Imaging Biomarkers and Their Impact on Therapeutic Decision-Making in the Management of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

These recommendations, produced by a group of Canadian retina experts, have been developed to assist both retina specialists and general ophthalmologists in the management of vision-threatening neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). The recommendations are based on published evidence as well as collective experience and expertise in routine clinical practice. We provide an update on practice principles for optimal patient care, focusing on identified imaging biomarkers, in particular retinal fluid, as well as current and emerging therapeutic approaches. Algorithms for delivering high-quality care and improving long-term patient outcomes are provided, with an emphasis on timely and appropriate treatment to preserve and maintain vision. In the context of nAMD, increasing macular fluid or leakage on fluorescein angiography (FA) may indicate disease activity regardless of its location. Early elimination of intraretinal fluid (IRF) is of particular relevance as it is a prognostic indicator of worse visual outcomes. Robust referral pathways for second opinion and peer-to-peer consultations must be in place for cases not responding to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy.

Arthroscopic Evaluation of the Subtalar Joint: A Review and Survey of Pathology.

BACKGROUND: A survey of pathology present in the subtalar joint by means of subtalar arthroscopy with anterolateral and middle portals has not been extensively explored in the literature. The focus of this study was to identify pathology in the subtalar joint with subtalar joint arthroscopy using this approach. We also compared these arthroscopic findings with those reported in the literature. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 49 consecutive patients who had undergone 53 subtalar arthroscopic procedures. Data were obtained from intraoperative arthroscopic findings that were documented in the operative note or with arthroscopic photography. Additional procedures, including ankle arthroscopy, lateral ankle stabilization, and peroneal tendon repair, were recorded. Descriptive statistics were calculated and reported. RESULTS: Subtalar arthroscopic examination revealed that all of the patients had intra-articular synovitis or adhesions present. Twenty-two procedures (42%) demonstrated subtalar joint instability, seven (13%) revealed chondromalacia, and one (2%) had an exostosis present. These observations are consistent with other reported findings in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the subtalar joint was most often affected by synovitis, adhesions, and instability in patients with symptomatic pathologies requiring subtalar arthroscopy. There was a relatively low incidence of chondromalacia or exostosis formation in the survey.