Symptomatic lumbar osteochondroma treated via a multidisciplinary military surgical team: case report and review of the literature.

The authors describe the case of a giant osteochondroma emanating from the L5 vertebral body and extending into the retroperitoneum of a 40-year-old man, causing low back pain. Osteochondromas are benign bony tumors that typically occur within the appendicular skeleton, although in the sporadic form, up to 4% occur in the spine. A review of the English language literature has returned 44 cases of lumbar osteochondroma, including the present example. The lesions were sporadic in 81% of cases. Mean age of presentation overall is 39.5 years, with a mean age of 18.4 years (range 8-34 years) for hereditary cases and 45.7 years (range 11-81 years) for solitary lesions. Of the instances where gender was reported, 64% were male. The most common level of origin was L4 (38%). The most common anatomic site of origin was the inferior articular process (one-third). Of those lesions treated operatively, 46% underwent simple decompression, with 22% requiring decompression and fusion. This particular lesion was resected via a transperitoneal approach performed by a multidisciplinary team of neurosurgeons, vascular surgeons, and urologists. The bony tumor measured 6.1 × 7.8 × 7.7 cm. Removal of the lesion resulted in a significant improvement of the patient's symptoms.

Tumescent technique without epinephrine for endovenous laser therapy and serum lidocaine concentration.

OBJECTIVE: Endovenous laser therapy (EVLT) requires tumescent lidocaine anesthesia. Although it is well known that the absorption of local anesthetic varies according to the injection site, little evidence exists establishing the maximum recommended safe dose for extravascular injections such as those used for EVLT. The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma concentration of lidocaine over time after administration of tumescent lidocaine during EVLT procedures in healthy volunteers. METHODS: Between January 2011 and February 2013, 10 healthy patients scheduled for an EVLT procedure performed in a hospital setting were recruited to participate in an observational study. For each subject, a total of 10 venous samples were obtained for analysis after surgical injection of the tumescent lidocaine solution (0.1% concentration). Samples were collected at baseline (before the surgical procedure start) and then every 30 minutes for the first 2 hours after the initial lidocaine injection. Thereafter, venous samples were obtained every 2 hours, with the last sample drawn 12 hours after the surgeon's initial lidocaine injection. All specimens were drawn from a dedicated intravenous catheter, immediately placed in a heparinized blood collection tube, and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm. Plasma was then removed with a pipette and stored at -70 °C until analyzed. Total and free plasma lidocaine concentrations were determined by immunoassay. Plasma lidocaine concentrations were normalized by peak concentration for statistical comparisons. RESULTS: Laboratory data were available for nine of the 10 volunteers. The mean total lidocaine dose administered was 6.38 (± 2.2) mg/kg (range, 3.57-10.7 mg/kg). The total lidocaine blood levels ranged from 0.48 (± 0.28) to 1.3 (± 0.49) mcg/mL. The free lidocaine blood levels ranged from nondetectable to 0.76 (± 0.43) mcg/mL. The average total time of injection for the group was 32.8 (± 10.0) minutes (range, 21-49 minutes). Among all dose ranges, both total and free lidocaine peak blood level ratios occurred at times 60 to 120 minutes (P < .05). No value considered in the statistical analysis exceeded 5 mcg/mL at any time. CONCLUSIONS: Tumescent lidocaine without epinephrine for EVLT procedures produces a peak serum concentration at 60 to 120 minutes. The peak plasma concentration as observed with the standard institutional dosing of tumescent lidocaine appeared below the threshold for human toxicity.

Intraoperative duplex ultrasound criteria for performing interposition bypass in the treatment of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.

