Tuberculous Granuloma: Emerging Insights From Proteomics and Metabolomics.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which claims hundreds of thousands of lives each year, is typically characterized by the formation of tuberculous granulomas - the histopathological hallmark of tuberculosis (TB). Our knowledge of granulomas, which comprise a biologically diverse body of pro- and anti-inflammatory cells from the host immune responses, is based mainly upon examination of lungs, in both human and animal studies, but little on their counterparts from other organs of the TB patient such as the brain. The biological heterogeneity of TB granulomas has led to their diverse, relatively uncoordinated, categorization, which is summarized here. However, there is a pressing need to elucidate more fully the phenotype of the granulomas from infected patients. Newly emerging studies at the protein (proteomics) and metabolite (metabolomics) levels have the potential to achieve this. In this review we summarize the diverse nature of TB granulomas based upon the literature, and amplify these accounts by reporting on the relatively few, emerging proteomics and metabolomics studies on TB granulomas. Metabolites (for example, trimethylamine-oxide) and proteins (such as the peptide PKAp) associated with TB granulomas, and knowledge of their localizations, help us to understand the resultant phenotype. Nevertheless, more multidisciplinary 'omics studies, especially in human subjects, are required to contribute toward ushering in a new era of understanding of TB granulomas - both at the site of infection, and on a systemic level.

Relationship of In Vivo MR Parameters to Histopathological and Molecular Characteristics of Newly Diagnosed, Nonenhancing Lower-Grade Gliomas.

The goal of this research was to elucidate the relationship between WHO 2016 molecular classifications of newly diagnosed, nonenhancing lower grade gliomas (LrGG), tissue sample histopathology, and magnetic resonance (MR) parameters derived from diffusion, perfusion, and 1H spectroscopic imaging from the tissue sample locations and the entire tumor. A total of 135 patients were scanned prior to initial surgery, with tumor cellularity scores obtained from 88 image-guided tissue samples. MR parameters were obtained from corresponding sample locations, and histograms of normalized MR parameters within the T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery lesion were analyzed in order to evaluate differences between subgroups. For tissue samples, higher tumor scores were related to increased normalized apparent diffusion coefficient (nADC), lower fractional anisotropy (nFA), lower cerebral blood volume (nCBV), higher choline (nCho), and lower N-acetylaspartate (nNAA). Within the T2 lesion, higher tumor grade was associated with higher nADC, lower nFA, and higher Cho to NAA index. Pathological analysis confirmed that diffusion and metabolic parameters increased and perfusion decreased with tumor cellularity. This information can be used to select targets for tissue sampling and to aid in making decisions about treating residual disease.

Nivel de conocimiento de los licenciados en Enfermería del municipio Boyeros sobre el Programa Materno - Infantil / Level of knowledge of Nursing graduates of municipality Boyeros about Program on Maternal - Child

Introducción: la necesidad de afecto, compañía y de contar con alguien en el momento de ser madre, se ha manifestado a través desde la antigüedad a través de la historia. Objetivo: identificar el nivel de conocimiento de los licenciados en Enfermería sobre el Programa Materno-Infantil en el municipio Boyeros, desde octubre de 2014 hasta junio de 2015. Métodos: el universo estuvo constituido por 312 licenciados en enfermería de la atención primaria y secundaria de salud pertenecientes al municipio Boyeros. Se seleccionó una muestra de 90 licenciados en enfermería de manera intencional. Los métodos y procedimientos utilizados tuvieron un enfoque cuanticualitativo, se aplicaron entrevistas semi-estructurada a 30 directivos y se seleccionaron 20 informantes claves con la técnica cara a cara, se revisó documentación del Plan de Estudio de la carrera en Licenciatura en Enfermería, Programa de la asignatura y Carpeta Metodológica de Enfermería Materno-Infantil Finalmente se realizó la triangulación metodológica, que permitió la identificación información necesaria para identificar las necesidades de aprendizaje y el nivel de conocimientos de los licenciados en Enfermería, la cual fue validada por un grupo de expertos de la especialidad. Resultados: el total de los entrevistados y encuestados plantearon la necesidad de ampliar el sistema de Superación Profesional por medio de Diseño como forma de Superación Profesional Específicos de Enfermería. Conclusiones: el nivel de conocimientos de los licenciados en Enfermería que laboran en el servicio materno-infantil de la atención primaria y secundaria acerca del Programa Materno-Infantil como bajo en temas específicos de la especialidad(AU)

Metabolic Profiling of IDH Mutation and Malignant Progression in Infiltrating Glioma.

