RESUMO
The results of coproscopical examinations in domestic animals and hedgehogs carried out as routine diagnostics in the years 2003 to 2012 at the Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany, are presented. Of 3475 horse faecal samples, 30.1% contained stages of strongyles and 1.3% eggs of Strongyloides westeri and Parascaris equorum, respectively. The most frequently observed parasite stages in 1416 cattle faecal samples were Eimeria oocysts (21.3%) and strongyle eggs or larvae (15.9%). Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae and Fasciola hepatica eggs were identified in 0.9 and 1.3% of samples. Of 574 bovine faecal samples analysed by carbol-fuchsin staining, 39.9% were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Stages of strongyles were found in 52.4% of sheep (n = 374) and 44.9% of goat faeces (n = 98) and Eimeria oocysts in 41.4 and 32.7% of their faeces, respectively. Of 1848 pig faecal samples, 3.0% contained stages of strongyles, 1.6% eggs of Ascaris suum and 3.3% coccidian (Eimeria or Cystoisospora spp.) oocysts. The most frequently detected helminth eggs in faecal samples of dogs (n = 2731) and cats (n = 903) were Toxocara spp. (2.8 and 3.9%, respectively). Cystoisospora oocysts were identified in 5.6% of dog and 2.4% of cat faeces. Furthermore, 0.7% of the cat samples were positive for small Toxoplasma gondii-like oocysts. The faecal samples of rabbits (n = 434) contained eggs of Passalurus ambiguus (3.0%), strongyles (1.8%) and Trichuris leporis (0.2%) as well as Eimeria oocysts (21.2%). The most abundant nematodes in the samples of hedgehogs (n = 205) were Capillaria spp. (39.5%) and Crenosoma striatum (26.8%); coccidian oocysts were found in 14.2% of the samples.
Assuntos
Fezes/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Animais , Ascaridoidea , Gatos/parasitologia , Bovinos/parasitologia , Dictyocaulus/isolamento & purificação , Cães/parasitologia , Eimeria/isolamento & purificação , Alemanha , Cabras/parasitologia , Ouriços/parasitologia , Cavalos/parasitologia , Incidência , Metastrongyloidea , Oocistos , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Coelhos , Ovinos/parasitologia , Strongyloides , Suínos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Safety of concomitant use of veterinary products is of clinical interest. A series of studies was performed to evaluate the chemical compatibility and short term dermal and systemic safety of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar (Seresto(®)/ Foresto(®), Bayer) used concomitantly with spot-on or tablet formulations.Chemical compatibility was evaluated in-vitro (study reference A) on collar pieces, followed by two small, non-controlled clinical studies (study reference B) in both, cats and dogs. The studies showed, that certain solvents affected the collar in-vitro, but not in their marketed formulations.Dermal and systemic safety of different spot-on or tablet formulations was first evaluated in a small, non-controlled clinical study (study reference C) in cats and dogs, via clinical observations only, followed by controlled clinical safety studies of concomitant use with imidacloprid/ moxidectin (Advocate(®)/ Advantage(®) Multi, Bayer) in dogs and cats (study reference D) and emodepside/ praziquantel (Profender(®), Bayer) in cats (study reference E), assessing safety aspects by clinical observations and statistical analyses of hematology and clinical chemistry parameters compared to baseline values and between treated and control groups.Dermal safety findings over all clinical studies (study references B to E) matched those already described for the respective products and included transient cosmetic changes (oily hair and crystal formation) at the site of spot-on application and broken hair, transient alopecia and skin alterations at the site of collar application. There were no indications of these findings aggravating under the conditions of concurrent use. There were no systemic safety findings of clinical significance in any of the clinical safety studies (study reference C to E). Assessment of blood parameters revealed some deviations from baseline levels and from the reference range in dogs as well as in cats, but no clinical relevance could be deduced. Hematology and clinical chemistry results confirmed the safety of the concomitant treatment. It is concluded that Seresto(®) is chemically compatible with solvents used in major spot-on formulations on the market and is dermally and systemically safe for adult dogs and cats when used concomitantly with Advocate(®) and Profender(®) spot-on formulations.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Inseticidas/uso terapêutico , Administração Tópica , Animais , Gatos , Depsipeptídeos/administração & dosagem , Depsipeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Cães , Imidazóis/administração & dosagem , Imidazóis/uso terapêutico , Inseticidas/administração & dosagem , Inseticidas/efeitos adversos , Macrolídeos/administração & dosagem , Macrolídeos/uso terapêutico , Neonicotinoides , Nitrocompostos/administração & dosagem , Nitrocompostos/uso terapêutico , Praziquantel/administração & dosagem , Praziquantel/uso terapêutico , Piretrinas/administração & dosagem , Piretrinas/uso terapêutico , SolventesRESUMO