We present a case series of 3 surgical procedures (2 patients) in which intraoperative duplex ultrasound (IDUS) was used to determine whether the chronic compression of the popliteal artery caused by popliteal artery entrapment syndrome had injured the artery to such a degree that interposition bypass was required. Patients initially underwent standard clinical evaluation including history and physical examination and noninvasive diagnostic testing including postexercise ankle-brachial indexes and angiography with evocative maneuvers before surgery. IDUS was performed. Doppler was used to calculate peak systolic velocities (PSVs) and velocity ratios (VRs) across areas of suspected injury. B-mode was used to assess arterial wall thickness (AWT) and sclerotic changes. Patients were followed in the postoperative period with surveillance duplex ultrasound (US). Three limbs (2 patients) underwent IDUS evaluation after popliteal decompression. Limb 1 demonstrated an elevated intraoperative PSV of 295 cm/sec with an elevated VR of 2.52 (295/117 cm/sec) and AWT of 1.1 mm. Interposition bypass was performed after popliteal decompression. Postoperative surveillance duplex US revealed a reduction of the PSV to 90 cm/sec. Limb 2 showed a mildly elevated intraoperative PSV of 211.5 cm/sec with a VR of 1.86 (211.5/114 cm/sec) and AWT of 0.8 mm. An interposition bypass was not performed. Limb 3 demonstrated an elevated intraoperative PSV of 300 cm/sec with an elevated VR of 2.51 (300/119.5 cm/sec) and AWT of 1.0. Interposition bypass was performed. Postoperative surveillance duplex US revealed a reduction of the PSV to 115 cm/sec. IDUS was very helpful in the operative management and intraoperative decision making process for popliteal artery entrapment. An elevated PSV of 250-275 cm/sec or greater on IDUS and a VR of 2.0 or greater, in conjunction with B-mode demonstration of arterial wall injury, was useful in identifying severely injured popliteal arterial segments. Additional prospective studies are warranted to further investigate objective criteria that indicate the need for bypass.

A noninterventional management approach to endovascular coil migration into the sigmoid colon.

A 75-year-old man underwent endovascular treatment of a right internal iliac artery (IIA) aneurysm by placing coils in the distal IIA and occluding the inflow with a common iliac artery-to-external iliac artery stent graft. Surveillance computed tomography angiography discovered migration of an endovascular coil from the thrombosed right IIA into the sigmoid colon. Subsequent serial imaging demonstrated uncomplicated extracorporeal passage of the coil. We review the relevant literature and treatment rationale.

The effect of vein repair on the risk of venous thromboembolic events: a review of more than 100 traumatic military venous injuries.

BACKGROUND: The management of venous trauma remains controversial. Critics of venous repair have cited an increased incidence of associated venous thromboembolic events with this management. We analyzed the current treatment of wartime venous injuries in United States military personnel in an effort to answer this question. METHODS: From December 1, 2001, to October 31, 2005, all United States casualties with named venous injuries were evaluated. A retrospective review of a clinical database was performed on demographics, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, treatment, outcomes, and venous thromboembolic events. Data were analyzed using the Fisher exact test, analysis of variance, and logarithmic transformation. RESULTS: During this 5-year period, 82 patients sustained 103 named venous injuries due to combat operations. All patients were male, with an average age of 27.9 years (range, 20.3-58.3 years). Blast injuries accounted for 54 venous injuries (65.9%), gunshot wounds for 25 (30.5%), and motor vehicle accidents for 3 (3.6%). The venous injury was isolated in 28 patients (34.1%), and 16 (19.5%) had multiple venous injuries. The venous injury in two patients was associated with acute phlegmasia, with fractures in 33 (40.2%), and 22 (28.1%) sustained neurologic deficits. Venous injuries were treated by ligation in 65 patients (63.1%) and by open surgical repair in 38 (36.9%). Postoperative extremity edema occurred in all patients irrespective of method of management. Thrombosis after venous repair occurred in six of the 38 cases (15.8%). Pulmonary emboli developed in three patients, one after open repair and two after ligation (P > .99). CONCLUSION: In the largest review of military venous trauma in more than three decades, we found no difference in the incidence of venous thromboembolic complications between venous injuries managed by open repair vs ligation. Blast injuries of the extremities have caused most of the venous injuries. Ligation is the most common modality of treatment in combat zones. Long-term morbidity associated with venous injuries and their management will be assessed in future follow-up studies.

Traumatic pseudoaneurysms of the head and neck: early endovascular intervention.

BACKGROUND: Trauma to the head and neck with military munitions often presents with complex multisystem injury patterns. Vascular evaluation typically focuses on the carotid and vertebral arteries; however, trauma to branches of the external carotid artery may also result in devastating complications. Pseudoaneurysms are the most frequent finding on delayed evaluation and can result in life-threatening episodes of rebleeding. METHODS: Patients evacuated from the Afghanistan and Iraq conflicts with penetrating injury to the face and neck were evaluated by the vascular surgery service to determine the potential for unsuspected vascular injury. Patients with significant penetrating injury underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) as the initial evaluation and subsequent arteriography in cases where injuries were suspected or metallic fragments produced artifacts obscuring the vasculature. Data on all vascular evaluations were entered prospectively into a database and retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Between February 2003 and March 2007, 124 patients were evaluated for significant penetrating trauma to the head and neck. Thirteen pseudoaneurysms of the head and neck were found in 11 patients: two in the internal carotid artery, one of the vertebral artery, and 10 involving branches of the external carotid. Seven pseudoaneurysms were symptomatic, of which two presented with episodes of massive bleeding and airway compromise. Seven pseudoaneurysms were treated with coil embolization, 1 with Gelfoam (Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Mich) embolization, 2 with stent grafts, 2 with open repair, and 1 with observation alone. None of the patients undergoing embolization had complications; however, a stent graft of the internal carotid artery occluded early, without stroke. All of the pseudoaneurysms had resolved on follow-up CTA or angiogram. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudoaneurysms are a common finding in patients with high-velocity gunshot wounds or blast injuries to the head and neck. Most involve branches of the external carotid artery and can be treated by embolization. CTA should be performed on all patients with high-velocity gunshot wounds or in cases of blast trauma with fragmentation injuries of the head and neck.

