética , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , Fator de Transcrição GATA1/genética , Fator de Transcrição GATA1/metabolismo , Edição de Genes/métodos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Camundongos , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores de Estrogênio/genética , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Imagem Individual de Molécula/métodos , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase physiologically expressed by fetal neural cells. However, aberrantly expressed ALK is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse malignancies, including distinct types of lymphoma, lung carcinoma, and neuroblastoma. The aberrant ALK expression in nonneural cells results from chromosomal translocations that create novel fusion proteins. These protein hybrids compose the proximal part of a partner gene, including its promoter region, and the distal part of ALK, including the coding sequence for the entire kinase domain. ALK was first identified in a subset of T-cell lymphomas with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) morphology (ALK+ ALCL), the vast majority of which harbor the well-characterized nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK fusion protein. NPM-ALK co-opts several intracellular signal transduction pathways, foremost being the STAT3 pathway, normally activated by cytokines from the interleukin-2 (IL-2) family to promote cell proliferation and to inhibit apoptosis. Many genes and proteins modulated by NPM-ALK are also involved in evasion of antitumor immune response, protection from hypoxia, angiogenesis, DNA repair, cell migration and invasiveness, and cell metabolism. In addition, NPM-ALK uses epigenetic silencing mechanisms to downregulate tumor suppressor genes to maintain its own expression. Importantly, NPM-ALK is capable of transforming primary human CD4+ T cells into immortalized cell lines indistinguishable from patient-derived ALK+ ALCL. Preliminary clinical studies indicate that inhibition of NPM-ALK induces long-lasting complete remissions in a large subset of heavily pretreated adult patients and the vast majority of children with high-stage ALK+ ALCL. Combining ALK inhibition with other novel therapeutic modalities should prove even more effective.
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Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/genética , Linfoma de Células T/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/efeitos dos fármacos , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/patologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/metabolismo , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/patologia , Linfoma de Células T/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma de Células T/metabolismo , Linfoma de Células T/patologia , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Terapia de Alvo Molecular/métodos , Proteínas Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Nucleofosmina , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/genética , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Pharmacologic inhibitors of the bromodomain and extra-terminal motif (BET) protein family are in clinical trials for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, yet the functions of individual BET proteins remain largely uncharacterized. We review the molecular roles of BETs in the context of erythropoiesis. Studies in this lineage have provided valuable insights into their mechanisms of action, and helped define the individual and overlapping functions of BET protein family members BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4. These studies have important ramifications for our understanding of the molecular and physiologic roles of BET proteins, and provide a framework for elucidating some of the beneficial and adverse effects of pharmacologic inhibitors.
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Eritropoese/fisiologia , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Domínios Proteicos , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Cromatina/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Nucleares/química , Fatores de Transcrição/antagonistas & inibidores , Fatores de Transcrição/químicaRESUMO
Besides functioning as a chemotactic factor, CCL5 has been associated with progression of disease in women with breast cancer, immune modulation and metastasis. Here we asked whether CCL5 produced by tumor cells contributed to growth or metastasis of breast cancer. For this purpose, we used two murine mammary carcinomas, the 4T1 tumor which is metastatic and constitutively expresses CCL5, and the 168 tumor which is not metastatic and does not constitutively express CCL5. RNA interference was used to inhibit CCL5 expression from the 4T1 tumor, and a CCL5 transgene was used to express CCL5 by the 168 tumor. Six different clones of 4T1 that exhibited stable reduction in CCL5 expression, and three different clones of 168 that exhibited stable CCL5 expression were compared to the parental tumors and vector transfected controls. Significantly, in both models, tumor-derived CCL5 expression did not correlate with MHC expression, growth rate, or metastatic ability of the tumors. These results show that tumor-derived CCL5 expression alone does not make a significant contribution to breast cancer progression.