The adulticidal efficacy of a topical combination of emodepside 2.1 % (w/v) plus praziquantel 8.6 % (w/v) (Profender® spot-on for cats, Bayer) against adult Aelurostrongylus abstrusus nematodes was evaluated in two randomised, placebo-controlled laboratory efficacy studies. Each study involved 16 cats experimentally inoculated with L3 (800 and 600 each in studies no. 1 and 2, respectively) and randomised into two study groups of 8 cats each after onset of patency. While cats in the treatment group in study no. 1 received a single spot-on application at the minimum therapeutic dose (3 mg/kg emodepside and 12 mg/kg praziquantel), cats in study no. 2 were treated twice with an interval of 14 days. The faecal output of first stage larvae was monitored throughout the study. Necropsy was conducted 4 or 5 weeks after the (first) treatment and the worm counts were used for efficacy calculations. The control groups showed a geometric mean of the total worm count (live and dead worms) of 28.8 (study no. 1) and 17.6 (study no. 2), respectively. All control animals were infected. While the single treatment in study no. 1 resulted in a reduction of the total worm burden by 73.0 % (p = 0.0070), the treatment protocol in study no. 2 was 99.2 % effective (p = 0.0035). Based on live worm counts, the efficacy in study no. 2 was 100 % (p = 0.0030). It is concluded that two applications of Profender® spot-on given two weeks apart represent a safe and highly efficacious treatment regime against feline aelurostrongylosis.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Depsipeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Metastrongyloidea , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Praziquantel/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Gatos , Depsipeptídeos/administração & dosagem , Combinação de Medicamentos , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Nematoides/tratamento farmacológico , Praziquantel/administração & dosagemRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an emodepside 2.1 % (w/v)/praziquantel 8.6 % (w/v) topical solution (Profender® spot-on for cats) in the prevention of lactogenic Toxocara cati infections. A controlled test was performed with two groups of 8 cats with confirmed pregnancy. All cats were infected with daily doses of 2000 T. cati eggs for 10 consecutive days starting 50 days post conception to produce an acute infection. Treatment was performed 60 days post conception. Queens in the treatment group received the emodepside/praziquantel solution at the minimum therapeutic dose (3 mg/kg emodepside and 12 mg/kg praziquantel), while the control group was treated with a placebo spot-on. Efficacy was evaluated 56 days post partum by necropsy of one randomly selected kitten of each litter and comparison of the worm burdens between the study groups. Additionally the necropsy results were supported by quantification of worms expelled with the faeces after deworming of the remaining kittens and all queens. The treatment in late pregnancy resulted in an efficacy of 98.7 % (p < 0.0001). All necropsied control kittens were infected (geometric mean 30.6). Seven of 8 kittens from treated mothers were free of T. cati (geometric mean 0.4). Worm counts after deworming reflected the results obtained at necropsy. No side effects of the treatment were observed. It is concluded that treatment with an emodepside/praziquantel spot-on solution during late pregnancy effectively prevents lactogenic transmission of T. cati to the offspring. The study design facilitated the generation of reliable data, while at the same time a minimum number of animals was sacrificed.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Depsipeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/veterinária , Praziquantel/uso terapêutico , Administração Tópica , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Gatos , Depsipeptídeos/administração & dosagem , Combinação de Medicamentos , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Praziquantel/administração & dosagem , Gravidez , Toxocara/efeitos dos fármacos , Toxocaríase/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Control measures to prevent human infections with the food-borne zoonotic helminth Taenia saginata are currently based on meat inspection, which shows rather low diagnostic sensitivity. To develop an immunoblot for detection of T. saginata-infected cattle, crude proteins of T. saginata cysts were extracted and separated with SDS-PAGE. The cyst antigens showed ten protein bands ranging from 260 to 14 kDa. T. saginata cyst proteins 260, 150, 130, 67, 60, 55, 50, and 23 kDa were immunoreactive with known positive sera of T. saginata-infected cattle but cross-reacted with sera from Echinocccus granulosus-infected ruminants. By contrast, 14- and 18-kDa cyst proteins reacted specifically with T. saginata-positive sera and thus might be potential candidates for the development of a T. saginata-specific immunoassay. Proteins of E. granulosus cysts and Taenia hydatigena cysts were also extracted and separated with SDS-PAGE. E. granulosus cysts revealed 11 protein bands ranging from 260 to 23 kDa. E. granulosus protein 60 kDa was immunoreactive with E. granulosus-positive sera only. The cyst of T. hydatigena showed 11 protein bands ranging from 290 to 14 kDa. The protein band 35 kDa showed cross-reaction with positive sera from both T. saginata- and E. granulosus-infected animals. A protein of 67 kDa was present in all three tested cestode species and was the major antigenic protein detected by sera of T. saginata- and E. granulosus-infected animals. Therefore, this protein represents a potential vaccine candidate against both cysticercosis and cystic echinococcosis in cattle.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Cisticercose/veterinária , Proteínas de Helminto/imunologia , Immunoblotting/métodos , Taenia saginata/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Antígenos de Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Reações Cruzadas , Cisticercose/diagnóstico , Cisticercose/parasitologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Proteínas de Helminto/isolamento & purificação , HumanosRESUMO