The engineering of endovascular stent technology: a review.

The evolution of minimally invasive endovascular technology has initiated a significant paradigm shift in the treatment of vascular disease. A fundamental understanding of the science and engineering behind the technology of endovascular stents is a key to their appropriate implementation in practice. Furthermore, the rapid influx of new devices into the field requires practitioners to make their decisions on a foundation of the relative strengths and weaknesses of the various products. Although the principles of their use are not complex, the device design can have a profound effect on the device's functionality. Shape, thickness, coating, material selection, and imaging are just a few of the factors to consider in stent design. Subtle differences may have profound results. This review is designed to provide the reader with an overview of fundamental concepts that will aide the assessment of new technology.

Shifting Wallgraft position: case reports and review of the forces affecting Wallgraft positioning.

Extensive use of stent-grafts in the iliac arteries is an increasingly common endovascular alternative to an aortobifemoral bypass procedure. The treatment of diffuse bilateral disease is frequently performed by using the technique of paired stent-grafts in the proximal common iliac arteries to effectively re-create the aortic-bifurcation. We present three patients treated with this technique who returned with recurrent occlusive disease. During subsequent treatment, the stent-grafts were noted to be in different positions from where they were initially deployed. A discussion of the possible explanations for the shifting positions follows.

Prediction of altered endograft path during endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with the Gore Excluder.

OBJECTIVE: During endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (EVAR), the rapid deployment of the Gore Excluder endograft may be associated with anatomic shortening of the endograft path. This shortened path may result in coverage of the hypogastric artery origin or overly conservative graft length selection that may lead to unnecessary extensions. We quantified the degree of path alteration with this endograft and developed an algorithm to predict it. METHODS: Preoperative and postoperative three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) scans were evaluated for 50 consecutive patients with Gore Excluder endografts by using 21 anatomic measurements and 6 calculated indices. Measurements were evaluated as if only 3D lumen centerline measurements were available, rather than complete 3D computer-aided measurement and "virtual graft" simulation. Tortuosity was quantitated from the renal artery to the hypogastric origin, using the difference between a straight line and the lumen centerline. RESULTS: The endograft was deployed successfully in all cases. The graft end points were typically quite close to the preoperative plan: mean renal artery-to-graft distance was within 2.0 +/- .5 mm, and the limb end point-to-hypogastric origin differed by an average of only 1.8 +/- 1.6 mm. Although accurate in most cases, the actual graft path shortened 1 cm or more relative to the centerline in 11% of limbs. On univariate analysis, determinants of alteration of >1 cm in the graft deployment path were (1) aortoiliac tortuosity (renal-to-hypogastric artery, P < .002), (2) the degree of planned graft rotation (73% of cases altered >10 mm were in the rotated position, P < .05), and (3) the insertion side (73% of alterations >or=10 mm were ipsilateral to the main device, P < .05). On multivariate analysis, the renal-to-hypogastric artery tortuosity index (RHTI) was significant ( P < .004), and device type and rotation approached significance ( P < .08). We developed a classification scheme based on RHTI to predict the risk of alteration of the graft path >or=1 cm (low risk, 0%; medium risk, 10%; high risk, 25%) and an algorithm to predict the degree of alteration of the anatomy that reduced the number of cases shortening >or=1 cm to zero. CONCLUSIONS: The graft deployment path will be altered significantly in a minority of cases with the Gore Excluder endograft, but this can cause hypogastric occlusion or other problems. Anatomic shortening is predictable from morphologic features such as tortuosity, graft insertion side, and rotation. We developed an algorithm based on a tortuosity index that quantitates the risk and degree of shortening associated with endograft deployment.