Infiltrating low grade gliomas (LGGs) are heterogeneous in their behavior and the strategies used for clinical management are highly variable. A key factor in clinical decision-making is that patients with mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) oncogenes are more likely to have a favorable outcome and be sensitive to treatment. Because of their relatively long overall median survival, more aggressive treatments are typically reserved for patients that have undergone malignant progression (MP) to an anaplastic glioma or secondary glioblastoma (GBM). In the current study, ex vivo metabolic profiles of image-guided tissue samples obtained from patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent LGG were investigated using proton high-resolution magic angle spinning spectroscopy (1H HR-MAS). Distinct spectral profiles were observed for lesions with IDH-mutated genotypes, between astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma histologies, as well as for tumors that had undergone MP. Levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) were correlated with increased mitotic activity, axonal disruption, vascular neoplasia, and with several brain metabolites including the choline species, glutamate, glutathione, and GABA. The information obtained in this study may be used to develop strategies for in vivo characterization of infiltrative glioma, in order to improve disease stratification and to assist in monitoring response to therapy.

Factores que influyen en la orientación vocacional de estudiantes en Enfermería. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Enrique Cabrera" / Aspects that contribute to the vocational guidance of nursing students. Faculty of Medical Sciences "Enrique Cabrera" / Fatores que influenciam a orientação profissional dos alunos em enfermagem. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. "Enrique Cabrera"

Introducción: En la actualidad, existen varias teorías que fomentan el desarrollo epistemológico de la ciencia de Enfermería. Profesionales comprometidos en la formación de los recursos humanos en Enfermería, han rediseñado los planes de estudio existentes, para establecer una profesión de excelencia. Objetivo. Identificar los factores que influyen en la orientación vocacional de estudiantes en Enfermería, primer año noveno grado. Método. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Enrique Cabrera", Municipio Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba, en el periodo comprendido de octubre 2014 a junio de 2015. La población estuvo constituida por los 120 estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de Técnicos en Enfermería primer año noveno grado; la muestra se obtuvo mediante el muestreo aleatorio simple con 60 estudiantes, a los cuales se les aplicó una encuesta para la recogida de la información con previo consentimiento informado. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción; empíricos: encuesta a estudiantes y estadísticos para la obtención, el procesamiento y análisis de los resultados. Resultados. El 71.1% de los estudiantes obtuvo información acerca de la carrera a través de la familia, el 53.3% presentó un bajo nivel de conocimientos sobre las actividades de orientación vocacional, el 33.3% refirió como motivo para elegir la carrera el gusto por ayudar a las personas. Conclusiones. Se concluye que la familia constituye la vía fundamental por la que los estudiantes obtienen información sobre la carrera de Enfermería, además se constata un bajo nivel de conocimientos en cuanto a las actividades de orientación vocacional. Se identificaron como motivos fundamentales para elegir la carrera el gusto por ayudar a las personas

Introduction: Currently, there are several theories that promote the development of science epistemological Nursing. Professionals engaged in the training of human resources in nursing, have redesigned the existing curricula, to establish a career of excellence. Objective. Identify the factors influencing vocational guidance of students in Nursing, first ninth grade year. Method. A descriptive study of transversal cut was made at the Faculty of Medical Sciences "Enrique Cabrera" Municipality Boyeros, Havana, in the period from October 2014 to June 2015. The study population consisted of 120 freshmen of Nursing career Technical freshmanninth grade; the sample was obtained by simple random sampling with 60 students, which was applied a survey to collect information prior informed consent. theoretical methods were applied: analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction; Empirical: student survey and statistics for the collection, processing analysis results. Results. 71.1% of students obtained information about the race through the family, 53.3% had a low level of knowledge about the activities of vocational guidance, 33.3% he reported as a reason to choose the race taste for help people. Conclusions. Se concludes that the family is the fundamental way in which students get information about nursing career, plus a low level of knowledge is found in terms of orientation activities vocacional.Se identified as key reasons for choosing the race taste for helping people