Toxocara cati is the most prevalent gastrointestinal helminth in cats worldwide, with cats of all ages at risk of infection. An anthelminthic treatment that not only affects the gut-dwelling stages of this parasite but is also effective against developmental stages in the tissue has the advantage that the pathology caused by migrating larvae is minimized and the need for repeated treatments is reduced. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of milbemycin oxime/praziquantel tablets (Milbemax®, Novartis) against third-stage larvae of T. cati in comparison to a spot-on formulation of emodepside and praziquantel (Profender®, Bayer). Twenty-four kittens were experimentally infected with T. cati and randomly allocated to three study groups. Treatments were performed at the minimum therapeutic dosage 5 days after the experimental infection. The development of patent infections was monitored and all cats were dewormed 50 days post-infection. Efficacies were calculated based on counts of excreted worms in the treated groups compared to a negative control group. Seven of the eight cats in the negative control group developed a patent T. cati infection and all cats were excreting worms at the end of the study (geometric mean worm count 18.1). No efficacy could be observed for the milbemycin oxime-treated animals. All cats developed a patent infection and excreted worms (geometric mean worm count 27.7). The treatment with Profender® was 98.5 % effective against L3 of T. cati. One cat developed a patent infection and was excreting worms at the end of the study (geometric mean worm count 0.3). No adverse reactions were noted in either treatment group.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Depsipeptídeos/administração & dosagem , Macrolídeos/administração & dosagem , Praziquantel/administração & dosagem , Toxocara/efeitos dos fármacos , Toxocaríase/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/efeitos adversos , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Gatos , Depsipeptídeos/efeitos adversos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Quimioterapia Combinada/métodos , Feminino , Macrolídeos/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Praziquantel/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The efficacy of emodepside plus praziquantel tablets (Profender tablets for dogs) against mature adult, immature adult and larval stages of Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina was evaluated in ten randomised, blinded and placebo-controlled dose confirmation studies in naturally or experimentally infected dogs. The tablets were used at the proposed minimum dose of 1 mg emodepside and 5 mg praziquantel per kg body weight. Efficacy was calculated based on worm counts after necropsy. Five studies demonstrated >99% efficacy against mature adult, >92% efficacy against immature adult, >98% efficacy against L4 and >94% efficacy against L3 larval stages of T. canis. Another five studies demonstrated >99% efficacy against mature and immature adult and >95% efficacy against L4 larval stages of T. leonina. No side effects of the treatment were observed. Emodepside plus praziquantel tablets thus provide a comprehensive new treatment option for ascarid infections in the dog.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Depsipeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Praziquantel/uso terapêutico , Toxascaríase/veterinária , Toxascaris/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Oral , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Helmínticos/efeitos adversos , Depsipeptídeos/administração & dosagem , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Método Duplo-Cego , Fezes/parasitologia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Placebos/administração & dosagem , Praziquantel/administração & dosagem , Comprimidos/administração & dosagem , Comprimidos/uso terapêutico , Toxascaríase/tratamento farmacológico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
This study aimed to determine the efficacy of emodepside 2.14%/praziquantel 8.58% topical solution (Profender, Bayer) in the prevention and treatment of lactogenic Toxocara cati infections. Eight pregnant cats were orally infected with T. cati eggs during late pregnancy. Four queens were treated on day 60 post conception and four queens were left untreated. The kittens of two untreated queens were treated 28 days after birth. The two other negative control litters were left untreated. The efficacy of emodepside was determined by faecal egg counts. While faecal samples of queens and litters in the control group became positive for T. cati, egg shedding was completely prevented in all four treated queens, in their litters and in the kittens from the two litters which were treated four weeks after birth. The untreated mothers of the latter stayed also coproscopically negative, which might be explained by an oral uptake of emodepside through grooming. The treatment was well tolerated by pregnant queens as well as by four-weeks-old kittens.To our knowledge, this is the first publication that focuses on the prevention of lactogenic transmission of T. cati.