Introdução: Atualmente, existem várias teorias que promovam o desenvolvimento de Enfermagem de ciência epistemológica. Profissionais que trabalham na formação de recursos humanos em enfermagem, ter redesenhado o currículo existente, estabelecer uma carreira de excelência.Target. Identificar os fatores que influenciam a orientação profissional dos alunos em Enfermagem, primeiro ano da nona série. Métodos. Um estudo descritivo de corte transversal foi feito na Faculdade de Ciências Médicas "Enrique Cabrera" município Boyeros, em Havana, no período de outubro de 2014 a junho de 2015. A população do estudo consistiu de 120 calouros de carreira de enfermagem calouro técnico nona série; a amostra foi obtida por amostragem aleatória simples com 60 alunos, o que foi aplicada uma pesquisa para coletar informações consentimento prévio informado. Foram aplicados métodos teóricos: análise-síntese, de indução de dedução; Empírica: pesquisa do aluno e estatísticas para a recolha, tratamento resultados da análise. Resultados. 71,1% dos alunos obtiveram informações sobre a corrida através da família, 53,3% tinham um baixo nível de conhecimento sobre as atividades de orientação profissional, 33,3% relatou como uma razão para escolher o sabor de corrida para obter ajuda pessoas. Conclusões. Se conclui que a família é o caminho fundamental em que os estudantes obter informações sobre a carreira de enfermagem, além de um baixo nível de conhecimento é encontrado em termos de atividades de orientação vocacional.Se identificado como principais razões para a escolha da raça gosto de ajudar as pessoas

Efectos nocivos de la contaminación ambiental sobre la embarazada / Harmful effects of environmental pollution on pregnant women

Este trabajo se basa esencialmente en el análisis de los efectos nocivos de la contaminación ambiental en las embarazadas. Se mencionan los factores que influyen en la calidad de vida relacionados con los problemas ambientales, y se proponen algunas medidas que puedan contribuir a la disminución de los efectos nocivos y la morbimortalidad materno-fetal. Se han tenido en cuenta materiales bibliográficos actualizados y el protocolo de intervención nacional materno-infantil. Los análisis expuestos confirman la necesidad de desarrollar acciones de prevención conjuntas entre las diversas instituciones, empresas y comunidad, con la finalidad de eliminar o disminuir los factores de riesgo ambiental adversos a la salud de las embarazadas.

This work is essentially based on the analysis of harmful effects of environmental pollution on pregnant women. Factors that influence on quality of life in relation to environmental problems are related and some measures that can help reduce harmful effects and mother-fetal morbimortality are suggested. Updated bibliographic materials have been considered as well as the mother-child national intervention protocol. The analysis made confirm the need to develop joint prevention actions among different institutions, companies and community with the aim of eliminating or reducing environmental risk factors adverse to the health of pregnant women.

The Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine profile of HIV-infected individuals: a multivariate cytokinomics approach.

HIV infection causes the dysregulation of cytokine production. A cytokinomics approach employing cytometric bead array (CBA) technology, flow cytometry and multivariate analysis was applied to the investigation of HIV-induced T helper cell type 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 cytokine changes in the sera of treatment naive individuals. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and logistic regression identified interleukin (IL)-6 to be discriminatory for HIV infection with 74.6% and 71.2% of the cases correctly classified. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations to be significantly (p=0.001 and p=0.025) different between the groups. A scatter plot of the log IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations for the groups largely overlapped, with improved differentiation where patients were advancing to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). IL-17A levels were higher than other cytokines but did not significantly distinguish the groups suggesting that the HIV- and HIV+ individuals had similar immune profiles. This possibility was supported by other clinical indicators. Taken together, the measured cytokines (IL-6, 10 and 17) have potential prognostic value.